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Failure to try - is failure in itself

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2. Name the two divisions of the ANS (divisions includes; alpha-1, beta-1, beta-2, and alpha-2 receptors).

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3. The neurotransmitters for each division of the ANS are;

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3. · Acetylcholine (ACH)-cholinergic

o NT released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings (both systems)

· Norepinephrine (NE)-adrenergic

o NT released at postganglionic nerve endings

o synthesized from dopamine

o released by adrenal medulla and neurons

Epinephrine (EPI)-adrenergic

o acts on adrenergic receptors

o produced by adrenal medulla

Dopamine (DA)

o sympathetic and CNS neurotransmitter

o precursor to NE

o stimulates many receptors (alpha, beta, dopaminergic); different actions based on dose given

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3. Name the neurotransmitters for each division of the ANS.

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2. Sympathetic Nervous System (adrenergic) -fight, fright, flight; high alert, stress

Parasympathetic Nervous System (cholinergic) rest and digest; calm

Most organs and glands receive a nerve from each division (arteries are an exception-not supplied by parasympathetic system, bp controlled by sympathetic system only)

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4. Name the receptor at the ganglia of each division of the ANS where the pre and postganglionic neurons meet.

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4. Nicotinic (Nn) recepto r is secreted at the synapse where the pre and postganglionic neurons meet, both release (ACH) acetylcholine.

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5. For each receptor of each division of the ANS, state where the receptor is located and what action is produced when that receptor is stimulated.

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Sympathetic/Adrenergic Receptors:

5. Alpha 1: on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, and most arteries and veins, smooth muscle contraction

and vasoconstriction (increased BP) dilation of

pupil (mydriasis).

Stimulated by NE & EPI (catecholamines)

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5. beta 1:

Located on the heart

Force of contraction (+ inotropic)

Heart rate (+ chronotropic)

Conduction (+ dromotropic)

Stimulated by NE & EPI (stronger effect by EPI)

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Parasympathetic receptor:

5. alpha 2 receptor: found mainly in the central nervous system and in pre and post synaptic neurons where they intercede and inhibit the central and peripheral nervous systems, decreasing contraction of the smooth muscles, causing vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure, decreased release in norepinephrine.

Decreases contraction of smooth muscles - (vasodilation),

lowers BP

Decreases release of NE/regulates the release

Negative feedback system

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Sympathetic/Adrenergic Receptors

5. Beta 2:

Found on smooth muscles, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries, coronary arteries

Smooth muscle relaxation

Bronchodilation

Uterine relaxation

Relaxation of coronary arteries and skeletal muscle blood vessels-vasodilation

Stimulated by EPI ONLY

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6. Name the drug classification that stimulates or blocks the receptors and what drug action is produced.

o Sympathomimetics: drug effects that mimic the sympathetic system (adrenergic, adrenergic agonists)

o Sympatholytics: drug effects that work against the sympathetic system (adrenergic blockers, inhibitors, adrenergic antagonists)

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6. Selective beta-1 – receptors are blocked

atenolol (Tenormin)

metoprolol (Lopressor)

·  hypertension (HTN), angina, arrhythmias, tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma (lowers IOP)

heart failure (decreases sympathetic activity)

o beta-1 receptor is blocked (antagonizes beta-1 effects of NE and EPI)

o decreases force of contraction (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output

o decreases HR (negative chronotropic)

o decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)

o decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP

7. Sympatholytics: drowsiness, GI upset, CNS depression.

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6. beta 2 – receptors are stimulated

albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) brochodilator

terbutaline (Brethine) bronchodilator, uterine relaxant

formoterol (Foradil) bronchodilator

salmeterol (Serevent) brochodilator

· asthma, respiratory illness/disease, preterm labor

o   stimulates beta 2 receptors

o   relaxation of the smooth muscle of the lungs ⇒ bronchodilation

o   relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus

7. Sympatholoytics: jittery, headache, tremors.

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6. alpha-1 receptor is stimulated

epinephrine (Adrenalin)

· allergic reactions/anaphylaxis, shock, cardiac arrhythmias

o contraction of smooth muscle

o vasoconstriction, Contraction- pupillary dilation

7. Sympathomimetics: increases heart rate and BP

Sympatholytics: slows digestion/urination, excessive nasal dryness.

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6. alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists - receptors are stimulated

ephedrine – increases BP

phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)

·       Increase circulation of vital organs

·       Increase BP

·       Promote decongestion

o   increase circulation of vital organs

o   increase BP

o   promote decongestion

o   increase circulation of vital organs

o   contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict

o   vasoconstriction, contraction- pupillary dilation

7. Sympathomimetics: increases BP, nasal decongestant

Sympatholytics: slows digestion/urination, excessive, nasal dryness.

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6. beta-1 – Adrener Agonists - receptor is stimulated

dobutamine

· Low dose – stimulates dopaminenergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow.

· Moderate dose – stimulates beta-1 receptors,

heart increase force of contraction

and cardiac output

· High dose – stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction – increase in BP

7. Sympatholoytics: overstimulation of the heart, CNS irritation.

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1.    What is the purpose of the ANS?

1. The purpose of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Visceral, is to regulate the rate at which the following organs work, by increasing or decreasing their activity "homeostasis"

o Functions to control and coordinate activity of all systems in the body

o Involuntary and voluntary control

o Branches of cranial and spinal motor nerves innervate cardiac and smooth muscle of internal organs and glands

o Regulated by hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

o Autorhythmicity-contraction without any stimulus

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6. alpha-1 – Adrengergic – receptor is blocked

prazosin (Minipress)

terazosin (Hytrin)

doxazosin (Cardura)

o   Binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them

o   Relaxation of smooth muscle

o   Vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases BP

o   Relaxes smooth muscle of ureters and increases urine flow

· Hypertension, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

7. Sympatholoytics: GI upset, increased urination, reflex tachycardia.

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Non-selective Beta Blockers - block beta-1 and beta-2 receptors

nadolol (Corgard)

propranolol (Inderal)

timolol (Blocadren)

o decreases force of contraction (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output

o decreases HR (negative chronotropic)

o decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)

o decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP

o can cause bronchoconstriction

· HTN, arrhythmias, angina, tachycardia, migraines glaucoma (lowers IOP), heart failure (decreases sympathetic activity)

Contraindication: asthma and respiratory disease patients, can trigger respiratory distress

7. Sympatholoytics: GI upset, CNS depression, mental depression