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"Fine poetry is this distillation of experience that captures the essence of an object, a feeling, or a thought." (Kiefer et al., 177)

"Each word must be chosen with care for both sound and meaning, because poetry is a language in its most connotative and concentrated form." (Kiefer et al., 177)

Poetry for children should appeal to the real emotions of childhood and speak to the needs and interests of children. (Kiefer et al., 177)

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Finger plays, nursery rhymes, and songs are the first introduction to the world of literature for children, passed down from generation to generation.

Finger plays date back to the time of Friedrick Froebel, the father of the Kindergarten Movement, who collected these finger plays and games from the peasant mothers and their children in the German countryside. (Kiefer et al., 178).

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"Picturebooks are those books in which images and ideas join to form a unique whole." (Kiefer et al., 67)

"In a picture storybook, the message is conveyed equally through picture and word." (Kiefer et al., 68)

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"The picturebooks we know about today have roots that might be traced back to cave paintings of the prehistoric era." (Kiefer et al., 68)

Although the printing press was invented in the 1450s, books were not created for children until the 1600s with more of an emphasis on a culture of childhood with the need to educate children on religious as well as secular matters. (Kiefer et al., 68)

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1. Mango, Abuela, and Me, Author and illustrator: Medina, Dominguez

-Grade Level: K-3

-Category: Relatives

-Mia's Spanish speaking grandmother comes to live with her and the two find ways to communicate.

2. Stepping Stones: A Refugee Family's Journey, Author and illustrator: Ruurs, Badr

-Grade level: 1-4

-Category: Children Around the World

-Unique illustrations relay the story of a refugee family escaping war.

3. Princess and the Peas (Himes)

-Grade level: 1-4

-Category: Modern Folktale

-This take on the traditional Princess and the Pea is set in Charleston County, South Carolina, with African America characters.

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Traditional literature refers to all of the stories born of the oral tradition, the stories most often labeled "folklore", "folk literature," or "mythology."

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First published by brothers Jacob and Wilhem Grimm in 1812 with the title Household Stories and were not intended for children as the audience. (Kiefer et al., 109)

Originally folklore was the literature of the people; stories were told to young and old alike. Families and tribes would gather to hear an accomplished storyteller. (Kiefer et al., 109)

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1. Folktales

2. Fables

3. Epic and Legendary Heroes

4. Myths and Sacred Stories

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3 children's books in Traditional Literature

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3 children's books in Traditional Literature

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1. The Boy of the Three-Year Nap by Dianne Snyder

-Realistic Tale

-"A humorous realistic folktale involving trickery in which a poor widow, tired of supporting her son Taro, who is "lazy as a rich man's cat" pesters him to go to work for a rich merchant. Declining to work, the boy tricks the merchant into betrothing him to his daughter. Taro's mother works her own ruse, however, and in the end Taor is caught in his own tricks." (Kiefer et al., 113)

2. What About Me? by Ed Young.

-Themes

-"A young boy approaches the Grand Master to ask for knowledge. He is sent out to get a small carpet for the Master's work. This, of course, is not as simple a task as it sounds. After many arduous trials, the boy finds that the knowledge he sought was already his." (Kiefer, et al., 118)

3. Tales from the Odyssey by Mary Pope Osborne

-"A multipart set that provides a good introduction for upper elementary school about the Greek her Odysseus. Surviving through wit rather than strength, Odysseus and his wife, Penelope, represent the Greek ideals of intelligence, persistence and resourcefulness." (Kiefer, et al., 125)

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"Great fantasies frequently reveal new insights into the world of reality. Fantasy consistently asks the universal questions concerning the struggle of good versus evil, the humanity of humankind, and the meaning of life and death." (Kiefer et al., 142)

"Well written fantasy, has a well-constructed plot, convincing characterization, a worthwhile theme, and an appropriate style." (Kiefer et al., 165)

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"Hans Christian Andersen is generally credited with being the first author of modern fairy tales, although some of his stories, are definite adaptations of the old folktales. " (Kiefer et al., 143)

Characteristics of Andersen's stories:

-gentleness

-melancholy

-faith in God

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1. Literary Fairy Tales

2. Animal Fantasy

3. The World of Toys and Dolls

4. Eccentric Characters and Preposterous Situations

5. Incredible Worlds

6. Magical Powers

7. Suspense and the Supernatural

8. Time-Shift Fantasy

9. Imaginary Realms

10. High Fantasy

11. Science Fiction

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1. The Reluctant Dragon by Kenneth Grahame

-Literary Fairy Tales

-The droll tale of a peace-loving dragon who is forced to fight Saint George

2. The Emerald Atlas by John Stephen

-Genre: Magical Powers

-"This is book one in The Books of Beginning series, where three siblings have passed through a series of orphanages in the ten years since their parents disappeared in order to protect them. The find an enchanted atlas that transports them back in time, where they learn they have special powers and embark on a quest to save the world. "(Kiefer et al., 149, 153)

3. Fangbone! Third-Grade Barbarian by Adam Rex

-Genre: Chronicles, Sagas, and Trilogies

-"Fangbone recruits his new classmates to help keep a powerful weapon out of the hands of the vile Venomous Drool." (Kiefer et al., 152)

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"Imaginative writing that accurately reflects life in the past or as it could be lived today. Everything in the story can conceivably happen to real people living in our natural physical world." (Kiefer et al., 215)

"Stories about growing up today and finding a place in the family, among peers, and in modern society." (215)

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"Realistic fiction in children's literature emerged until the 1960s, when questions regarding how much graphic detail may be included in a book for children." (Kiefer et al., 218)

"The political and social activism of the 1960s also contributed to an awareness of racism in children's books." (Kiefer et al., 220)

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1. The Epic Fail of Arturo Zamora by Pablo Cartaya

-Ages: 10-12

-The story of a 13-year-old that learns about his Cuban roots and the power of resistance when his family's restaurant is threatened.

2. Max's Lucha Libre Adventures series: Maximilian & the Lucha Libre Club by Alexander Xavier Garza

-Grade Level: 4-6

-In this continuation of the bilingual series, Max is asked to join the Lucha Libre Club for the relations of Mexican wrestling royalty.

-The story of a teenage boy and an outcast who hide a body and investigate a murder in Australia in the 1960s.

3. One Half from the East by Nadia Hashimi

-Age range: 8-12

-The story of Obayda, the youngest of four Afghani sisters, who dresses as a boy, or bacha posh, in order to bring their family luck.

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1. Con el sol en los ojos / With the Sun in My Eyes by Jorge Elias Lujan.

-Grade level: K-3

-A little boy and girl describe their everyday experiences in these bilingual poems written in Spanish and English.

2. Talking with Mother Earth: Poems / Hablando con Madre Tierra: Poemas by Jorge Argueta

-Multicultural Poetry Collections

-Grade level: 3-6

-Bilingual poems describe the childhood experiences of a Pipil Nahua Indian boy.

3. National Geographic Book of Animal Poetry: 200 Poems with Photographs That Squeak, Soar, and Roar! by J. Patrick Lewis

-Animal Poems

-Grade level: PreK-6

-Two hundred animal poems paired with spectacular wildlife photographs.

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"Historical fiction must draw on two sources, fact and imagination- the author's information about the past and her or his power to speculate about how it was to live in that time." (Kiefer et al., 243)

Authors and illustrators of this genre continue to gather ideas through historical fiction in order to portray life in a particular period through children's storybooks.

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"In 1996, Scholastic introduced the Dear America series of fictional journals by young girls, which provide "eyewitness" accounts of events in American history" (Kiefer et al., 243).

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1. Adam and Thomas by Aharon Applefield

-Two boys are left to survive in the wood during World War II

-Age Range: 8-12 years old

2. Stella by Starlight (Draper)

-Civil Rights Era in North Carolina during the 1930s

-Grade level: 4-6

3. The Kite Rider (McCaughrean)

-China during the 13th century in the time of Genghis Kahn

-Grade lever: 7th and higher

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"Literature for children that is based in the actual rather than the imagined, such as biographies, history, true adventures, science, sports, photographic essays, and memoirs." (Kiefer, et al., 267).

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Nonfiction books were overlooked in children's literature awards for many years. Nonfiction books has won the Newberry medal only 6 times in 58 years. These awards had also been for books in the history or biography category, which are very similar to books in the fiction genre.

The Orbis Pictus Award for Outstanding Nonfiction for Children was established in 1990 by the National Council of Teachers of English.

(Kiefer, et al., 268)

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1. Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun by Penny Colman

-The opening of Japanese harbors to American ships

-Presents documents and lists on the items that were exchanged during negotiations with the emperor.

-Reading level: 8-12 years

2. The Tragic Tale of the Great Auk by Jan Thornhill

-An in-depth look at the multiple factors, from human predators to evolutionary changes, that led to the extinction of the Great Auk.

-Reading level: 9-12 years

3. Ladybugs by Gail Gibbons

-Children learn to recognize visual elements such as cross-sections, labels, and diagrams.

-Reading level: 4-8 years

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"Biography usually bridges the gap between realistic fiction and nonfiction books in children's literature. These books may read like fictions but will center on facts and events that can be or have been documented" (Kiefer, et al., 299)

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In the past, writers of biography for children have allowed for more freedom when it comes to the use of fictional techniques than those writers for adult biographical books. This is why children's biographies over the years have shown a wide range of factual orientations, from strict authenticity to liberal fictionalization" (Kiefer, et al., 299)

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1. Adrift at Sea: A Vietnamese Boy's Story of Survival by Tuan Ho

-An autobiographical account of the author's family's experience escaping Vietnam following the fall of Saigon. He tells of his survival depends on a small fishing boat overloaded with refugees.

-Reading level: 6-9 years

2. This Land Was Made for You and Me: The Life and Songs of Woody Guthrie by Elizabeth Partridge

-The author writes in honesty about their irresponsible and often reckless behavior as well as his passionate regard for the plight of the working classes.

-Reading level: 12-14 years

3. Cloth Lullaby: The Woven Life of Louise Bourgeois by Amy Novesky

-The author uses lyrical language to describe Louise's childhood spent helping her family repair tapestries.

-Reading level: 5-7 years

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1. Narrative: Relates to a particular event or a long tale. Its one requirement is that it MUST tell a story.

2. Lyrical: Poetry that sings its way into the minds and memories of its listeners.

3. Limerick: A five-line verse and which 1st and 2nd line rhyme, 3rd and 4th, and 5th line rhymes with lines 1 and 2

4. Free Verse: Does not have to rhyme.

5. Haiku: 17 syllables, 1st and 3rd lines contain 5 syllables, 2nd line contains 7.

6. Invented Forms

7. Concrete: Picture poems that invite the reader to SEE what they are saying.

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1. ABC and Counting Books

2. Wordless Books

3. Family Stories

4. Relatives

5. Family History

6. Familiar Experiences

7. Children Around the World

8. Social and Environmental Concerns

9. Animals as People

10. Modern Folktale Style

11. Humorous Picture books

12. Fantasy

13. Graphica

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1. Humorous Stories

2. Animal Stories

3. Sports Stories

4. School Stories

5. Mystery

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1. The author weaves a fictional story around an actual event and real people of the past.

2. The historical setting simply provides the background for ripping good adventure stories.

3. Authors recreate, largely from memory, their own personal experiences of a time that is "history" to their child audience.

4. A contemporary story about a significant event.

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1. Concept Books: Explores characteristics of a class of objects or abstract ideas

2. Craft and How-To Books

3. Documents and Journals: Based on sketchbooks, journals, and original documents.

4. Experiment and Activity Books: Used to clarify concepts

5. Identification Books: Generally naming books, simple drawings or photographs with labels.

6. Life-Cycle Books

7. Nonfiction Picture books

8. Photographic Essays: Photographs are used to document emotion, and to assure truth in a journalistic fashion.

9. Specialized Books: Designed to give specific information about a relatively limited topic.

10. Survey Books: Give an overall view of a substantial topic and furnish a representative sampling of facts, principles, or issues.

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1. Picture book biographies: The picture carries an important part of the interpretation.

2. Graphic: Biography in graphic novel format

3. Simplified: Various kinds of biographies for less fluent readers, short with many illustrations.

4. Partial: Biographies about only part of the subject's life.

5. Comple: Biographies that span the lifetime of a subject in a view that has some depth, balance, and sense of perspective.

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1. Choice of Subject

2. Accuracy and Authenticity

3. Style

4. Characterization

5. Theme

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1. Accuracy and Authenticity

2. Content and Perspective

3. Style

4. Organization

5. Illustrations and Format

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Historical fiction encourages children to think about a topic as well as to feel through the author's words, by experiencing the past. It also helps children see and judge the mistakes of the past more clearly and see human interdependence. (Kiefer, et al., 244-245)

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1. Portraying the realities of life for today's children as well as problems and issues growing up in today's world.

2. Characters should be convincing and credible to today's children readers.

3. Controversial topics dealt in an open and forthright manner, avoiding stereotypes.

4. Representation of the experiences of the cultures depicted.

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1. Well-constructed plot

2. Convincing characterization

3. Worthwhile theme

4. Appropriate style

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1. Content: Appropriateness, Character development, Theme

2. Illustrations: Meaning to text, Accuracy and consistency

3. Medium and Style of Illustrations: Line, Shape, and Color use

4. Format: Book size appropriateness, jacket design, title page, paper quality

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The relationship between rhyme scheme, imagery, figurative language, and appearance that create an emotional response from readers.

"Poetry heightens emotions and increases one's sensitivity to an idea or mood" (Kiefer et al., 184-185).

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Newberry Honor Winning Book: Inside Out & Back again by Thanhha Lai

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Subject: Language Arts

NCTE/ILA (Reading): Students read a wide range of print to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the Unites States and the world.

NCTE/ILA (Writing): Students apply knowledge of language structure, language conventions. media techniques, figurative language, and genre to create critique, and discuss print and non-print texts.

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New York Times Bestseller Hip Hop Speaks to Children a celebration of poetry with a beat by Nikki Giovanni

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Outside of the classical poetry taught in schools, the poetry of today, are full of social and political commentary and often mixed with great energy, enthusiasm, and strong language. (Kiefer et al., 203)

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Two time Caldecott Honor winning book Henry & Leo by Pamela Zagarenski, using mixed media-acrylic paints, colored pencils, collage, and digital graphics.

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Language Arts

NCTE/ILA (Writing): Students use spoken, written and visual language to accomplish their own purposes (e.g. for learning, enjoyment, persuasion, and the exchange of information).

NCTE/ILA: Students conducts research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions and by posing problems.

(Kiefer et al., 101)

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New York Times' Best Seller The Wonderful Things You Will Be by Emily Winfield Martin

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Color has different forms of symbolism in different parts of the world and cultures. Cultural referents can be linked to geography, parental preferences, and other things related to the culture in which people were raised into. (Kiefer,et al., 97)

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Caldecott Medal - "Where the Wild Things Are" by Maurice Sendak

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Language Arts

NCTE/ILA (Reading): Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts.

NCTE/ILA (Writing): Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes.

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New York Times Magazine: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll - A whimsical journey through a fantastical world filled with curious creatures and nonsensical events.

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A point to consider is that not all students will view traditional literature (fairy tales) in predictable ways. Although teachers might remember a fairy tale book fondly from their own childhood, this does not mean that their students will have the same reaction to those same books, therefore challenging engagement among students.

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Well constructed plots, convincing characters, a worthwhile theme, and appropriate style. However, making a fantasy believable is also an important factor by considering careful attention to details.

(Kiefer et al., 165)

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Newbery Medal: The Giver by Lois Lowry

World Fantasy Award for Best Children's Book: This award is presented annually by the World Fantasy Convention to recognize excellence in fantasy writing for children.

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Language Arts and Social Studies Technology

NCTE/ILA (Reading): Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts.

NCSS: Identify and describe ways that family, groups, and community influence the individual's daily life and personal choices.

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New York Times' Best Selling Author Adam Gidwitz writing The Inquisitor's Tale Or, The Three Magical Children and Their Holy Dog

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Some parents have become concerned with Fantasy books provided to their children that affront religious and spiritual family values.

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Thanhha Lai- Author of the Newbery Honor and National Book Award winning Inside Out & Back Again

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Language Arts

NCTE/ILA: Students use spoken, visual, written, and visual language to accomplish their own purposes (e.g. for learning, enjoyment, persuasion and the exchange of information)

NCSS: Explore factors that contribute to one's personal identity such as interests, capabilities, and perceptions.

(Kiefer, et al., 238)

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New York Times' Best Seller The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas

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There are certain topics that have been identified as unsuitable for certain age groups in contemporary realistic fiction. These include aspects of inappropriate language, acts of racism or homophobia, implied sexual conduct, and violence. (Kiefer et al., 236)

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Newbery-honor winner: Jacqueline Kelly, The Evolution of Calpurnia Tate

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Language Arts and Social Studies

NCSS: Describe personal changes over time, such as those related to physical development and personal interests.

NCSS: Identify and use various sources for reconstructing the past, such as documents, letters, diaries, maps, textbooks, photos, and others.

(Kiefer et al., 261)

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Louise Erdrich: New York Times' Best-Selling Author, Chickadee

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Students often survey Social Studies as being one of their least favorite subjects in school. Anything related to history, ancient or modern, can really take away from a student's engagement.

"Researchers and observant teachers have concluded that students' interest in social studies and their ability to learn, retain, and think critically about social studies content increases considerably when their instruction included literature." (Kiefer et al., 258)

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Robert F. Sibert Informational Book Medal: Given to Candace Fleming to honor her significant contribution to the field of children's literature in a given year.

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Language Arts, Math, Science, and Social Studies

NCTE/ILA (Reading): Students read a wide range of print and nonprint texts to acquire new information.

NCSS: Demonstrate the ability to correctly use vocabulary associated with time, such as the past, present, future, and long ago; read and construct simple timelines.

(Kiefer et al., 290)

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The World Made New by Marc Aronson & John W. Glenn: National Geographic

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Reading nonfiction for some children can be difficult because it requires a different set of skills or a different set of reading strategies, than those needed to read fiction books.

It is important to support students in introducing them to vocabulary through visuals such as diagrams, charts, and other illustrations.

(Kiefer et al., 287-288)

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Caldecott honor: A River of Words: The Story of William Carlos Williams, written by Jen Bryant.

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Language Arts, Social Studies, and Technology

NCSS: Use appropriate resources, data sources, and geographic tools such as atlases, databases, grid systems, charts, graphs, and maps to generate, manipulate, and interpret information.

ISTE: Students plan and employ effective research strategies to locate information and other resources to their intellectual or creative pursuits.

(Kiefer et al., 315)

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"The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind" by William Kamkwamba and Bryan Mealer: This young readers' edition of the memoir tells the story of William Kamkwamba, a boy from Malawi who built a windmill to bring electricity to his village.

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There are many people in history who may be guilty of "high crimes and misdemeanors" and this has become an issues in the classroom setting. Teachers are questioning whether they should provide biographies about certain individuals to performed such atrocities, such as genocide, to their students