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A health determinant which impacts good health and wellbeing is education, because the lack of education at an early age can increase the risk of substance abuse. Therefore, younger people may start drinking alcohol at early stages, leading to liver diseases and further implications sooner. Lack of education can link to poverty, due to families not being able to send their kids to school due to financial struggles or unable to travel.

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The target I chose to explore was ‘strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse”. Substance abuse can include drugs (heroin, cocaine or marijuana) as well as the illegal misuse of alcohol and nicotine (Dumain.T, 2018). This target is important in relation to global health development and public health nursing because it can improve a persons quality of life, increase lifespan, improve mental wellbeing, and overall improve life expectancy. Otherwise, substance abuse can have negative impact on an individuals health, therefore a nurse will have to support this. For example, treating an overdose. This links to public health nursing as they have to not only treat people but provide education to help reduce substance abuse. furthermore, this leads to reduce crime rates, premature deaths and even poverty.

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A social determinant that impacts Strengthening the prevention and treatment of substance abuse is education and maybe communities. This is due to not being educated which effects employment but also the person's understanding of addiction. I also think in some communities/age groups doing drugs and drinking can be seen as social and fun which effects their health and they do not see it as a problem.

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3 - ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being at all ages - links to my topic sexual health as this is important for a range of ages from teenagers to older people in care homes (rise in stds in care homes).

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How determinants of health impact death by childbirth and pregnancy:

-Access to healthcare- postcode lottery

-Socioeconomic resources

-Cultural and social factors

-Health literacy

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Certain characteristics like smoking patterns , hereditary traits, also contribute to this disease.

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Explored the target death caused by childbirth and pregnancy.

It is important in relation to global health/public nursing:

-Important to promoting and ensuring wellbeing.

-Public health nurses need to give preventive care and education

-Public health nurses need to be able to advocate for patients.

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I explored prevention and treatment of substance abuse, in derby alone the percentage of deaths from drug misuse is 6.2 percent when the national average is 5%. Drug misuse has an effect on a person's health can result in an overdose and has negative effects on a person's body. In relation to public health nursing, nurses have to help these people and it can affect the people around them e.g. a mother in a domestic abuse relationship turns to drugs as a coping mechanism, and as a result of this the children are neglected and this creates a chain reaction of events.

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"Protecting and Promoting Human Health”. The Agenda recognizes that health and development are intimately interconnected, and call that action items under Agenda 21 to address the primary health needs of all communities

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I would think suicidal can be preventable if resources and education has to be increased in the communities even from young age. to reduce low lessness in people.

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SDG -1 End Poverty in all its forms and everywhere. I find this important as it is the root of most of the global health issues, be it financial or agric or health poverty

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lack of parental education or access to services may mean parents don't or cannot access services for their children e.g. missing childhood immunisations

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yes but it is limited, it could be included in more of the targets. Obesity is not really mentioned although globally it is a huge problem

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population group with access to higher and better education across their developmental period are trended to have a higher level of health literacy, in relation to SDG3 higher levels of health literacy will lead to people having better interactions with healthcare and lead them to having a better understanding of their own personal wellbeing.

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Yes, as promoting the importance of immunisations and education to parents about the impact to health to not receive these, may increase uptake.

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Target 3.5 - Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol - The prevalence of this varying country to country and regionally. Investigating the cost and service pressures impacted by this with links to illnesses such as ALD and CKD.

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Target: By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases.

This links to the public health issue of TB and preventing infections and reducing AMR. This target will hopefully begin to educate communities most at risk of these communicable diseases on prevention strategies and the death rates from this will begin to decrease. Another huge factor to reduce the amount of people affected will be to supply help in providing clean water and better living conditions.

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Clean water and sanitation - because it essential for good health and wellbeing. It contributes to school attendance, livelihood, dignity and helps to create healthy living environments.

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Promote immunisation programmes to impoverished communities

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Target 3 - promoting immunisations i children, and meeting targets to ensure they are protected against diseases, and prevent future ill health, spread of infection/disease and deaths.

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Within the determines of health, gender affects our heath in complex ways. The world is not on track to have equal gender equity by 2023.

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substance abuse can cause poverty therefore issues within communities and families , both children and parents can be malnutritioned and not live in an acceptable environments which can then affect education and general well being

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Low income families may struggle to afford the things that support good health and wellbeing, from healthy food to funding hobbies and interests

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Access to essential services should be available to ensure health and wellbeing. As an individual it is something that you can be creative with to ensure your own self worth, mental wellbeing, boosting your life expectancy and opportunities. Tackling issues when someone is young and developing is key to success in the future.

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When people have quality education they have the ability to break free from the cycle of poverty. People with quality education are more likely to be aware of health literacy and SDGs. People who are aware of the SDGs are more likely to work towards reaching the SDGs. Educated people are most likely to be policy makers and help to bring change. 

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3 - ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

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I have one in my mind, prenatal mental health. I noticed they is not much clarification on other cities.

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Education is a fundamental social determinant of health – an upstream cause of health. Programs that close gaps in educational outcomes between low-income or racial and ethnic minority populations and higher-income or majority populations are needed to promote health equity. Public health policymakers, health practitioners and educators, and departments of health and education can collaborate to implement educational programs and policies for which systematic evidence indicates clear public health benefits.

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in terms of the cost can all countries afford to end poverty? poorer countries tend to have larger populations by ending poverty it would mean diverting already limited resources which are already stretched

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are we only focus on UK or global

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Reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases, this is important as premature death is preventable and linked to many health issues

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3.5- Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol. This is a important goal to global health development as it play a huge role it someone's health and wellbeing and having support available to support people for addiction should be there, however in countries where healthcare is not free at the point of use the people suffering with a sub mis problem potentially wouldnt be able to access these services.

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Yes, suicide rates are on a high, this can be linked to the current situation around gender equality. As statistically nearly half of married women lack decision-making power which essentially leads to poor mental health and they feel the only way out of such marriage is suicide.

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Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

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100000% it links

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3.8 - Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. It is important for everybody to have access to health-care services and medicines for them to have a high healthy life expectancy and the population this needs to be aimed at, needs to be close by to these services to ensure they are able to access them.

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3.5

Substance and alcohol abuse prevention

strengthening prevention this will help combat so many other major issues crime rates, premature deaths, financial burden on the NHS the list is extensive substance and alcohol abuse is the core of so many other problems.

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Target 3.5 - Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol - Links to ALD, screening and prevention. Mortality rates for alcoholic liver disease <75yrs of age has increased by 45% between 2001-2020.

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My chosen public health is dementia. with the research I found in my area, people over 65 years of age are isolated, living on their own. I would wonder if they could be support given to minimax this public health.

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childhood poverty, can result in malnutrition and developmental needs, which can cause below average results in school which then could mean poorer jobs in the future, which then could potentialy continue in a cycle if they have children

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Target: By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases.

Determinants of health impact on this issue mainly because of the people’s living and working conditions. For example, the communities that are most at risk and develop diseases such as AIDS, TB, malaria and water-borne diseases may not have access to constant clean water and are living in poor sanitation. This tends to be low-income communities in countries such as Africa where the education level is low, unemployment is high, health care services are stretched and limited and appropriate housing is an issue.

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Target: By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases.

The reduction of communicable diseases is so important to global health development because they have high mortality rates especially in low and middle income countries. This is important to public health nursing because as nurses we need to do be able to educate the risks and prevention strategies that people can implement to reduce their chances of catching a communicable disease.

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If we were to discuss these in our assignment, would it just be choosing 1 of the goals or should we mention more and interlink them?

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I chose gender equality as this is something which has always been around. In some ways it has improved however it is still a problem globally. Everybody should have the right to access opportunities, especially in regard to healthcare as both male and females have a right to acess healthcare when they need it.

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Within determinants of health, living conditions are highlighted. If a family has poor living conditions this could be strongly due to poverty. For example damp in the rooms and not having the money to resolve this or move meaning the issue will persist and could potentially cause severe health issues.

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statistically 1 in 5 women are subject to underage marriage, this called lead to an increased number of domestic abuse cases which in turn lead to ill health, such as, obesity, depression, anxiety and PTSD.

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Target 3

To help prevent suffering from preventable diseases and premature death. Since the country will focus on the key targets it will help boost the overall health of the population.

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With wars going on across many countries this has varying outcomes from death to disease to poverty and more in mental health so health and well being will be for the few.

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3a Tobacco Control. Global issue. Evidence informs us smoking causes cancers/smoking related diseases. Worsens respiratory conditions. Harder to recover from surgery. Babies and children are vulnerable to second hand smoke. Can effect birth weights/miscarriage.

Controlling smoking can improve healthy life expectancy and quality of life.

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yes- suicide rates are high, and 3.8 includes financial risk protection, i think when people are stressed or poorly a big consideration to not go to the doctors if the fact that they cannot afford to take the time of work, many companies don't offer sick pay only the statutory sick pay which doesn't start until the 4th day of you being of sick and is only a fraction of what your normal rate of pay is, so the person may keep on working themselves into a worse state until they can no longer cope and they feel like their only option is to kill themselves.

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SDG 3.5- in relation to my chosen topic (suicide in males) if more treatment options was available world wide it would reduce the potential risk of suicide , Comorbidities between suicide and substance misuse have been observed to increase vulnerability to suicide across Europe and the Americas

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As we have a much more transient society, should be reintroducing the TB vaccination back into schools?

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When a huge number of people suffer from mental health or obesity. most resources are directed to health and benefits. As this minimum people to function and live independently affecting their children too.

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Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

At the current rate we are not on track to achieve this by 2030. It is important because it will ensure that services that are provided to people are fair and equal to everyone. Gender equality will mean that both men and women have equal rights, ensuring both can exercise their rights the potential of being healthy.

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Achieving gender equality in relation to Men's mental health. There is often more stigma surrounding men speaking up about mental health, so through equality hopefully more men would seek help

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1.No Poverty – end poverty in all forms everywhere. 27% of children in the uk suffer from poverty. poverty leads to other illnesses, malnutrition, poor education, respiratory conditions and in exreme circumstances death.. which will also help to meet goal...End preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 yrs by 2030.

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Water for life initiative/charity

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Current humanitarian crisis; the war currently happening between Palestine and Israel. For example, people being unable to access healthcare and food/water supplies.

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Lung cancer because it is the UK's biggest cancer killer with nearly 35,000 people dying from the disease each year. it also accounts for around a fifth of all UK cancer deaths which is 21 %

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Goal 6 - clean water is important for sustaining life for every living person. Drinking dirty water introduces water-bourne disease into the body. Children can't attend school and adults won't be able to work. This lead to poverty and not being able to provide for families. It can lead to higher rates of death in a community who are already struggling to sustain life.

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Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population

TB today remains an important public health nursing problem throughout much of the world, causing the deaths of more than a million people each year, mostly in developing countries.

Perform nursing assessments to determine if a patient has TB. Provide case management of TB cases and suspects. Provide directly observed therapy (DOT) and directly observed preventive therapy (DOPT) to cases, suspects, and TBI cases. Help ensure timely contact investigation completion for each case and suspect.

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Reducing inequalities is important to global health development and Public Health nursing as this will reduce people affected with mental health etc stress related, caused by lack and not enough food, homeless and affecting the future of the children.

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Could you explain the 2nd question a little more, I don't understand it very well?

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3.8, everyone needs to be able to access healthcare, and to be able to get the medication and support they need when ill. If there is a public health campaign for example vaccinations, the target audience need to be able to understand the message given and they need to be able to reach the doctors/pharmacy to get the vaccination needed if they are miles away from the nearest place offering them then it is likely that they won't go

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Yes – This links massively with suicide rates across a substantial amount of areas nationally and locally. Poverty leads to a decline in mental health, which can often see people struggling for a way to cope with life in general, this can then lead to suicide – particularly if the area does not have the required amount of services (which is the general consensus of most areas at the moment due to underfunding) but without the services in place it is hard to get the support. Also, if the figures are not as accurate and people do not want to have the access to support due to embarrassment etc, the services will also be lacking here as it will be thought that they ‘wont be needed’.

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I chose Goal 1 (End poverty in all its forms everywhere), due to poverty having such a large impact on a various amount of conditions (Dehydration and Malnutrition) which leads to more hospital admissions.

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Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all- having better education empowers people to be able to make better more informed choices

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End poverty in all its forms is important in relation to global health development and public health nursing because this is one of the leading causes of problems, not just within the UK, but globally. Since 2015, global poverty reduction was slowing down, however since the pandemic, the progress has decreased again, and has lead to an increase in poverty within a first time in a generation. For nursing this means more education will be required and help with access to services. However, this will also lead to an increase in services required dependent on the poverty within these areas.

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Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all..... The importance of this is to make sure that education is given to enable people to make autonomous decisions surrounding choices that can impact health. also to ensure that people can take charge of their own health.

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Air pollution cos it is bad for you

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Do you think that leaving the EU will affect our ability to meet the SDG targets by 2030 ?