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* Definition: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often continues into adulthood. ADHD includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior.

* It's common for children to experience difficulties in focusing and behaving every now and then. However, for children with ADHD, these behaviors don't just disappear over time. The symptoms persist and could be severe enough to cause problems at school, at home, or friends.

What are the characteristics of ADHD?

A child with ADHD might:

daydream a lot

forget or lose things a lot

squirm or fidget

talk too much

make careless mistakes or take unnecessary risks

have a hard time resisting temptation

have trouble taking turns

have difficulty getting along with others

There are three different ways ADHD presents itself, depending on which types of symptoms are strongest in the individual:

Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: It's difficult for individuals to pay attention to details, follow instructions, or complete tasks, as they are easily distracted and forgetful in their daily routines.

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: The person fidgets and talks a lot. It is hard to sit still for long (e.g., for a meal or while doing homework). Smaller children may run, jump, or climb constantly. The individual feels restless and has trouble with impulsiveness. Someone who is impulsive may interrupt others a lot, grab things from people, or speak at inappropriate times. It is hard for the person to wait their turn or listen to directions. A person with impulsiveness may have more accidents and injuries than others.

Combined Presentation: Symptoms of the above two types are equally present in the person.

How Students Feel with ADHD:

Students with ADHD have the same emotions as other students. What is different is that they often feel these emotions more intensely. These emotions also last longer and can get in the way of everyday life.

Because of that, students with ADHD may:

· Be overwhelmed with discouragement, frustration, or anger.

· Give up too quickly on whatever they're doing.

· Avoid interacting with others.

Research-based Strategies:
According to NCLD, some of the teaching methodologies that are research-based and evidence-based for students with ADHD are:

· Providing structure and consistency in the classroom, such as following a predictable routine, posting rules and expectations, and using visual aids and organizers.

· Supporting the student's participation and engagement in the classroom, such as using positive reinforcement, providing choices and options, and allowing movement and breaks.

· Using audiovisual materials and multisensory instruction to enhance learning, such as using videos, pictures, charts, graphs, music, and hands-on activities.

· Checking student performance frequently and providing feedback, such as using quizzes, tests, rubrics, self-assessments, and peer feedback.

· Asking probing questions and encouraging critical thinking skills, such as using open-ended questions, scaffolding questions, and higher-order thinking questions.

· Performing ongoing student evaluation and monitoring progress, such as using formative and summative assessments, curriculum-based measurements, and progress reports.

· Helping students correct their own mistakes and learn from errors, such as using error analysis, error correction, and error prevention strategies.

· Helping students focus and sustain attention, such as using cues, prompts, reminders, timers, and attention checklists.

· Teaching students self-regulation and executive function skills, such as using goal setting, self-monitoring, self-instruction, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement strategies.

Way to Support Families:

Teachers can support families with ADHD children by using some of the following strategies:

· Collaborating with parents and other professionals to create a consistent and positive learning environment for the child.

· Communicating regularly with parents about the child's progress, challenges, and successes.

· Educating themselves and others about ADHD and its impact on the child's learning and development.

As an educator, it is crucial to have knowledge about Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). At some point in your career, you are likely to encounter students who struggle with ADHD. Therefore, it is essential to understand the characteristics of ADHD and ways in which teachers can support their students both inside and outside the classroom. A comprehensive understanding of this subject will enable you to guide your students in the right direction. This Padlet is designed to help you gain a better understanding of ADHD and how to support your students who have this disorder.

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CDC. (2023, September 27). What is ADHD?. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html#SignsSymptoms

MAYO CLINIC. (2019, June 25). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889

8 ADHD teaching strategies. Understood. (2023, October 5). https://www.understood.org/en/articles/adhd-teaching-strategies

Education, U. S. D. of. (2023). Teaching children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Instructional strategies and practices. LD OnLine. https://www.ldonline.org/ld-topics/teaching-instruction/teaching-children-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder

Masters, T. (2012, February 16). How can teachers better support students with ADHD. Edge Foundation. https://edgefoundation.org/how-can-teachers-better-support-students-with-adhd/#:~:text=Parents%20of%20ADHD%20students%20should%20be%20viewed%20as,mediating%20disputes%20between%20students%20and%20reinforcing%20positive%20behavior.

Understood. (2023b, October 5). ADHD and emotions. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/adhd-and-emotions-what-you-need-to-know