# data[].attributes.body
Beginning at conception, fertilization occurs when male and female gametes—sperm and egg, fuse to create the formation of a diploid cell known as a zygote. There are several stages leading up to the events of fertilization, first starting when a female’s egg is released from the ovary and follows the pathway of the fallopian tubes. From the fallopian tubes, the egg passes through the uterus via muscle contractions. The process in which the egg passes through the uterus takes time, typically using up to four days to reach the uterus. It is important to acknowledge that the egg must be fertilized within its first 12 to 24 hours of conception, otherwise it will be unable to develop. In order for sperm to meet the egg halfway, sperm must enter the vagina, passing through the cervix before it reaches the uterus and enters the fallopian tube in which the fertilized egg was released. This process is not easy however, as many sperm do not survive and are oftentimes destroyed by the acidic environment of the vagina. If the sperm manages to pass through, it is possible it can be led down a fallopian tube without an egg. In cases where the sperm goes down the correct tube, it reaches the zona pellucida, a thin plasma membrane that surrounds the egg. The zona pellucida, in turn, also contains its own thin layer called the corona radiata, which the sperm will need to penetrate. Upon contact, the sperm’s enzyme releases contents that digest a path through the corona and zona pellucida allowing it to enter the egg, where the egg’s plasma membrane depolarizes, inhibiting it from having other sperm binding with itself. After 12 hours of the sperm entering the egg, the nucleus of both the egg and sperm fade, causing the 23 chromosomes of both male and female to bind into a zygote, completing the process of fertilization. Zygotes contain a total of 46 chromosomes, with 23 chromosomes being passed down from each parent.

# data[].attributes.headline
Cleavage | Day 1-2 (Beginning of First Trimester)

# data[].attributes.subject
Cleavage | Day 1-2 (Beginning of First Trimester)

# data[].attributes.body
Cleavage is a type of cell division within the zygotes without the enlargement of its cells. It occurs after the first 30 hours of fertilization, in which the zygote—0.1mm in size, splits into 2 cells, which then divide into 4 cells, then 6 and onwards.

2 cells ➝ 4 cells ➝ 8 cells ➝ 16 cells

By the time the cell has split into 16 of its own cells, it becomes a morula. The morula reaches the uterus between 3 to 5 days of fertilization. During this period, fluid begins to fill the morula from the uterus. As it develops, two different groups of cells form a structure known as blastocyst.

# data[].attributes.body
After cleavage, blastocyst forms which can be referred to as “germ pouch” within the uterus. In turn, this gives way to new cells and tissues that begin to develop, thus making it a hollow site of growth made to assist in the structural growth of the new incoming cells.

There are two groups of cells formed from this occurrence:

Trophoblast - nourishment of germ

Embryoblast - formation of inner cell mass

Trophoblast forms the outer layer of the blastocyst, developing into a membrane called the chorion, which further develops to form a part of the placenta — the main structure responsible for providing oxygen and nutrients to an unborn baby during the stages of pregnancy. Simultaneously, the placenta will also work to protect and remove wastes from the developing offspring.

The second group of cells, Embryoblast, is responsible for the inner cell mass that comes together to form the actual embryo itself.

# data[].attributes.body
During the 5th and 7th day after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches itself to the endometrium of the uterus. Its inner cell mass positions itself within the outer walls, with cells created from trophoblast secreting enzymes responsible for the digestion of tissues and blood of the endometrium. Eventually, this ultimately causes blastocyst to sink into the uterine wall.

This gives way to the beginning of implantation. During this event, trophoblast triggers to release the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). It has the same effects of the luteinizing hormone, LH — working to maintain the corpus luteum, preventing it from degeneration.

Due to this, hormones, estrogen and progesterone, do not stop its production in replenishing the endometrium while preventing menstruation from occurring.

# data[].attributes.body
By the 10th to 14th day since fertilization, the stage of implantation should be complete. Cells in the still developing embryo should double in size, and the woman should now be considered to be pregnant. When taking pregnancy tests, the most major telltale signs of a positive pregnancy would be the presence of hCG excreted in urine.

hCG continues its secretion at high levels for approximately 2 months during a woman’s pregnancy, before slowly declining its production by 4. The corpus luteum maintains its shape throughout the process of pregnancy, but its function is slowly taken over by the placenta which will be fully capable to secrete enough estrogen and progesterone to take care of the endometrium.

# data[].attributes.body
After the second week of pregnancy, the inner cell mass begins to overcome a series of changes—Gastrulation (stomach changes in Greek) being responsible for a number of these changes. Gastrulation is the formation of three primary germ layers in the embryogenesis, which is caused by fluid filling the amniotic cavity, thus becoming the site of growth for the development of the unborn baby.

The amniotic cavity is the space between the inner mass cell, and the trophoblast.

The amniotic cavity forms within a sac known as the amnion, which assists in one of several embryo-supporting functions.

As the cavity forms, inner cell mass becomes flattened into a disk-shaped structure called the embryonic disk. It is supported by a short stalk that connects the blastocyst with the endometrium. As a result, three primary germ layers are formed within the embryonic disk:

The Outer Ectoderm

The Inner Endoderm

Mesoderm

# data[].attributes.body
Generates the outer layer of the embryo.

The ectoderm would assist in developing:

Tissues within epidermal skin cells—the outermost of our skin, as well as the construction of melanocytes, which is a cell in the skin that produces melanin (what gives our skin pigment).

The formation of neural tissues within the brain. Gives way to the brain, spinal cord — development of the nervous system.

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Sweat glands

Hair and nails

Formation of the eye’s cornea

Teeth

Mucous membrane of nose

Lenses of the eye

# data[].attributes.body
Innermost layer of the three primary germ layers.

The endoderm would assist in developing:

Cellular lining of respiratory and digestive tract.

Urethra and urinary bladder

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Thymus

Tonsils

Parathyroid glands

Thyroid glands

# data[].attributes.body
Middle of the three primary germ layers in embryonic-disk.

The mesoderm would assist in developing:

Dermis of the skin

Cellular lining of blood and lymphatic vessels

Body cavities

Muscle tissue

Connective tissue—bone, cartilage, and blood

Adrenal cortex

Heart

Internal reproductive organs

Kidneys and ureters

Spleen

# data[].attributes.body
The moment Gastrulation begins, a series of events follow to form the structure of a developing organism. This is known as Morphogenesis, which can be referred to as “shape creator.” Here, Morphogenesis occurs when early embryonic cells are capable of transforming into different cells—or otherwise, their abilities of Differentiation.

Differentiation takes place when cells transform structures, taking on a variety of different functions they are responsible for performing within the developing body, unique to other cell functions. Differentiation becomes essentially crucial with the development of the three primary germ cells created from Gastrulation previously. The growth of a baby’s organs, tissues and all body cells are dependent on primary cells due to Differentiation.

# data[].attributes.body
The organs that contribute to the supporting of the embryo is developed between weeks 3 to 8 of development.

The system of membranes that become external to the embryo also begin to build in formation.

Extra-embryonic membranes include:

The allantois — differentiates into umbilical blood vessels

Amnion — membrane that covers the membrane when first formed. Gives way to the amniotic sac full of fluids, that protect the embryo.

Chorion — develops into fetal placenta where exchange between nutrients to the embryo becomes possible.

Yolk sac — nourishes the embryo, while also dividing and producing cells that form into structures like the umbilical cord, blood cells, and reproductive organs.

These membranes on par with the placenta and umbilical cord, which develops later on, are tasked with providing nutrients, protection, excretion and respiration to the still-developing embryo.

# data[].attributes.body
By the 3rd to 8th week of pregnancy, the body organs of the baby should begin to form. The cell division of differentiation between the three primary embryonic layers would fold, transforming into the child’s independent body with its own developing organs.

In the third week specifically however, the thickened wall of the middle germ layer—the mesoderm, begins to grow along the back of the embryonic disk. These cells begin to form the general structure of the baby’s back, before joining back together and creating a rod-like structure known as the notochord (back). The notochord is responsible for developing the frame-like structure of the baby’s skeleton, with the nervous system coming together from the ectoderm just above the notochord. As the cells above the notochord thicken, it begins to fold on each groove side of the surface before fusing into the neural tube. This series of events is known as Neurulation.

The moment the neural tube forms, signalling Neurulation, the heart of the baby begins to form its presence. By day 18 of pregnancy, the heart should begin to beat for the first time.

# data[].attributes.body
By week 4, the development of body structures and organs can be observed apparently. Blood cells and vessels begin to form and fill, while lungs and kidneys form.

At the same time, the embryo grows tiny buds which will later grow into arms and legs of the baby. The framework of the child’s head begins to be made visible, followed by the very faint presence of its eyes, ears, and nose.

The embryo should be approximately 0.6mm long at this stage, continuing to grow as time passes. It is also at this stage that the menstrual cycle comes to an ultimate halt mainly by the hormone, hCG. At this time, it should be brought to the attention of the mother that she may be expecting due to the late period cycle, and the potential possibility of morning sickness starting which may be caused by the release of other hormones besides hCG at the moment, such as a boost in estrogen and progesterone. As mentioned earlier, these hormones play a part in maintaining the uterine wall’s thickening as well as preventing the body from ovulating again.

# data[].attributes.body
Approaching the 5th week, the embryo’s head should grow larger in size in contrast to the rest of the embryo’s body. The embryo’s eyes should start to develop more thoroughly, allowing them to open—but the eyes will not yet have developed the eyelids and irises.

The embryo should be about 1.3mm now, which is a significant sign of cell division transpiring at a faster rate now.

By the 6th week, the brain develops at a more faster rate, while the limbs and structure of the arms and legs begin to grow more in length as well. Gonads begin to produce hormones that help the growth of the embryo’s external genitalia, and the embryo is now visible in sight during ultrasound.

# data[].attributes.body
The embryo is grown to be about the size of a kidney bean, and now has more obvious human characteristics. About 90% of the body organs are now formed and established, while the nervous system is now beginning to coordinate bodily functions accordingly. The cartilage to support the skeleton has begun to form, which will maintain in place of bones until after the 9th week.

The eyes are now formed with lids, but they now remain closed to protect the structure from movement of the still-developing hands and arms. The nostrils have also now properly formed, but mucus blocks it for a form of protection as the baby will not have the proper ability to fully breath until birth.

External genitals continue its development, but will not be able to be differentiated as the sex of the embryo still has yet to be visibly determined.

As the organs begin to grow larger in size and mature throughout prenatal development, the embryo can now be considered a fetus by its 9th week.

# data[].attributes.body
The placenta is a disk-like shaped organ, high in rich blood vessels, that is tasked with the responsibility for providing oxygen and nutrients to an unborn baby during the stages of pregnancy. Simultaneously, the placenta will also work to protect and remove wastes from the developing offspring.

The embryo attaches itself to the uterine wall via the placenta, allowing metabolic exchange to occur. It takes about 10 weeks for the placenta to fully develop its form, holding a mass to approximately 600g.

The chorion tissue of the placenta, which helped it form, derives from the embryo, while the rest develop with help of the mother’s circulatory system. Despite being two separate systems, the embryo and mother work closely together in exchange. The embryo acquires nutrients from the mother, and in turn has waste be passed down to the mother for excretion.

By the end of the 8th week, the embryonic yolk sac shrinks while the amniotic sac grows—ultimately causing the umbilical cord to form.

The umbilical cord is a rope-shaped structure. The cord begins from the navel area towards the middle of the placenta. It contains two arteries, which help carry oxygen-rich blood from the fetus to the placenta.

# data[].attributes.body
It is important to acknowledge that the placenta does not filter out all substances circulated around the mother’s system, which can diffuse through membranes and into the pathways in which the embryo obtains nutrients. This includes dangerous substances, such as the Zika Virus, which is a known teratogen — agents that can deter pregnancy, causing a structural abnormality of the baby from exposure.

The Zika Virus is a mosquito-borne virus that comes from the bite of an infected Andes species mosquito, but can also be sexually transmitted from an individual who may already have the infection. There is no known vaccine or treatment, that can rid of this teratogen. If the virus is present in the mother’s blood, the chances of it diffusing into the developing child’s blood poses a very high risk—which can negatively impact on its development. This is most crucial during the first 9 weeks of pregnancy, where the organs are still developing and incredibly sensitive to its surroundings.

The virus is most easily transmitted during the first and third trimester of pregnancy, where Zika cells infect embryonic trophoblasts, which later makes its way to the placenta.

Once infection of the virus makes its appearance in the baby’s blood, the mother of the child may be prone to miscarriage or a stillbirth. In cases the baby lives, they can be born with birth defects. An example of a defect may be brain is microcephaly, which is when a baby’s head appears smaller than what is normally expected. The smaller size in head is what contributes to a smaller brain, hindering its ability to fully develop, thus resulting in poor fetal growth.

# data[].attributes.body
After the first 9-10 weeks of pregnancy, the acceleration rate in which the fetus grows increases in time much more than the first 2 months.

Week 10: All vital organs of the fetus are established, and already beginning to fully coordinate its functions in the body. External changes occur as well, such as the separation of the baby’s toes and fingers.

Week 11: The baby is now approximately 1.7 inches long, and its body is in the process of outgrowing the head. Fingernails are starting to develop, and ears are beginning to take its shape.

Week 12: The growth of the body continues to enlarged, while the head size begins to slow itself down. The cartilage that initially supported the skeleton will eventually become hardened, developing into harder bone structure. The baby’s eyes, ears, nose and mouth are much more visible than before, and its face is now tangible through ultrasound. At the end of the first trimester, the fetus is about 2 and a half inches long, and its reproductive organs of can now be differentiated—determining the child as either male or female. It’s still quite early for the movements of the baby to be felt from the mother’s womb, albeit the baby is now starting to move more often.

# data[].attributes.body
Month 4: Fetus is now around 2.9 inches long (size of a peach, for comparison). The heartbeat of the fetus is now strong enough to be heard through a stethoscope during an ultrasound. The bones of the fetus’ skeleton are now in constant formation, while the brain develops much more rampantly. At this time, the mother will now be able to feel the baby moving (baby kicks) as their legs and arms will be much longer than before.

Month 5: Fetus doubles in size (now approximately 10 inches long) The fetus is now growing fine and soft hair, called lanugo. Lanugo sheds before the baby is born. In addition, the baby is wrapped in a type of oily substance to protect the skin as the baby continues to mature. The fetus’ hearing should start to develop around the 18 week mark as well, and by week 20, Braxton Hicks contractions—which are painless contractions the mother experiences, begin to occur irregularly. These contractions show sign of the body prepping itself for labor in the future. By this time, the mother’s bump should start showing more evidently.

Month 6: By the 6th month of pregnancy, the fetus should be about 12 inches now. Its skin appears to look wrinkled as there is a lack of fat beneath the skin which is responsible for smoothening the skin out. The skin will also appear more pink due to capilleries extending throughout the body.

# data[].attributes.body
The pregnancy has now reached its third and final stage before the baby is born. The fetus has developed brain cells, and is now furthering its connection and links to other networks of the body.

Month 7: Baby is 12-13 inches in length. Their skin is more or so red and wrinkled, and the baby’s feet now turn in an upside-down position which means the fetus is readying itself for labour. Bone marrow is now the main and only site for red blood cell creation. Testes, if male, have now descended into the scrotum. If the baby is born prematurely, they are likely to survive with medical assistance.

Month 8: Baby is 16-17 inches in length. The fetus undergoes fatty tissue disposition, which results in a more “plump” and smoother appearance, with less wrinkled skin. If the mother was expecting twins, the pair would usually be born at this stage.

Month 9: Baby is now 19-20 inches long. The fetus undergoes more fat disposition, giving them their “baby” appearance. At this time, lanugo begins to shed off the baby. In addition, the baby’s nails are now grown enough to extend beyond fingertips, along with the growth of eyelashes and taste buds becoming established. The baby’s digestive and respiratory system are the last systems to fully mature, such as the lungs. At this rate, the mother is in her final stretch of pregnancy and can expect to give birth anytime soon.

# data[].attributes.body
Parturition, otherwise known as delivery or labour, ultimately occurs once the mother begins to feel uterine contractions. Throughout the entire duration of pregnancy, contractions are felt (such as Braxton Hicks contractions), albeit they are short-lasting of about 20 to 30 seconds and would occur every 15 to 20 minutes. By the end of the pregnancy, contractions increase in strength and become more frequent.

Labour is considered the moment when contractions occur every 15 to 20 minutes for longer than 40 seconds. The process of birth are induced by uterine contractions that stretch the cervix, resulting in the release of the hormone oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland towards the uterine muscles, where it is stimulated by the action of prostoglandins. It is stimulated by uterine muscles, which when contracted, push the baby downwards until they are ready to be born. Estrogen levels are increased at the end of the pregnancy, heightening to its peak during birth, while oxytocin levels continue to be present within labour.

In some cases, natural childbirth (vaginal birth) may pose risk to both the child and mother during the process of labour. As an alternative, some mothers would experience a Caesarean section (C-section), which would have the mother’s abdomen undergo an incision—leading the baby to come out of the incision from the abdomen.

When the baby is finally born, most oftentimes, they will be shown to be covered in a white and creamy substance known as the vernix caseosa. This substance serves to simply add protection to a newborn’s skin when they are born, as they adjust to an atmosphere outside the uterus. From there, once the baby is born and checked without any posing breathing difficulties, the umbilical cord of the child is cut and tied. This now means that the baby is no longer dependent on the placenta in the womb that served to provide them nourishment and strength. The cord eventually shrivels off the child, and becomes the navel. By now, the baby is now required to breathe, consume, digest, and excrete wastes on their own.

After birth, the recovery process (postpartum) begins to take its course, usually ranging to a couple months after delivery. Depending on the process, the vagina and uterus should go back to its initial size after approximately 2 months. C-section incisions may take a little longer to heal. Throughout this process, the mother may not feel like her original self due to a series of changes of the body readjusting to its initial state before pregnancy. Fatigue and hormonal releases may fluctuate.

# data[].attributes.body
Lactation is the formation and secretion of breast milk in all expecting mothers. This event usually occurs during during the midpoint of pregnancy, most often during the second trimester.

Hormones are responsible for the control and distributing onset of lactation. The main hormone needed to produce breast milk, prolactin, is not actually released during pregnancy and starts its production after delivery. Increased levels of progesterone and estrogen usually suppress prolactin’s production in the anterior pituitary.

Breast milk production begins a couple of days after a mother gives birth, as prolactin has since begun to produce itself moments after the mother has gone into labour. However, the body does prep itself for milk production during the time before breast milk is made—secreting colostrum, which is similar to breast milk, but lacks fat and contains more protein. Although both breast milk and colostrum contain antibodies from the mother, that aid in protecting the newborn from potentially harmful infections.

# data[].attributes.body
When the mother begins breastfeeding her child, the suckling of the baby is what stimulates the release of milk from the breasts. This is caused by nerve endings becoming triggered in the nipple and areola—the circular area that surrounds nipple. These nerve impulses will make its way up to the hypothalamus, which will get the posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocin in the mother. From there, oxytocin will trigger contractions down in the mammary lobules, which contain sacs that hold milk, releasing them to the nipple where it ends.

Breastfeeding is powered by a positive and negative feedback loop wherein if suckling seizes, or does not occur, then breast milk production will come to a halt. However, if suckling is increased, breast milk production can go on for many years.

# data[].attributes.body
Inquiry into Biology. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2007.

“Pregnancy 101: National Geographic.” YouTube, 20 Dec. 2018, youtu.be/XEfnq4Q4bfk?si=YW8tngDTS3E1Z7Zl.

“Conception to Fetus: The Miracle of Life: Medical 3D Animation of Conception/Fertilization.” YouTube, 25 May 2023, youtu.be/WhpbWkrLs9g?si=q-JTx2Fz8HfGaLg9.

“Stages of Pregnancy – How Your Baby Develops.” YouTube, 7 Oct. 2021, youtu.be/DDb6mMIHtas?si=YRssWiVKjkUNnIyI.

“Building a Baby: The First Two Weeks.” YouTube, 4 July 2018, youtu.be/9AX1XwKCYQE?si=4-Mxv0FHvpats8yi.

“9 Months in the Womb: A Remarkable Look at Fetal Development through Ultrasound by Pregnancychat.Com.” YouTube, 11 July 2014, youtu.be/WH9ZJu4wRUE?si=xtkDaBXgTVJpiNnw.

“From Fertilization to Childbirth: 3D Medical Animation: By Dandelion Team.” YouTube, 12 May 2022, youtu.be/s-Xpa5UZAZs?si=rPSJF4kpMne3KaiU.

“Embryology: Fertilization, Cleavage, Blastulation: First Week of Embryonic Development: Zygote.” YouTube, 5 Jan. 2022, youtu.be/UOa-B3pqAZw?si=Kavf_FtoNNu_yemv.

Library, Phanie/science Photo. “Blastocyst - Stock Image - C030/9245.” Science Photo Library, www.sciencephoto.com/media/786768/view/blastocyst. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.

“Anatomy: Fetus in Utero.” Stanford Medicine Children’s Health, www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=anatomy-fetus-in-utero-85-P01189. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.

“Zika Virus Structure Revealed.” National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 12 July 2016, www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/zika-virus-structure-revealed.

“Zika Virus.” MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, medlineplus.gov/zikavirus.html. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.

Dr. Liji Thomas, MD. “How Is the Sex of a Fetus Determined?” News, 20 Sept. 2021, www.news-medical.net/health/How-is-the-Sex-of-a-Fetus-Determined.aspx.

“Blastocyst.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/science/blastocyst. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.

“Implantation Definition & Meaning.” Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/implantation. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.

am, blossom91    08/26/2015 at 8:09. “What Is the Purpose of Gastrulation in Embryonic Development?” inviTRA, 4 Apr. 2019, www.invitra.com/en/gastrulation/.

Elsevier, Osmosis from. “The Three Germ Layers (Endoderm, Ectoderm, and Mesoderm) Are Primary Cell Layers That Arise during the 3rd Week of Embryological Development. These Three Layers Are Fundamental for Organogenesis. Learn More on Osmosis: Https://T.Co/Se5tw6gqft Pic.Twitter.Com/4q4ZfLowGp.” Twitter, Twitter, 24 June 2022, twitter.com/OsmosisMed/status/1540364238316789760.

“Cellular Differentiation.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Feb. 2024, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation.

Biga, Lindsay M., et al. “28.2 Embryonic Development.” Anatomy Physiology, OpenStax/Oregon State University, 26 Sept. 2019, open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/28-2-embryonic-development/.

Author links open overlay panelJemma Evans, and AbstractThe role of hCG and specific hCG isoforms in human endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation is difficult to define. A large number of in vitro and in vivo studies conducted in primates and humans strongly suggest a role for hCG in endometri. “The Role of Hcg in Endometrial Receptivity and Embryo Implantation.” 100 Years of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Elsevier, 14 Feb. 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012820050600014X.

“Neural Tube Formation | Embryology - Neurulation.” YouTube, YouTube, 17 June 2019, m.youtube.com/watch?v=Fyiumno87H4.

NHS Choices, NHS, www.nhs.uk/start-for-life/pregnancy/week-by-week-guide-to-pregnancy/1st-trimester/week-4/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.

Mittak, Olivia. “Five Weeks Pregnant.” Moms Who Think, 11 May 2023, www.momswhothink.com/5-weeks-pregnant/.

“Fetal Development: What Happens during the 1st Trimester?” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 3 June 2022, www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/prenatal-care/art-20045302.

“33 Weeks Pregnant.” Raising Children Network, 22 Nov. 2023, raisingchildren.net.au/pregnancy/week-by-week/third-trimester/33-weeks.

Diane. “Stages of Pregnancy – Second Trimester.” Cherokee Women’s Health, 16 Nov. 2022, cherokeewomenshealth.com/2022/11/stages-of-pregnancy-second-trimester/.

Biomilq. “Lactation Is Not Only for Cisgender Biological Mothers.” Medium, Medium, 10 June 2022, biomilq.medium.com/lactation-is-not-only-for-cisgender-biological-mothers-1dfb8429355e.

“Clomiphene and Breastfeeding.” Clomiphene and Breastfeeding | InfantRisk Center, www.infantrisk.com/content/clomiphene-and-breastfeeding. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.