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Hello, my name is Heather McFatridge, I am in my first year of graduate school for mental health and wellness, I plan on going into the bridge program afterwards to become a licensed professional counselor. A professional goal I have for myself is to become a working clinician within three years. I personal goal I am working on is learning stress management skills. What I hope to get out of this course it to be knowledgeable about crisis and trauma in order to help my future clients.

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The American counseling code of ethics is a guide for how counselors should conduct themselves with clients, peers and the greater society. I will use this code of ethics everyday as a counselor to maintain professionalism and follow an ethical practice.

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Referral refers to directing someone to  a counsellor or alternative form of service.
Steps in Referral Process:
Review Provider List with client
Gather information- treatment plans, assesments, psychological and medical reports.
Intake meeting- give new provider information beforehand after obtaining consent with client (Gardner, 2019).

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911- emergency
office of emergency management-806-775-3464
American Red Cross-806-765-8534
The salvation Army- 806-765-9434
Lubbock police-806-755-2865
Lubbock fire station-806-755-2632
Lubbock housing program-806-755-2296
Lubbock victims Assistance services-806-763-3131
Family promise of lubbock inc-806-744-5035
Hub city outreach center-806-701-1687
Workforce solutions south plains-806-765-5038

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Psychiatry.org - DSM-5 Fact Sheets- download DSM 5 fact sheets of changes.

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders- key facts and information on mental disorders.

988- sucide and crisis hotline.

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NIMH » Coping With Traumatic Events (nih.gov)

How to Heal From Trauma: 10 Strategies That Can Help (verywellmind.com)

ttps://www.therapistaid.com/therapy-worksheet/trauma-reactions

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

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How do people respond to traumatic events?

A traumatic event is a shocking, scary, or dangerous experience that can affect someone emotionally and physically. Traumatic events can include experiences such as natural disasters (such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods), acts of violence (such as assault, abuse, terror attacks, and mass shootings), and car crashes or other accidents.

It is natural to feel afraid during and after a traumatic situation. Fear is a part of the body's "fight-or-flight" response, which helps us avoid or respond to potential danger. People may experience a range of reactions after trauma, including:

Feeling anxious, sad, or angry

Trouble concentrating and sleeping

Continually thinking about what happened

Most people will recover from these symptoms, and their reactions will lessen over time. Those who continue to experience symptoms may be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

It is important to seek professional help if symptoms do not improve over time or begin to interfere with daily life. Some signs that a person may need help include:

Worrying a lot or feeling very anxious, sad, or fearful

Crying often

Having trouble thinking clearly

Having frightening thoughts or flashbacks, reliving the experience

Feeling angry, resentful, or irritable

Having nightmares or difficulty sleeping

Avoiding places or people that bring back disturbing memories and responses

Becoming isolated from family and friends

Physical responses to trauma may also mean that a person needs help. Physical symptoms may include:

Having headaches

Having stomach pain and digestive issues

Having difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

Having a racing heart and sweating

Being very jumpy and easily startled

People who have a personal or family history of mental illness or substance use, who have had previous exposure to traumatic experiences, who face ongoing stress or trauma (such as abuse), or who lack support from friends and family may be more likely to develop more severe symptoms and need additional help.

People who experience traumatic events also may experience panic disorder, depression, substance use, or suicidal thoughts. Treatment for these conditions can help with recovery after trauma.

If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org . In life-threatening situations, call 911.

How do children and teens react to trauma?

Children and teens can have extreme reactions to traumatic events, but their symptoms may not be the same as those seen in adults. In children younger than age 6, symptoms can include:

Wetting the bed after having learned to use the toilet

Forgetting how to talk or being unable to talk

Acting out the scary event during playtime

Being unusually clingy with a parent or other adult

Older children and teens usually show symptoms more like those seen in adults. They may also develop disruptive, disrespectful, or destructive behaviors. Older children and teens may feel guilt over not preventing injury or death. They may also have thoughts of revenge.

What can I do to cope after a traumatic event?

Healthy ways of coping can help reduce stress and improve well-being. Here are some things you can do to help yourself:

Avoid the use of alcohol or drugs

Spend time with trusted friends and relatives who are supportive

Try to maintain routines for meals, exercise, and sleep

Engage in exercise, mindfulness, or other activities that help reduce stress

Set realistic goals and focus on what you can manage

Learn about self-care strategies and when to seek professional help.

How can I find help for coping with traumatic events?

If you're not sure where to get help, a health care provider can refer you to a licensed mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker with experience treating people who are coping with traumatic events. Find tips to help prepare for and get the most out of your visit and information about getting help.

In addition, the Disaster Distress Helpline from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) provides crisis counseling and support to people experiencing emotional distress related to natural or human-caused disasters. The helpline is free, multilingual, confidential, and available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

SAMSHA also offers an online treatment locator to help you find mental health services in your area.

How can I find a clinical trial for coping with trauma?

Clinical trials are research studies that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. The goal of clinical trials is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although individuals may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, participants should be aware that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others may be better helped in the future.

Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct many studies with patients and healthy volunteers. We have new and better treatment options today because of what clinical trials uncovered years ago. Talk to your health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you.

To learn more or find a study, visit:

Where can I learn more about coping with traumatic events?

Free brochures and shareable resources

Helping Children and Adolescents Cope With Traumatic Events: This fact sheet presents information on how children and adolescents respond to traumatic events and what family, friends, and trusted adults can do to help. Also available en español.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: This brochure provides information about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including what it is, who develops PTSD, symptoms, treatment options, and how to find help for yourself or someone else who may have PTSD. Also available en español.

Digital Shareables on PTSD: These digital resources, including graphics and messages, can be used to spread the word about PTSD and help promote awareness and education in your community.

Federal resources

Caring for Children in a Disaster : This webpage from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides fact sheets, articles, and other tools and resources on caring for children in disasters or emergency situations.

Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Recovery : This webpage from SAMHSA offers behavioral health resources for communities and responders that help them prepare, respond, and recover from disasters.

Medications for PTSD : This webpage from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs describes effective medications for treating PTSD and considerations for evaluating treatment options.

National Center for PTSD : Part of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, this website has information and resources for anyone interested in PTSD, including veterans, family, friends, researchers, and health care providers. The site offers videos, apps, online programs, and other tools to help people with PTSD and their loved ones.

PTSD (MedlinePlus - also en español )

Publications on Disaster Preparedness and Recovery : This webpage from SAMHSA lists publications and digital products on coping after a disaster, pandemic, or traumatic event.

Last Reviewed: May 2023

Unless otherwise specified, the information on our website and in our publications is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.

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Find information about traumatic events, including warning signs that you may need help following a traumatic event, ways to cope, and how to find help.

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Mental Health
Crisis Services | Texas Health and Human Services
https://www.nami.org/Support-Education/Publications-Reports/Guides/Navigating-a-Mental-Health-Crisis
Crisis Services | This Moment Forward

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Facing a Mental Health Crisis?

If you or someone you know are faced with a mental health crisis, please call the crisis hotline of the local mental health or local behavioral health authority for your county. You may find this number by using the online mental health services search form or by calling one of the numbers below.

Crisis services are available 24 hours/7 days a week and include prompt face-to-face crisis assessment, crisis intervention services, crisis follow-up and relapse prevention services. The HHSC Crisis Services Guide (PDF) has information on various state-funded crisis services and organizations that can help connect people to resources.

LMHA Mental Health Crisis Numbers

Need Help?

If you are thinking about suicide, please contact:

Phone Apps

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If you or someone you know are faced with a mental health crisis, please call the crisis hotline of the local mental health or local behavioral health authority for your county.

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American Counseling Association (ACA) and the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC) in the United States have made cross-cultural competencies a core part of the counseling profession (Dieser B.,2021). Cultural competency means to understand each client's unique cultural experiences and take that into consideration when working with them. It is important as mental health professionals that we respect cultural traditions, standards and customs of our clients and not try to insert our beliefs into how a client lives their lives. Every client and counselor exist within contexts of systemic privilege and oppression, and these dynamics are present in the counseling session, just as they are in other settings. The belief that cultures is not relevant to counseling, or “has not come up,” is thereby nonsensical. Issues of power and privilege seep into all aspects of professional counselors’ and clients’ lived experiences, making the recognition and appreciation of cultural dynamics critical for effective work with clients and students (O'Hara C & et.al.,2021).

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Reflection unit 1 section 1 introduction and previous knowledge

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Reflection unit 1 section 1 introduction and previous knowledge

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In this assignment we introduced ourselves and explained our previous knowledge of trauma. Reflecting on this assignment my knowledge of trauma before this course was limited to my own experiences with trauma and not the knowledge level I need as a LPC.This assignment also showed me that American society has a mental health crisis that we are not currently treating properly.

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

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Mental illnesses are common in the United States. It is estimated that more than one in five U.S. adults live with a mental illness (57.8 million in 2021). Mental illnesses include many different conditions that vary in degree of severity, ranging from mild to moderate to severe. Two broad categories can be used to describe these conditions: Any Mental Illness (AMI) and Serious Mental Illness (SMI). AMI encompasses all recognized mental illnesses. SMI is a smaller and more severe subset of AMI. Additional information on mental illnesses can be found on the NIMH Health Topics Pages.

Definitions

The data presented here are from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). For inclusion in NSDUH prevalence estimates, mental illnesses include those that are diagnosable currently or within the past year; of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria specified within the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV); and, exclude developmental and substance use disorders.

Any Mental Illness

Any mental illness (AMI) is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder. AMI can vary in impact, ranging from no impairment to mild, moderate, and even severe impairment (e.g., individuals with serious mental illness as defined below).

Serious Mental Illness

Serious mental illness (SMI) is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities. The burden of mental illnesses is particularly concentrated among those who experience disability due to SMI.

Prevalence of Any Mental Illness (AMI)

Figure 1 shows the past year prevalence of AMI among U.S. adults.

In 2021, there were an estimated 57.8 million adults aged 18 or older in the United States with AMI. This number represented 22.8% of all U.S. adults.

The prevalence of AMI was higher among females (27.2%) than males (18.1%).

Young adults aged 18-25 years had the highest prevalence of AMI (33.7%) compared to adults aged 26-49 years (28.1%) and aged 50 and older (15.0%).

The prevalence of AMI was highest among the adults reporting two or more races (34.9%), followed by American Indian / Alaskan Native (AI/AN) adults (26.6%). The prevalence of AMI was lowest among Asian adults (16.4%).

Figure 1

*Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic. NH/OPI = Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander | AI/AN = American Indian / Alaskan Native

Mental Health Services - AMI

Figure 2 presents data on mental health services (including virtual services) received within the past year by U.S. adults aged 18 or older with any mental illness (AMI). NSDUH defines mental health services as having received inpatient treatment/counseling or outpatient treatment/counseling, or having used prescription medication for problems with emotions, nerves, or mental health.

In 2021, among the 57.8 million adults with AMI, 26.5 million (47.2%) received mental health services in the past year.

More females with AMI (51.7%) received mental health services than males with AMI (40.0%).

The percentage of young adults aged 18-25 years with AMI who received mental health services (44.6%) was lower than adults with AMI aged 26-49 years (48.1%) and aged 50 and older (47.4%).

Figure 2

*Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic. Note: Estimates for Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander and, American Indian / Alaskan Native groups are not reported in the above figure due to low precision of data collection in 2021.

Prevalence of Serious Mental Illness (SMI)

Figure 3 shows the past year prevalence of SMI among U.S. adults.

In 2021, there were an estimated 14.1 million adults aged 18 or older in the United States with SMI. This number represented 5.5% of all U.S. adults.

The prevalence of SMI was higher among females (7.0%) than males (4.0%).

Young adults aged 18-25 years had the highest prevalence of SMI (11.4%) compared to adults aged 26-49 years (7.1%) and aged 50 and older (2.5%).

The prevalence of SMI was highest among AI/AN adults (9.3%), followed by adults reporting two or more races (8.2%). The prevalence of SMI was lowest among Asian adults (2.8%).

Figure 3

* Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic. NH/OPI = Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander | AI/AN = American Indian / Alaskan Native.

Mental Health Services - SMI

Figure 4 presents data on mental health services received within the past year by U.S. adults 18 or older with serious mental illness (SMI). The NSDUH defines mental health services as having received inpatient treatment/counseling or outpatient treatment/counseling or having used prescription medication for problems with emotions, nerves, or mental health.

In 2021, among the 14.1 million adults with SMI, 9.1 million (65.4%) received mental health treatment in the past year.

More females with SMI (67.6%) received mental health treatment than males with SMI (61.3%).

The percentage of young adults aged 18-25 years with SMI who received mental health treatment (57.9%) was lower than adults with SMI aged 26-49 years (67.0%) and aged 50 and older (71.0%).

Figure 4

*Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic. Note: Estimates for Asian, Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander, and American Indian / Alaskan Native groups are not reported in the above figure due to low precision.

Prevalence of Any Mental Disorder Among Adolescents

Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), Figure 5 shows lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder among U.S. adolescents aged 13-18.¹

An estimated 49.5% of adolescents had any mental disorder.

Of adolescents with any mental disorder, an estimated 22.2% had severe impairment and/or distress. DSM-IV based criteria were used to determine severity level.

Figure 5

Data Sources

1. Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L, Benjet C, Georgiades K, Swendsen J. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication--Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;49(10):980-9. PMID: 20855043

2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2022). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP22-07-01-005, NSDUH Series H-57). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2021-nsduh-annual-national-report .

Statistical Methods and Measurement Caveats

National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)

Diagnostic Assessment:

The NSDUH AMI and SMI estimates were generated from a prediction model created from clinical interview data collected on a subset of adult NSDUH respondents who completed an adapted (past 12 month) version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders (Research Version, Non-patient Edition) (SCID-I/NP; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2002), and was differentiated by level of functional impairment based on the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF; Endicott, Spitzer, Fleiss, & Cohen, 1976).

The assessment included diagnostic modules assessing the following: mood, anxiety, eating, impulse control, substance use, adjustment disorders, and a psychotic symptoms screen.

The assessment did not contain diagnostic modules assessing the following: adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders (although the assessment included a psychotic symptom screen).

People who only have disorders that are not included in these diagnostic modules may not be adequately detected. However, there are known patterns of high comorbidities among mental disorders; these patterns increase the likelihood that people who meet AMI and/or SMI criteria were detected by the study, as they may also have one or more of the disorders assessed in the SCID-I/NP.

Population:

The entirety of NSDUH respondents for the AMI and SMI estimates were the civilian, non-institutionalized population aged 18 years old or older residing within the United States.

The survey covered residents of households (persons living in houses/townhouses, apartments, condominiums; civilians living in housing on military bases, etc.) and persons in non-institutional group quarters (e.g., shelters, rooming/boarding houses, college dormitories, migratory workers' camps, and halfway houses).

The survey did not cover persons who, for the entire year, had no fixed address (e.g., homeless and/or transient persons not in shelters); were on active military duty; or who resided in institutional group quarters (e.g., correctional facilities, nursing homes, mental institutions, long-term hospitals).

Some people in these excluded categories had AMI and/or SMI, but were not accounted for in the NSDUH AMI and/or SMI estimates.

Data regarding sex of the respondent was assessed using male and female categories only. Gender identity information was not collected in the survey.

Survey Non-response:

In 2021, 53.0% of the selected NSDUH sample of people 18 or older did not complete the interview. This rate of non-response is higher than in previous years. Please see the Background on the 2021 NSDUH and the COVID-19 Pandemic section below for more information.

Reasons for non-response to interviewing include the following: refusal to participate (30.1%); respondent unavailable or never at home (18.8%); and other reasons such as physical/mental incompetence or language barriers (4.2%).

People with mental illness may disproportionately fall into these non-response categories. While NSDUH weighting includes non-response adjustments to reduce bias, these adjustments may not fully account for differential non-response by mental illness status.

Data Suppression:

For some groups, data are not reported due to low precision. Data may be suppressed in the above charts if the data do not meet acceptable ranges for prevalence estimates, standard error estimates, and sample size.

Background on the 2021 NSDUH and the COVID-19 Pandemic:

Data collection methods for the 2021 NSDUH changed in several ways because of the COVID-19 pandemic: the 2021 NSDUH continued the use of multimode data collection procedures (both in-person and virtual data collection) that were first implemented in the fourth quarter of the 2020 NSDUH. Overall, 54.6% of interviews were completed via the web, and 45.4% were completed in person. In 2021, the weighted response rates for household screening and for interviewing were 22.2% and 46.2%, respectively, for an overall response rate of 10.3% for people aged 12 or older.

Given the use of multimode data collection procedures throughout the entirety of the collection year and the rate of non-response, comparison of estimates from the 2021 NSDUH with those from prior years must be made with caution.

Please see the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Methodological Summary and Definitions report for further information on how these data were collected and calculated.

National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)

Diagnostic Assessment and Population:

The NCS-A was carried out under a cooperative agreement sponsored by NIMH to meet a request from Congress to provide national data on the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders among U.S. youth. The NCS-A was a nationally representative, face-to-face survey of 10,123 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in the continental United States. The survey was based on a dual-frame design that included 904 adolescent residents of the households that participated in the adult U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication and 9,244 adolescent students selected from a nationally representative sample of 320 schools. The survey was fielded between February 2001 and January 2004. DSM-IV mental disorders were assessed using a modified version of the fully structured World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview.

Survey Non-response:

The overall adolescent non-response rate was 24.4%. This is made up of non-response rates of 14.1% in the household sample, 18.2% in the un-blinded school sample, and 77.7% in the blinded school sample. Non-response was largely due to refusal (21.3%), which in the household and un-blinded school samples came largely from parents rather than adolescents (72.3% and 81.0%, respectively). The refusals in the blinded school sample, in comparison, came almost entirely (98.1%) from parents failing to return the signed consent postcard.

For more information, see PMID: 19507169 and the NIMH NCS-A study page.

Last Updated: March 2023

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An overview of statistics for mental illnesses. Mental illnesses are common in the United States. One in six U.S. adults lives with a mental illness (43.4 million in 2015). Mental illnesses include many different conditions that vary in degree of severity, ranging from mild to moderate to severe.

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Unit 1 Section 2 reflection Mental health Resource guide

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Unit 1 Section 2 reflection Mental health Resource guide

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While doing research for the resource guide, I learned that America has a mental health crisis. In the resources guide we sectioned off different kinds of mental illness and sectioned that further into specific diagnosis. Many of the diagnosis such as substance abuse disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder are directly caused by trauma. I also learned that the majority of mental illness are genetic and are likely to affect a patient's physical health as well.

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Trauma is caused by many different things in our life, adverse experiences in childhood have lifelong consequences. For the discussion on trauma, I watched the documentary "The Wisdom of Trauma" Dr. Gabe went over multiple types of traumas such as adverse childhood experiences, environmental trauma and generational trauma. He also discussed how a big event does not need to be present for trauma to appear. A baby crying at night and parents ignoring it is traumatic for the baby. Childrens who's brains have been traumatized are less developed than those who have not experienced adversity.

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Fast Facts: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC

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As the nation’s health protection agency, CDC saves lives and protects people from health, safety, and security threats.

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Unit 3 section 1 Psychology first aid online

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Unit 3 section 1 Psychology first aid online

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As I was taking the psychology fist aid course, I realized that this was a need that I have never thought about for this in a natural disaster. As stated by the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, Psychological First Aid (PFA) is an evidence-informed modular approach to help children, adolescents, adults, and families in the immediate aftermath of disaster and terrorism. Individuals affected by a disaster or traumatic incident, whether survivors, witnesses, or responders to such events, may struggle with or face new challenges following the event. PFA was developed by the National Child Traumatic Stress Network and the National Center for PTSD, with contributions from individuals involved in disaster research and response (National child traumatic stress network,2020). Emotions and stress are at the height during natural disasters and Terriots events, worries about what happens next and small concerns become amplified, so having mental health professionals on sight can help the survivors, who need it.

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Unit 3 section 2 Crisis prevention and threat assisgnment plan

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Unit 3 section 2 Crisis prevention and threat assisgnment plan

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My groups crisis prevention and threat assisgnment was on bullying. Bullying can happen in person or online. The assignment was to create a prevention and threat assesment plan. Schools need to have trainings for children and staff to be able to identify bullying and the specific steps that their schools need to use. Who contacts the trainers? What does an individual who is being bullied need to do to, what forms to fill out, etc.

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Nonviolent Crisis Intervention Bullying Prevention Resources Guide

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Unit 3 Section 3 ABC Model of crisis intervention

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Unit 3 Section 3 ABC Model of crisis intervention

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The ABC model of crisis intervention starts with achieving contact and building a good relationship with the client through eye contact, empathy, body language. The next step is to break down the problem, ask what happened, how the client feels. Then the last step is to commit to action, what does the couselor and client need to do to help improve the situation?

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Gardner, M. (2019, December 4). The Referral Process from Start to Finish. https://www.casemanagementbasics.com/2015/08/the-referral-process-from-start-to.html
Dieser R. B. (2021). A Call to the Profession: Cross-Cultural Competence and Learning from a sister Profession. Therapeutic Recreation Journal. 55(4), 369-383
O'Hara C., Chang C. Y., & Glordano A.L. (2021). Multicultural Competence in Counseling Research: The Cornerstone of Scholarship. Journal of Counseling & Development, 99(2), 200-209.
ACA Code of Ethics. (2006). Journal of Counseling and Development, 84(2), 235–254