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(4.5 Billion years ago)

Earth was struck by Mars-sized Theia, which vaporises the surface and blasts it into space. The rejected materials were then used to create the Moon. Massive outer-space bodies then continued to hit Earth for the next 1.5 Billion years.

After Earth has cooled down and has water, it may have contained the rocks to help from the planet => Earth was born wet.

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The oldest fossils of single-celled organisms, from Pilbara in Western Australia. They may live in freshwater hot springs in volcanic region on land, the ecosystem is complex and thriving.

The first cell was derived from self-reproducing RNA molecules. The replication of these organisms requires resources like energy, space, and smaller building blocks, which soon become limited, resulting in competition

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Prokaryotic organisms (3.8 Billion years ago)

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Prokaryotic organisms (3.8 Billion years ago)

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Cells resembling prokaryotes appear. These first organisms are chemoautotrophs: they use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic materials to extract energy. Later, prokaryotes evolve glyclolysis a set of chemical reactions that free the energy of organic molecules such as glucose.

Cells resembling prokaryotes appear. These first organisms are chemoautotrophs: they use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic materials to extract energy. Later, prokaryotes evolve glycolysis a set of chemical reactions that free the energy of organic molecules such as glucose.

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Some bacteria are performing photosynthesis : they take in sunlight and carbon dioxide, to obtain energy. However, this is not photosynthesis as we know it today, because the bacteria do not release oxygen as a waste product. This anoxygenic photosynthesis remains common for a billion years

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Eukaryotic cells appear ( 2 Billion years ago)

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Eukaryotic cells appear ( 2 Billion years ago)

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Cells with internal "organs" (organelles) come into being.

One key organelle is the nucleus: the control centre of the cell, in which the genes are stored in the form of DNA.

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2 Billion years ago

Origin of sexual reproduction. Many protists reproduce sexually, as do many multicellular plants, animals, and fungi.

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Single-celled life transitioned to multicellular life forms, begetting a paradigm shift in the definition of life on earth.

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The thin layer of ozone that surrounds Earth acts as a shield, protecting the planet from irradiation by UV light. The amount of ozone required to shield Earth from biologically lethal UV radiation, wavelengths from 200 to 300 nanometers (nm)

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The earliest photosynthetic organisms on land would have resembled modern algae, cyanobacteria, and lichens, followed by bryophytes (liverworts & mosses, which evolved from the charophyte group of green algae). Bryophytes are described as seedless, nonvascular plants.

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What is the Cambrian explosion and why is it important?

The Cambrian Period marks an important point in the history of life on Earth; it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record. This event is sometimes called the "Cambrian Explosion," because of the relatively short time over which this diversity of forms appears.

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Invertebrates comprise approximately 95-97% of all animal species on Earth. The first invertebrates appeared 570 million years ago. These were soft-bodied organisms that lived in the oceans, such as sponges.

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The potential evolution date ranges of the ancestral species for fish include: 530 million years ago: The Pikaia species, the first known fish on Earth, evolved in the middle of the Ordovician period.

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The first animals to live on land were invertebrates. Amphibians were the first Vertebrates to live on land

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The earliest well-known amphibian, Ichthyostega, was found in Late Devonian deposits in Greenland. The earliest amphibian discovered to date is Elginerpeton, found in Late Devonian rocks of Scotland dating to approximately 368 million years ago.

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The first mammal-like forms appear in the fossil record during the late Triassic period. They were small, superficially shrew-like forms, some no longer than a few centimeters.

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Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic (165-150 Million years ago) and their classic small, lightweight, feathered, and winged body plan was pieced together gradually over tens of millions of years of evolution rather than in one burst of innovation.

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The most famous members of the reptile family, the dinosaurs, became extinct as a result of the impact of a huge meteor, which changed the Earth's environments, and as a result, many species could not survive.

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Primates first appeared in the fossil record of nearly 55 Million years ago, and may have originated as far back as the Cretaceous Period.

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Homo sapiens, the first modern humans, evolved from their early hominid predecessors. They developed a capacity for language about 50,000 years ago.