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Music is for everyone. Play with simple experiments that let anyone, of any age, explore how music works.

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FORMAS E PRODUÇÕES BIDIMENSIONAIS E TRIDIMENSIONAIS

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Ontdek vijf dingen die je moet weten over Van Goghs beroemde schilderij Zonnebloemen.

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Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) is wereldberoemd. Maak kennis met zijn leven en werk. Ontdek meer over zijn leven, lees zijn brieven, bekijk zijn schilderijen en tekeningen.

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Vincent Van Gogh

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Though his ear has been lost to history, Van Gogh left behind around 2,100 artworks and 820 letters. 600 of the former and 700 of the latter can be seen in this museum, containing the largest Van Gogh collection in the world! The prolific painter and penman led a hard life, plagued by failures and mental illness.

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Animated Three Sunflowers by Vincent Van Gogh

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Animated Three Sunflowers by Vincent Van Gogh

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Animated Three Sunflowers by Vincent Van Gogh 4K

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5 Surprising Facts about Vincent van Gogh's Sunflowers

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5 Surprising Facts about Vincent van Gogh's Sunflowers

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5 Surprising Facts about Vincent van Gogh's Sunflowers

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A Noite Estrelada, Vincent van Gogh - Voz - Tobias Monteiro Especialista em arte - Anísio Franco Storyboard - Filipa Vilela, Rita Seabra Animação -

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Composição 8, Wassily Kandinsky - Sabes aquela obra de arte que gostas mas não sabes o que significa? Sabes aquela pintura que olhas mas parece con

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Musicalização: MONDRIAN JAZZ REMIX - A pintura encontra a música

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Composição com Vermelho, Amarelo, Azul, Piet Mondrian - Voz - Tobias Monteiro Especialista em arte - Anísio Franco Storyboard - Filipa Vilela, Rita

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Art with Mati and Dada –  Paul Klee | Kids Animated Short Stories in English

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Βίνσεντ βαν Γκογκ (Τέχνη με τη Μάτι και τον Ντάντα)

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Βασίλι Καντίνσκι (Τέχνη με τη Μάτι και τον Ντάντα)

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Pop art technique- News, Research, Analysis

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Pop art technique- News, Research, Analysis

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Pop art technique- News, Research, Analysis

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Pop art News, Research and Analysis - The Conversation

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Browse Pop art news, research and analysis from The Conversation

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Pop art articles

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Courtesy of the trustees of the Tate, London

The English art critic Lawrence Alloway coined the term pop art in the mid-1950s to describe an artistic movement based in Britain and the United States that incorporated elements of popular culture and consumerism. Pop artists recognized the pervasiveness of modern, mass-produced culture and embraced its symbols and folklore instead of upholding the elevated standards of so-called high art. Rejecting any distinction between good and bad taste, pop artists readily made use of commonplace objects, such as comic strips, packaging, highway signs, and images from film and television.

As it developed in the United States, pop art was first considered a reaction against abstract expressionism, an artistic movement that flourished in the decade immediately following World War II. Whereas abstract expressionism was nonrepresentational and free in technique, pop artists incorporated figural imagery and used sharply defined, quasi-photographic techniques. Pop art took its inspiration from the Dadaists, who broke new ground with their experiments in subject matter and such modern artistic techniques as collage. Major influences on the establishment of pop art in the United States were Jasper Johns, whose subjects included flags, targets, and numbers, and Robert Rauschenberg, who used such objects as bottles and stuffed birds in paintings known as combines.

© titoslack-iStock Unreleased/Getty Images

Throughout the 1960s, pop artists adopted subject matter similar to that of Johns and Rauschenberg while moving toward more commercial techniques, such as silk-screen printing. American artist Andy Warhol used the silk-screen process to create repetitive series of images, choosing Marilyn Monroe, Campbell's Soup cans, flowers, and the electric chair as some of his subjects. Other acclaimed pop artists in the United States included Roy Lichtenstein, who painted scenes from comic strips in primary colors and outlined in black, and Claes Oldenburg, who sculpted giant facsimiles of hamburgers and ice-cream cones. British painters such as Richard Hamilton and Peter Blake developed a less aggressive form of pop art that took a more romantic approach to its subject matter. ( See also painting; sculpture.)

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The English art critic Lawrence Alloway coined the term pop art in the mid-1950s to describe an artistic movement based in Britain and the United States that incorporated...

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José de Guimarães. Arte para crianças. Artista português. Vida e obras.

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Série Artistas Internacionais: Piet Mondrian

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Van Gogh's sunflowers

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Kandinsky

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Visit the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Guggenheim Museum in NYC, part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. See the renowned permanent collection and special exhibitions.

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Paul Klee- Art Lesson

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Mathematics with Mondrian

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Μαίρη Μπιρμπίλη

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Μαθηματικά με τον Piet Mondrian | Elniplex

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Γράφει η Μαρία Ντούνη Ο πίνακας του Piet Mondrian Composition II, μας δίνει μια πολύ ενδιαφέρουσα αφορμή όχι μόνο να μιλήσουμε στα παιδιά για το

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POINTILLISM FOR KIDS! (MODERN ART HISTORY LESSONS)

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Today I am going to talk... Pop Art. One of my favorite art movements is Pop Art and I love it! I love the artists, I love what came out of it! As well, I think teaching art lessons that are inspired by the Pop Art Movement is a great way to engage the learners in your classroom. Kids really connect with Pop Art and it can be an invitation for them to bring their ideas and the things they like in Pop Culture to your classroom. It can allow more student choice and student-centered learning. Let's look at 5 Pop Art Lesson ideas for Kids in your classroom!

GET ALL THE DETAILS! Listen to this post on my Podcast!

What is the Pop Art Movement?

Before we begin, let's understand what the Pop Art Movement is!

"Pop art is for everyone"
-Andy Warhol

Art Movement. You must have often heard the word Movement but in this article you are going to learn about the famous POP ART movement. How it started and how far it went. What were the characteristics and prominent figures of this movement? Stay tuned!

WHAT IS POP ART?
Emerged in mid twentieth century in United Kingdom and United States of America simultaneously, the main agenda of this pop art movement was to solidify the idea that art can be drawn from any source or any day to day object from our surrounding. In this movement, artists incorporated common objects like burgers, soup cans and etc into their art work and created masterpieces.

Beginning:
This movement started in early 1950s in Britain by "Independent Group" consisting of painters, sculptors, critics and writers. Then by late 1950s it reached United States and spread rapidly. It is commonly said that most of the roots of this movement lie in the Cultural Revolution that was led by the thinkers, activists and artists of that time. It started spreading quickly and many people believe "Richard Hamilton", a pop pioneer's collage that was shown in the Whitechapel Gallery in London, was the official beginning of this movement. After the movement started, it quickly started influencing fine art and culture and is still doing it. Hamilton describes Pop Art movement by saying "Pop Art is popular, transient, expandable, low cost, mass produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous, big business."

Characteristics:
Pop art was famous because of its vibrancy and attraction but below are some of the defining characteristics of pop Art.

Famous images: Pop art utilized the objects that were commonly known commercially like road signs, soup cans, pictures of celebrities and even brand names and logos.

Vibrant Colors: Pop art used vibrant and bright colors especially red, yellow and blue primary colors were prominent in the pop art.

Irony and Satire: Humor was the essential component of pop art as artists used to challenge status quo and made statements about current events.

Creative Techniques: Pop Artists used innovative new techniques in art like silkscreen printing and lithography or printing from a metal plate to produce large amount of images.

Mixed Media: Pop artists often blended a variety of media from different materials.

Andy Warhol:

His name became famous during the American pop art movement.

His works represent so many aspects of the pop art movement like obsessions with celebrities, repetition of images and use of advertising as a subject matter.

His most prominent work includes "Campbell's soup cans" and "Death and Disaster"

He collaborated with artists like "Jean-Michel Basquiat" and brands like "Perrier".

He ultimately opened a studio with the name "The Factory" that served for his workshop for art making and a hangout place for Bohemians.

Roy Lichtenstein:

Another prominent artist of pop art movement.

He is famous for his bold outlines and vibrant colors.

He used comic books as his reference for source material.

He used Ben-day dots to stimulate comic style later on in his sculptures and paintings.

He took his subject matter from print media like so many other artists.

ANDY WARHOL REPEATED IMAGES ART LESSON IDEA:

So my first idea is that y ou can have students create an artwork that plays with the idea of repeated images. Now depending on the age of the students, you could do this in a variety of ways. Andy Warhol was pretty big on repeating some of his prints in different ways. The fancier ones even featured special silver or gold ink or paint. I think that students could make the same art piece a few times, like smaller explorations, or they could divide the paper up into 4 quadrants and repeat the image in each smaller quadrant on the paper. With each time they do it, the image will be slightly different and they can use it as an opportunity to explore different colors or color schemes.

Students can use black wax crayon or oil pastel and can draw an image in each corner of their paper and then can paint with watercolor over top to create the colorful background. With older kids you could even explore print making! With elementary students you can use cardboard cutouts to make a type of stamp to use for block printing on a budget, or you can do full print making exploration with your middle or high school students, focusing on the style of Andy Warhol. They could be inspired by topics that he did... but make it contemporary! Perhaps they explore icons or people they're interested in... of their time, versus exploring the individuals Warhol explored.

If you have pre-k or kindergarten students, you could photocopy an image of something simple that they like... maybe photocopy like 5 things that are popular amongst your students. Then they can explore coloring in the white space with first, wax crayons in some of the white space, then use tempera paint cakes to paint in the remaining white space. This way they're not just coloring but are exploring the basics of wax resist painting. This would be a great idea if you need a quick lesson if you're between units or other things and it's a great way to engage your littles and teach to their interests.

The next 4 ideas will not only be ideas that you can plan yourself, but are already planned and you can find them as complete are lessons with all the lesson plans, assessments, rubrics, and handouts that you need to teach the lesson successfully. For these fully planned art lessons that will allow you to plan quickly, encourage creativity, and teach successfully, check out my TeachesPayTeachers store, Ms Artastic... The link to my online store is in the description of this episode, but also you can find the direct links to these resources in my blog, www.msartastic.com.

Now here are the remaining 4 Pop Art Lesson Ideas for kids.

ANDY WARHOL FLOWERS ART LESSON:

You can teach students about Andy Warhol's "Flowers" series. You can talk about how, although the image is repeated, it changes with each repetition. You can have students divide the paper into 4 sections and then paint each section a different color. After, students can print a flower onto each of the quadrants with black paint! Have your students make cardboard flower cut-outs and then they can paint the flower with black paint and press it onto each section to make a print! In this art lesson, students will practice the art of print making while exploring the style of Andy Warhol and his famous "flowers" artworks in this Pop Art Movement inspired art lesson.

This is a lovely, ready-to-use art lesson that teaches a Print Style of making & Pop Art to primary students!

For a fully prepped version of this art lesson that has a video art tutorial so you can learn how to do it yourself through watching, or simply hit play in your classroom and with all the necessary handouts, lesson plan, and assessments, check out this resource in my TpT store, Ms Artastic, or you will find it in the Artastic Collective in the Pop Art bundle when it's released in the Artists and Art History section of your Library. Don't forget that the membership opens every August!

ANDY WARHOL SOUP CANS ART LESSON:

You can have students to create their own versions of Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans! Students can pick their favorite flavor and then sketch out the soup can. Afterwards, students can outline the cans with a fine tip black marker and then paint it with acrylic or watercolor paints! My fully planned version of this artwork allows Middle School students to explore creating a watercolor painting version of this pop art style concept! In this lesson, students will use watercolor paints and black marker to create a watercolor painting inspired by Andy Warhol's famous Soup Can series. This is a great lesson for teaching watercolor painting techniques & the Pop Art Movement. Find this complete art lesson in my TpT Store or in the Pop Art Bundle upon its release with your Artastic Collective Membership!

FREE Art Lessons for Kids!
Click here to download my Free Art Projects that you can use in your classroom!
ROY LICHTENSTEIN POP ART WORDS:

Pop Art words that explore onomatopoeia and Words as Pop Art Styled artworks are sure to engage your students! Explore Roy Lichtenstein's Word Artworks with your students! You can teach them about the different color schemes he uses and the graphic arts style of creating his art. Kids can pick a word that expresses a sound and create, mimicking the style of Lichtenstein! In this art lesson, students will use paint and marker to create Pop Art that is inspired by the famous artworks of Roy Lichtenstein from the Pop Art Movement. Engage your students with fun Pop Art Artworks! A wonderful Art Project that is ready-to-use! Find this complete art lesson in my TpT Store or in the Pop Art Bundle upon its release with your Artastic Collective Membership!

KEITH HARING INSPIRED POP ART LESSON:

Another artist to explore are the works of Keith Haring! You can explore a variety of Haring artworks with your students and kids can discuss the different figures or elements he commonly features in his artworks. Kids can think-pair-share what they think his artworks mean or what they might reflect. They can also make a chart and record common color combinations that Harring used in his works! Students can then create an artwork that combines the common figures that he uses in artworks. In this art lesson, students will use marker and paint to create pop art inspired by famous artist, Keith Haring. Of course, I have this as a ready-to-use art lesson. This is a lovely, ready-to-use art lesson that is a wonderful way to explore the artist's style and art from the Pop Art Movement! Find this complete art lesson in my TpT Store or in the Pop Art Bundle upon its release with your Artastic Collective Membership! This has a video art tutorial so you can learn how to do it yourself through watching, or simply hit play in your classroom!

Well those are my 5 Pop Art Movement, Art Lesson ideas that you can do with your students!

Don't forget to head on over to www.artasticcollective.com and bookmark my site, subscribe to the waitlist, and download any free art lessons there to check out the quality of my art lessons before you decide to enroll or buy the singles in my TpT store, Ms Artastic.

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Find Drawing Tutorials & Art Lessons on the Ms Artastic YouTube Channel!

Finally, if you need some ideas or need to take a break in your classroom or from recording lessons for online instruction, I have lots of Art Video tutorials that are classroom friendly on my YouTube Channel!

Thank you for reading my blog post! I am grateful that you did and I appreciate you having took the time to read to the end. Thank you so much. Please write any questions you have in the comments section of this post.

Please help me out by subscribing to my YouTube Channel to help me reach my goal of 100,000 subscribers. I teach full art lessons and drawing tutorials for kids on my channel and I am confident you will enjoy your subscription. Click here to subscribe!

Yours Truly,
Kathleen McGiveron (Ms Artastic)

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Art for Kids: Tutorials & Ideas

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5 Pop Art Lesson, Projects, and Art Activities for Kids - Ms Artastic

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One of my favorite art movements is Pop Art and I love it! I love the artists, I love what came out of it! As well, I think teaching art lessons that are inspired by the Pop Art Movement is a great way to engage the learners in your classroom.

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Collages can be simple pieces of art made from a few pictures glued on paper or they can be sophisticated works incorporating fabric, paper, and other materials.

Collages can be stand-on-their-own pieces of art or can be turned into picture frames, magnets, scrapbook pages, journal covers, etc. Photograph a collage and use the image on an invitation or turn it into an iron-on transfer for a t-shirt or tote bag.

Tissue Paper Collage Sun Catcher

Because tissue paper is thin, when the pieces are overlapped, they create new colors. Tearing the pieces by hand produces an entirely different effect than cutting the paper - try making a couple of collages using both methods. Do a collage on a piece of plastic, like a sheet protector or report cover, and then cut out an interesting shape when the glue is completely dry to turn the collage into a suncatcher.

Nature Collage for Kids

A collage isn't limited to paper. Try gathering interesting objects while on a nature walk and then return home to glue them in an appealing arrangement on a piece of poster board. An adult may need to use a hot glue gun to anchor heavier objects like sticks and acorns into place. Also consider creating a collage that turns the objects into another object, such as positioning the leaves so they resemble a bird or a deer.

Animal Collage

Use the outline from a stencil or a simple coloring page image to create a silhouette of an animal. Cut out this shape. Look for magazine pictures of that animal or of the place the animal lives (or even objects that are the color of the animal). Cut out and glue the pictures onto the animal shape.

It is okay if the paper goes over the edge of the shape; trim those pieces later when the glue dries. Completely cover the shape. Glue the animal shape collage onto a background piece of cardstock or poster board.

Cotton Craft for Kids

Add dimension to a black and white picture with the addition of cotton swabs. Start this project by drawing a picture of something black-and-white, such as a zebra, penguin, sheep, Dalmatian, bare-branched tree covered in snow, etc. Draw the picture on a piece of cardstock or poster board - the regular paper is too flimsy to support the weight of the cotton swabs. For younger children, print out a coloring page and glue it to a piece of lightweight cardboard.

Cut the tips off cotton swabs. Glue the cotton swabs, so they are touching, over the parts of the picture that are white to add texture and a third-dimension to the artwork.

Random Collage

Tear pieces of scrapbook paper, construction paper, or gift wrap paper into small pieces. Set a background sheet of paper on the floor. Stand up and drop the small pieces of paper one at a time toward the sheet of paper. Not all the paper will fall on the background; pick up those small pieces and try again to drop it on the larger piece of paper. For even more randomness, try creating a Behind Your Back Collage.

Without shifting the small pieces of paper from where they fell on the larger sheet that's set on the floor, glue them in place. Add a dab of glue to hold the pieces and then move the collage to a more convenient table to add more glue that will help the torn paper to stay in place.

Collage making can be an interesting art form. Combine with yarn, painting, and other materials for a mixed media piece. For kids who are uncomfortable drawing, collage allows them to use ready-made materials while still learning about composition in art.

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How to Make a Collage With Kids of All Ages

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5 Kids Collage Projects Collages can be simple pieces of art made from a few pictures glued on paper or they can be sophisticated works incorporating fabric, paper, and other materials. Collage comes from the French word, coller, which means "to glue". Collage can involve paper, wood, foam,

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Jose de Guimaraes - 18 artworks - painting

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Jose de Guimaraes was born in 1939, a remarkable figure of Portuguese Pop Art. Find more works of this artist at Wikiart.org - best visual art database.

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"Visit the Mondrian 3D world and make it happen".

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Piet Mondrian is the first artist to have his own virtual, multi-user museum.

No artist has influenced modern art, design and architecture more than Mondrian. The Stijl movement, Bauhaus, post-war abstraction right up to Apple design: all are indebted to Mondrian's revolutionary ideas on art and how it should be an integral part of daily culture.

Mondrian ranks next to only three other world-famous Dutch artists: Johannes Vermeer, Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh.

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The first multi-user virtual museum in the world!

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Virtual tour for kids

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José De Guimarães International Arts Centre - CIAJG - Google Arts & Culture

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Dialogues and friction between objects from different parts of the world. African art, pre-Columbian art, ancient Chinese art, works by José de Guimarães and contemporary artists.

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Luz e os corpos - Meios opacos, translúcidos e transparentes - Jogo das dicas

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Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late 1950s.[1][2] The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane mass-produced objects. One of its aims is to use images of popular culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony.[3] It is also associated with the artists’ use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. In pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, or combined with unrelated material.[2][3]

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needs additional citations for verification .improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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Enquanto trabalhava com arqueólogos, desenhando e agrupando as peças que eram encontradas nas escavações, José de Guimarães sentiu-se inspirado pela beleza e simplicidade das composições fragmentadas e instáveis. Em 1957, ingressou na Academia Militar e no curso de Engenharia na Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. A sua formação artística começaria no ano seguinte, quando José de [...]

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Unleash your inner artist and create unique artworks in the style of Piet Mondrian

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Pointillism was a revolutionary painting technique pioneered by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac in Paris in the mid-1880s. It was a reaction against the prevailing movement of Impressionism, which was based on the subjective responses of individual artists. Pointillism, by contrast, demanded a much”u…

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Among the cultures of the ancient Middle East there is one remarkable occurrence of a mosaic-like technique: the exteriors of some large architectural structures dating from the 3rd millennium bce, at Uruk ( Erech) in Mesopotamia, are decorated with long terra-cotta cones imbedded in the wall surface. The blunt, outer ends of the cones, coloured in red, black, and white, form patterns consisting of zigzag lines, lozenges, and other geometrical motifs. This revetment was decorative as well as functional, for the cones shielded the core of sun-dried bricks from rain and wind. The technique, however, died out and seems to have had no influence on the later development of mosaic.

In western Asia Minor are preserved the earliest examples of the surface-covering technique that lead to mosaic in the present sense of the word. In the town of Gordium near modern Ankara in Turkey, houses have been uncovered with floors made of pebbles set in a primitive mortar. In some of these floors (dated to the 8th century bce), rows of light pebbles form awkward geometrical figures against a background of darker stones. These rudimentary elements of decoration introduced into a crude form of pavement laying spurred artistic imagination and set in motion a process that was to bring spectacular results.

Ancient Greek and Hellenistic mosaics

Three main phases can be determined in the development of mosaic art in antiquity. The first, chiefly a Greek matter, involved the gradual perfecting of the pebble medium. The second, which saw the invention and spreading of the tessera technique, took place partly in the Hellenistic Greek world and partly on Roman soil. The third, largely a Roman phenomenon, was characterized by the popularization of mosaic and the application of the medium to new functions. By a process of diffusion, the taste in floor decoration documented at Gordion spread through the Greek-speaking world of the Mediterranean. Its first full flourishing seems to have occurred in late Classical times. Pebble mosaics are found as far west as Sicily (Motya, Morgantina) and, in the east, in the Greek colonies on the Crimean Peninsula (Cherson). They are preserved in large number at only two sites, Olinthos and Pella, in Macedonian northern Greece.

In the town of Olinthos there are floor mosaics, with elaborate figures and complicated patterns, which were part of the new city culture that developed in the 5th century bce. The Olinthos mosaics also reveal that picture making with light and dark pebbles had by then evolved into an intricate art. Against a ground set with black or blue-black stones stand figures or patterns set with white or slightly tinted ones. Pebble size had become fairly uniform, with diameters from one to two centimetres, but particularly intricate areas, like faces, are set with smaller stones. Very small black pebbles serve as outlines. Although the mortar between them is visible, the pebbles are set close enough so that the pictures appear with regular, not too broken outlines and with some emphasis on detail.

Floors in houses at Pella, dating from the 4th century bce, demonstrate a significant later development of the pebble technique. Floor mosaics then openly vied with wall painting in the rendering of space and realistic detail. This was made possible by the introduction of new materials that eliminated the shortcomings of the ordinary pebble medium. Among the basic changes was an increase in the range of colours. When the demand for particular tints could not be met with pebbles of natural colours, "artificial pebbles" were made and are found in several of the floors at Pella. These "pebbles" have been painted in the required tones-mostly strong green and red-and, to protect the film of paint, have a depression sunk in the middle. The new trend also called for smaller pebbles to permit pictures to be set more closely. To obtain precise delineation of limbs and features, outlines made not with pebbles but with long strips of terra-cotta or lead wire were employed. Pictures made in this technique reflect a taste for heroic hunt scenes and fights with wild animals, themes inspired from court art glorifying the ruler.

The next innovation came at the end of the 4th or the beginning of the 3rd century bce, when the introduction of new principles led to the abandonment of the pebble technique. Cut mosaic pieces permitted the nearly complete elimination of the disturbing effects of visible mortar patches, and new materials, above all glass, offered a vast new range of colours. The acceptance of the new methods and materials seems, however, to have come about slowly. In Alexandria (Greco-Roman Museum) there is a mosaic (depicting Erotes fighting a stag and, in the outer border, a frieze of animals) in which cut, triangular tesserae are used together with both pebbles and lead wire. In somewhat later Alexandrian mosaics made with tesserae (late 3rd or early 2nd century bce), lead threads are still in use-for example, in a panel, signed by the artist Sophilos and depicting a personification of Alexandria, that is the earliest known example of miniature mosaic work (called opus vermiculatum, meaning "wormlike work" because of the close-set, undulating rows of small tesserae).

Pergamum, another centre of the Hellenistic world, was particularly famous for its school of mosaics. According to the ancient Roman historian Pliny the Younger, Sosos, one of the most renowned mosaic artists of antiquity, worked in this city. None of his works survives but, thanks to Roman copies, the intentions that underlay his art can be judged. Pliny listed as his most celebrated works a representation of drinking doves and a clever imitation of the "unswept floor" of a banquet room ( asarōtos oikos). The copies tell of Sosos's phenomenal ability to create trompe l'oeil ("fool-the-eye") effects through a shading and colouring that seems to bring the objects out in full plasticity on the ground on which they are depicted. To call the work merely an imitation of painting may be incorrect. The intense colours and the smooth texture permitted by the new setting technique paved the way for illusionistic effects that went beyond those achieved by painting.

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Mosaic - Ancient, Byzantine, Islamic: Among the cultures of the ancient Middle East there is one remarkable occurrence of a mosaic-like technique: the exteriors of some large architectural structures dating from the 3rd millennium bce, at Uruk (Erech) in Mesopotamia, are decorated with long terra-cotta cones imbedded in the wall surface.