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Manifest konstruktivistického grafického designu založeného na mřížce

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Manifest konstruktivistického grafického designu založeného na mřížce

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Práci Davida Carsona osobně nepovažuji za design, spíše ilustraci, která vypovídá o době svého vzniku a dnes je jen retro stylem. Jeho Master Class mě upřímně vytáčí.

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Práci Davida Carsona osobně nepovažuji za design, spíše ilustraci, která vypovídá o době svého vzniku a dnes je jen retro stylem. Jeho Master Class mě upřímně vytáčí.

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David Carson Teaches Graphic Design | Official Trailer | MasterClass

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When asked about David Carson, postmodern designer and surfer, in 1996, Müller-Brockmann replied, “I don’t surf, I dive.”

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Vizuální research: Grid

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Are.na is a platform for connecting ideas and building knowledge.

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I'm working on a project about grids, from Hippodamus to Flexbox

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By Josef Müller-Brockmann (1968).

From a professional for professionals, here is the definitive word on using grid systems in graphic design. Though Muller-Brockman first presented hi interpretation of grid in 1961, this text is still useful today for anyone working in the latest computer-assisted design. With examples on how to work correctly at a conceptual level and exact instructions for using all of the systems (8 to 32 fields), this guidebook provides a crystal-clear framework for problem-solving. Dimension: 81/2 x 113/4 inches, English & German Text, 357 b&w examples and illustrations.

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By Josef Müller-Brockmann (1968). From a professional for professionals, here is the definitive word on using grid systems in graphic design. Though Muller-Brockman first presented hi interpretation of grid in 1961, this text is still useful today for anyone working in the latest computer-assisted design.

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Mřížka vypadá složitě pro každého, kdo nezná klíč. Pro začátečníky je snadno použitelná a jako program (téměř) nevyčerpatelná.

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Nutnost najít schodu mezi pravidly a volností. To se dá vyřešit maximem konstant pro maximální variabilitu

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Design je řešení problémů

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a 11. (word) - 21. (sans-serif ) - 33. (composed)

b 14. (shades combined, viz. light and dark) -12. (achromatic)

c 12. (size immaterial, therefore medium) - 22. (proportion usual) - 33. (fat) - 41. (roman)

d 11. (from left to right) - 22. (normal spacing) - 31. (form unmodified) - 43. (something replaced, viz., the face of the letter r by superimposition of the two parts of the word).

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Fritz Zwicky (; German: ; February 14, 1898 - February 8, 1974) was a Swiss astronomer. He worked most of his life at the California Institute of Technology in the United States of America, where he made many important contributions in theoretical and observational astronomy. In 1933, Zwicky was the first to use the virial theorem to infer the existence of unseen dark matter, describing it as "dunkle (kalt) Materie".

Fritz Zwicky was born in Varna, Bulgaria, to a Swiss father and Czech mother. His father, Fridolin (b. 1868), was a prominent industrialist in the Bulgarian city and also served as ambassador of Norway in Varna (1908-1933). The father Fridolin designed and built his family's Zwicky House in Varna. Fritz's mother, Franziska Vrček (b. 1871), was an ethnic Czech of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Fritz was the oldest of the Zwicky family's three children: he had a younger brother named Rudolf and a sister, Leonie. Fritz's mother died in Varna in 1927. His father Fridolin lived and worked in Bulgaria until 1945, after World War II, when he returned to Switzerland. Fritz's sister Leonie married a Bulgarian from Varna and spent her entire life in the city.

In 1904, at the age of six, Fritz was sent to his paternal grandparents in the family's ancestral canton of Glarus, Switzerland, to study commerce. His interests shifted to math and physics. He received an advanced education in mathematics and experimental physics at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic (today known as ETH Zurich) in Zurich.

In 1925, Zwicky immigrated to the United States to work with Robert Millikan at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) after receiving the "international fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation." He had an office down the hall from Robert Oppenheimer.

German colleague Walter Baade claims to have been accused by Zwicky of being a Nazi, and falsely staged complaints that he "feared" Zwicky. Unknown to the public was that Baade was fearful, because he had named a galaxy after himself that was discovered by Zwicky. Edwin Hubble corrected this injustice and the galaxy was catalogued as a Zwicky galaxy.

Zwicky developed numerous cosmological theories that have had a profound influence on the understanding of our universe in the early 21st century. He coined the term "supernova" while fostering the concept of neutron stars. Five years passed before Oppenheimer published his landmark paper announcing "neutron stars".

Zwicky was appointed Professor of Astronomy at Caltech in 1942. He also worked as a research director/consultant for Aerojet Engineering Corporation (1943-1961), and as a staff member of Mount Wilson Observatory and Palomar Observatory for most of his career. He developed some of the earliest jet engines and holds more than 50 patents, many in jet propulsion. He invented the Underwater Jet.

In April 1932, Fritz Zwicky married Dorothy Vernon Gates (1904-1991), a member of a prominent local family and a daughter of California State Senator Egbert Gates. Her money was instrumental in the funding of the Palomar Observatory during the Great Depression. Nicholas Roosevelt, cousin of President Theodore Roosevelt, was his brother-in-law by marriage to Tirzah Gates. Zwicky and Dorothy divorced amicably in 1941.

In 1947 Zwicky married in Switzerland to Anna Margaritha Zurcher. They had three daughters together, Margrit, Franziska, and Barbarina. The Zwicky Museum at the Landesbibliothek, Glarus, houses many of his papers and scientific works. Zwicky died in Pasadena, California on February 8, 1974, and was buried in Mollis, Switzerland.

He is remembered as both a genius and a curmudgeon. One of his favorite insults was to refer to people who he did not like as "spherical bastards", because, as he explained, they were bastards no matter which way one looked at them.

The Fritz Zwicky Stiftung (Foundation) was established in Switzerland to carry on his ideas relating to " Morphological analysis". The foundation published a biography of Zwicky in English: Alfred Stöckli & Roland Müller: Fritz Zwicky - An Extraordinary Astrophysicist. Cambridge: Cambridge Scientific Publishers, 2011. A review of the book is available from Acta Morphologica Generalis.

Fritz Zwicky was a prolific scientist and made important contributions in many areas of astronomy.

His first scientific contributions pertained to ionic crystals and electrolytes.

Together with colleague Walter Baade, Zwicky pioneered and promoted the use of the first Schmidt telescopes used in a mountain-top observatory in 1935. In 1934 he and Baade coined the term " supernova" and hypothesized that supernovae were the transition of normal stars into neutron stars, as well as the origin of cosmic rays. This was an opinion which contributed to determining the size and age of the universe subsequently.

In support of this hypothesis, Zwicky started looking for supernovae, and found a total of 120 by himself (and one more, SN 1963J, in concert with Paul Wild) over 52 years ( SN 1921B through SN 1973K), a record which stood until 2009 when passed by Tom Boles. Zwicky did his laborious work, comparing photographic plates with the human eye, which is far more challenging and difficult than Boles accomplished using modern technology for his record.

In 1937, Zwicky posited that galaxies could act as gravitational lenses by the previously discovered Einstein effect. It was not until 1979 that this effect was confirmed by observation of the so-called "Twin Quasar" Q0957+561.

While examining the Coma galaxy cluster in 1933, Zwicky was the first to use the virial theorem to discover the existence of a gravitational anomaly, which he termed dunkle (kalt) Materie ' dark matter'. The gravitational anomaly surfaced due to the excessive rotational velocity of luminous matter compared to the calculated gravitational attraction within the cluster. He calculated the gravitational mass of the galaxies within the cluster from the observed rotational velocities and obtained a value at least 400 times greater than expected from their luminosity. The same calculation today shows a smaller factor, based on greater values for the mass of luminous material; but it is still clear that the great majority of matter was correctly inferred to be dark.

When Edwin Hubble discovered a somewhat linear relationship between the distance to a galaxy and its redshift expressed as a velocity, Zwicky immediately pointed out that the correlation between the calculated distances of galaxies and their redshifts had a discrepancy too large to fit in the distance's error margins. He proposed that the reddening effect was not due to motions of the galaxy, but to an unknown phenomenon that caused photons to lose energy as they traveled through space. He considered the most likely candidate process to be a drag effect in which photons transfer momentum to surrounding masses through gravitational interactions; and proposed that an attempt be made to put this effect on a sound theoretical footing with general relativity. He also considered and rejected explanations involving interactions with free electrons, or the expansion of space.

Zwicky was skeptical of the expansion of space in 1929, because the rates measured at that time seemed too large. It was not until 1956 that Walter Baade corrected the distance scale based on Cepheid variable stars, and ushered in the first accurate measures of the expansion rate. Cosmological redshift is now conventionally understood to be a consequence of the expansion of space; a feature of Big Bang cosmology.

Zwicky developed a generalised form of morphological analysis, which is a method for systematically structuring and investigating the total set of relationships contained in multi-dimensional, usually non-quantifiable, problem complexes. He wrote a book on the subject in 1969, and claimed that he made many of his discoveries using this method.

Catalog of Galaxies and Clusters

Zwicky devoted considerable time to the search for galaxies and the production of catalogs. From 1961 to 1968 he and his colleagues published a comprehensive six volume Catalogue of galaxies and of clusters of galaxies. They were all published in Pasadena, by the California Institute of Technology.

Zwicky, F.; Herzog, E., Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies, 4, California Institute of Technology

Galaxies in the original catalog are called Zwicky galaxies, and the catalog is still maintained and updated today. Zwicky with his wife Margaritha also produced an important catalog of compact galaxies, sometimes called simply The Red Book.

Zwicky, F.; Zwicky, M.A. (1971), "Catalogue of selected compact galaxies and of post-eruptive galaxies", Guemligen: Zwicky, Bibcode:1971cscg.book.....Z

Zwicky was an original thinker, and his contemporaries frequently had no way of knowing which of his ideas would work out and which would not. In a retrospective look at Zwicky's life and work, Stephen Maurer said:

When researchers talk about neutron stars, dark matter, and gravitational lenses, they all start the same way: "Zwicky noticed this problem in the 1930s. Back then, nobody listened..."

He is celebrated for the discovery of neutron stars. He also went on to consider nuclear goblins, which he proposed as "a body of nuclear density ... only stable under sufficient external pressure within a massive and dense star". He considered that goblins could move within a star, and explode violently as they reach less dense regions towards the star's surface, and serve to explain eruptive phenomena, such as flare stars. This idea has never caught on.

An anecdote often told of Zwicky concerns an informal experiment to see if he could reduce problems with turbulence hindering an observation session one night at Mount Wilson observatory. He told his assistant to fire a gun out through the telescope slit, in the hope it would help to smooth out the turbulence. No effect was noticed, but the event shows the kind of lateral thinking for which Zwicky was famous.

In a talk to a Caltech PhD student Frank Malina, who experienced some difficulties working on a dissertation regarding characteristics of oxygen-gasoline rocket engine, Fritz Zwicky claimed the engineer "must realize that a rocket could not operate in space as it required the atmosphere to push against to provide thrust". Zwicky later admitted that he had been mistaken.

He was also very proud of his work in producing the first artificial meteors. He placed explosive charges in the nose cone of a V2 rocket, to be detonated at high altitude and fire high velocity pellets of metal through the atmosphere. The first attempts appeared to be failures, and Zwicky sought to try again with the Aerobee rocket. His requests were denied, until the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1. Twelve days later, on October 16, 1957, Zwicky launched his experiment on the Aerobee, and successfully fired pellets visible from the Mount Palomar observatory. It is thought that one of these pellets may have escaped the gravitational pull of the Earth and become the first object launched into a solar orbit.

Zwicky also considered the possibility of rearranging the universe to our own liking. In a lecture in 1948 he spoke of changing planets, or relocating them within the solar system. In the 1960s he even considered how the whole solar system might be moved like a giant spaceship to travel to other stars. He considered this might be achieved by firing pellets into the Sun to produce asymmetrical fusion explosions, and by this means he thought that the star Alpha Centauri might be reached within 2500 years.

Zwicky was a generous humanitarian with a great concern for wider society. These two sides of his nature came together in the aftermath of the Second World War, when Zwicky worked hard to collect tons of books on astronomy and other topics, and shipped them to war-ravaged scientific libraries in Europe and Asia.

He also had a longstanding involvement with the charitable Pestalozzi Foundation of America, supporting orphanages. Zwicky received their gold medal in 1955, in recognition of his services.

Zwicky loved the mountains, and was an accomplished alpine climber.

He was critical of political posturing by all sides in the Middle East, and of the use of nuclear weapons in World War II. He considered that hope for the world lay with free people of good will who work together as needed, without institutions or permanent organizations.

Zwicky produced hundreds of publications over a long career, covering a great breadth of topics. This brief selection, with comments, gives a taste of his work.

. This is the article that proposes a tired light model to explain Hubble's law. (full article)

, and . These consecutive articles introduce the notion of a supernova and a neutron star respectively.

Zwicky, F. (November 1938), "On Collapsed Neutron Stars", Astrophysical Journal, 88: 522-525, Bibcode:1938ApJ....88..522Z, doi:10.1086/144003. The idea of a neutron star, previously introduced in the supernova paper, is explained along with the idea of critical stellar mass and black holes.

. Zwicky argues that the shape of nebulae indicate a universe far older than can be accounted for by an expanding universe model.

Zwicky, F. (August 1941), "A Mosaic Objective Grating for the 18-inch Schmidt Telescope on Palomar Mountain", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 53 (314): 242-244, Bibcode:1941PASP...53..242Z, doi:10.1086/125331 . Zwicky was a great advocate for the use of the wide angle Schmidt telescope, which he used to great effect to make many discoveries.

Zwicky, F. (1945), Report on certain phases of war research in Germany, Aerojet Engineering Corp. Zwicky did work on jet propulsion and other matters with Aerojet corporation during and after the war.

Zwicky, F. (1957), Morphological astronomy, Springer-Verlag. In this book Zwicky gives free rein to his ideas on morphological research as a tool for making discoveries in astronomy.

Zwicky, F. (October 1958), "Nuclear Goblins and Flare Stars", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 70: 506-508, Bibcode:1958PASP...70..506Z, doi:10.1086/127284 . As well as proposing neutron stars, Zwicky also proposed unstable aggregations of neutron density matter within larger stars.

Zwicky, F. (1966), Entdecken, Erfinden, Forschen im Morphologischen Weltbild, Droemer Knaur, Bibcode:1966eefi.book.....Z

Zwicky, F. (1969), Discovery, invention, research through the morphological approach, MacMillan. Zwicky also proposed that the morphological approach could be applied to all kinds of issues in disciplines going far beyond basic science.

Freeman Dyson, "The Power of Morphological Thinking" (review of John Johnson Jr., Zwicky: The Outcast Genius Who Unmasked the Universe, Harvard University Press, 2019, 352 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVII, no. 1 (16 January 2020), pp. 42, 44. Freeman Dyson writes (p. 42): "The change [around 1935] from a peaceful to a violent view of the universe was the result of many discoveries by many scientists using a variety of instruments, but one man and one instrument made a major contribution to it. The man was Fritz Zwicky... The instrument was a little eighteen-inch telescope that he installed near the summit of Mount Palomar in California in 1935... Zwicky's small, cheap telescope was the second one built with a revolutionary design by Bernhard Schmidt... in Germany.... The Schmidt telescope had an enormous advantage over other telescopes at that time: it focused light accurately over a wide field of view...."

Winkler, Kurt, "Fritz Zwicky and the Search for Dark Matter," Swiss American Historical Society Review, vol. 50, no. 2 (2014), p. 23-41.

Knill, O. (1998), Supernovae, an alpine climb and space travel (biographical notes)

Fritz Zwicky foundation (in German)

Proc Natl Acad Sci

Initial Evidence of Dark Matter - Annenberg Learner

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Fritz Zwicky", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.

Fritz Zwicky at Find a Grave

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Fritz Zwicky (; German: ; February 14, 1898 - February 8, 1974) was a Swiss astronomer. He worked most of his life at the California Institute of Technology in the United States of America, where he made many important contributions in theoretical and observational astronomy.

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Designování je proces rozhodování mezi vyhovujícími prvky a jejich skládání dohromady. Designování potřebuje metodu.

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Žádný problém nemá ideální řešení, ale vždy existují skupiny řešení, které jsou nejlepší pro danou situaci

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Powerful modern design tenets were shaken; designers lost faith in the rationality, objectivity, and universalism of the early century.

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Poststrukturalismus

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A project by Readymag exploring the impact of women in design.

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Pop / PopArt

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Švýcarská nová vlna

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Swiss National Library rightfully will regard Karl Gerstner as "one of the most important innovators in typography, commercial art and corporate design" for centuries to come after his passing at the age of 86, on the 1st of January, 2017. One of the foremost Swiss artists and graphic designers, for numerous ground-breaking reasons, Gerstner carefully divided his brilliance between being a painter and a graphic designer and became a pioneer in both pursuits.

Born on the 2nd of July, 1930 in Basel, Switzerland Gerstner studied design at Allgemeine Gewerbschule in Basel under Emil Ruder. As a young man, Gerstner completed an apprenticeship as a typographer. He set up his own graphic design studio in 1949, and by 1963 he had partnered with Markus Kutter, a writer and editor, to form the agency Gerstner + Kutter which then became GGK with the addition of architect Paul Gredinger.

GGK became one of the most successful advertising agencies in Switzerland, with offices in other European countries and the US. Gerstner's pioneering work - in particular, his designs for Geigy, based in Basel - made him one of the most important exponents of modern commercial graphic design in Switzerland.

"He popularized the use of unjustified ragged-right text in typography," writes History of Graphic Design on Gerstner's body of work which transformed numerous forms of art.

"He also proposed what he called Integral Typography which extended on Max Bill's typographic ideas. A message in the form of text can convey a meaning or some information, however, when typography is used in an informed manner, Gerstner felt that it could greatly contribute to the connection between the words and the actual meaning. Gerstner saw typography as a way to express a whole greater than the sum of words and meanings. For example, the large headline in one of his Citroën advertisements stated 'Don't buy this car' which was followed with 'if you don't expect something out of the ordinary in a car' in smaller type. While this may seem commonplace or trite today, Gerstner + Kutter trailblazed the clever use of type to make a point. In other words, Gerstner knew that the aesthetics of typography can aid the communication of ideas and information and that was the foundation of Integral Typography".

One of the first designers to truly exploit grids to create unmatched complex and flexible variations, Gerstner's body of work is pure genius and had typography and graphic design transformed in systematic symmetry.

In 1962 his design of quarterly magazine Capital, a publication bold enough to put the ideas of economics into a human perspective, was clear and aesthetically pleasing. For Capital, Gerstner developed a complex grid which allowed rapid, creative and consistent layouts like a mathematical art form of some kind.

Gerstner's best-known work includes his book ′Programme Entwerfen′, published in 1963 - containing four essays, in which he explains the basic principles of his design method. Instead of setting out step-by-step formulas, the book provides a universal system for developing individual solutions, anticipating technological developments at the very beginning of the computer age.

His corporate identities for such companies as Swissair, Burda and Langenscheidt, his attempts at optically distorting television images with lenses made of Plexiglas (one of his many visual experiments back in 1964) and his work as a world-wide identity consultant and designer for IBM, are some traces of his legacy that will keep designers eternally inspired. Karl Gerstner epitomized the excellence of Swiss graphic design and the beauty of precision like none other - before or after him.

Gerstner's work has been honored in numerous publications all over the world and exhibited in several museums. In 1973, the Museum of Modern Art in New York ran an exhibition about the method and philosophy of his work entitled "think program".

The Art Director's Club New York nominated him for its Hall of Fame, and the Art Directors Club Germany made him an honorary member in 1992. In 2012, Gerstner was awarded the Grand Prix Design by the Federal Office of Culture for producing among "the most important exponents of modern commercial graphic design in Switzerland".

"Just as [Friedrich] Dürrenmatt disguised literature as detective stories, so I created everyday art without forcing people into museums," Gerstner once said, looking back on his years as a graphic designer.

His earlier body of work, and no doubt a big part of his legacy, has been housed in the Graphics collection at the Swiss National Library since 2006. Furthermore, the Swiss Confederation honored Karl Gerstner for his pioneering role in graphic design - a phenomenon whose influence has extended far beyond Switzerland.

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An ode to the pioneer of typographic brilliance Karl Gerstner - TypeRoom

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Swiss National Library rightfully will regard Karl Gerstner as "one of the most important innovators in typography, commercial art and corporate design" for centuries to come after his passing at ...

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Official site of graphic designer Paul Rand.

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corporate identity systems

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Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie

Josef Müller-Brockmann ( 9. května 1914, Rapperswil - 30. srpna 1996) byl švýcarský grafický designér a pedagog.

Patřil ke čtveřici grafiků, kteří v Curychu vydávali trojjazyčný časopis Neue Grafik - New Graphic Design - Graphisme actuel, který od roku 1958 přispíval k výsadnímu postavení „švýcarské školy". Tento časopis se na rozdíl od mezinárodně orientovaného časopisu Graphis dominantně soustředil na domácí tvůrce. Mezi další vydavatele patřili Carlo Vivarelli, Richard Paul Lohse a Hans Neuburg. Byl velice aktivní v propagování principů moderního grafického designu, jeho trojjazyčné Dějiny vizuální komunikace a Dějiny plakátu patří dodnes k základní literatuře dějin grafického designu.

Müller-Brockmann si zaslouží pozornost i v jiné souvislosti. Už v 50. letech vícero kritiků vyčítalo švýcarskému grafickému designu sémantickou sterilitu a uniformitu, ve které se z grafického designu vytrácel život. Müller-Brockmann však ve svých koncertních plakátech dokázal spojit jasnost, čistotu a preciznost s vynalézavými výtvarnými řešeními evokujícími hudební rytmus a melodii. Dodnes slouží obhájcům modernismu jako argument pro tvrzení, že i v omezeném prostoru modernistických tvořivých principů mohou vnikat díla plná vitality a poezie.

Zdeno Kolesár: Kapitoly z dejín grafického designu, Slovenské centrum dizajnu, 2006, Bratislava

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Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie Josef Müller-Brockmann ( 9. května 1914, Rapperswil - 30. srpna 1996) byl švýcarský grafický designér a pedagog. Patřil ke čtveřici grafiků, kteří v Curychu vydávali trojjazyčný časopis Neue Grafik - New Graphic Design - Graphisme actuel, který od roku 1958 přispíval k výsadnímu postavení „švýcarské školy".

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Nutnost dělat kreativní rozhodnutí intelektuálními kritérii (ne pocity)

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Vysvětlení problému je poloviční řešení

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Řešení pro neartikulované problémy.