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The three biggest causes of the Renaissance were the crusades (1095-1291), the Bubonic Plague (1346-1353), and cultural diffusion. These things caused doubt and mistrust in the Catholic Church which caused some people to want to break away from it. Cultural diffusion also spread ideas from places like the Ottoman Empire. This developed art and architecture further.

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In 1095, The first indulgences were sold to returning crusaders to pardon their sins in the Middle East and to grant them salvation.

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Italy's City States grew to become the center of the Renaissance. This was because it was in the middle of Europe and the Ottoman Empire. Its location also made it the trading hub, which is where most of the cultural diffusion occurred.

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Humanism was the belief that humans have great potential and to have good morals. This originated in Italy, and was involved in the Renaissance. Many people in the Renaissance could be seen as humanists.

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Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the printing press

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The printing press was a revolutionary machine that allowed books to be printed at speeds previously unheard of. The first book that was printed on this machine was the Bible. This meant that now everyday people would be able to read and interpret the bible in their own way. The Catholic Church didn't like this because now they couldn't make up stuff and say that the Bible endorsed it.

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The Spanish Inquisition was an event in Spain that was put into motion bu King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I of Spain to combat heresy (the belief in ideas contrary to Christian doctrines)

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Christopher Columbus in the new world. Note the flag of Castile and Leon in the background.

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The Americas are "discovered" by Christopher Columbus (1492)

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The Americas are "discovered" by Christopher Columbus (1492)

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With Funding from Spanish rulers King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, Christopher Columbus reached the so-called "New World". He started many terrible practices in the Americas like slavery.

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The different nations fighting for Italy

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Italy was a highly valued nation, since it was the center of trade, and had a strong economy. However, it was separated into multiple city-states and did not have a united army. This made it susceptible to attacks, which is what happened in the Italian Wars. It was mostly fought by France and Spain.

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Christian Humanism incorporated the ideas of Christianity with humanism. This was seen mostly in the Northern Renaissance, since they were more religious.

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Mona Lisa - Leonardo da Vinci (1503-1517)

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Mona Lisa - Leonardo da Vinci (1503-1517)

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Mona Lisa was found to be an amazing piece of art. This was because Leonardo da Vinci was able to recreate a face that was not too filled with expression. This was an Italian artwork painted in Florence.

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Sistine Chapel - Michelangelo (1508-1512)

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Sistine Chapel - Michelangelo (1508-1512)

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Michelangelo was involved in the Italian Renaissance, and was the one that painted the Sistine Chapel. His art was focused mostly on the human part of the painting, and as shown above, the humans were painted in more detail than the background.

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King Henry VIII marries his first wife (1509)

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King Henry VIII marries his first wife (1509)

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On the 11th of June in 1509, King Henry VIII married his first wife (Previously his brother's wife), Catherine of Aragon. They remain married until 1533.

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Praise of Folly was a book that mocked the Church. It was written by Erasmus to show the parts of the Church that needed improvement.

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In Italy in 1513, the Medici family put Machiavelli in jail for being suspected of being involved in a conspiracy. This was after they came back to power in Florence, which was one of Italy's city-states.

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Mary I, more famously known as "Bloody Mary" due to her ruthless persecution of Protestants was born on February 18, 1516.

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Thomas More wrote "Utopia," which was a book about the perfect world. It included details about how everyone would act, and what was in the civilization

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Martin Luther posting his 95 Theses on the church door in Wittenberg, Germany

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Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses (1517)

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Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses (1517)

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On October 31st, 1517, Martin Luther, a priest in the Catholic Church posted his controversial 95 theses, a document that expressed his ideas as to how the church should work. This eventually led to the start of Lutheranism, the first branch of Protestantism. This event is widely recognized as the start of the Reformation.

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The diet of worms was an assembly convened by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor at the time to discuss many things including the spread of protestantism.

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Spurred on by changes due to the Reformation, peasants in Germany rose up against lords and landowners, invoking divine law.

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William Tyndale is the man responsible for translating the Bible from Latin to English. He did this in order to make the Bible accessible to more people. The Church didn't like this, however, and had him executed in 1536.

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Calvinism, also known as Reformed Christianity, was founded by John Calvin around 1530. It was based on the belief in predestination which is the belief that God already knows who is going to heaven and who isn't.

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Machiavelli Publishes "The Prince" (1532)

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Machiavelli Publishes "The Prince" (1532)

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Machiavelli published "The Prince," in 1532. He dedicated it to the Medici family, since they inspired him to write the book by sending him to jail. This book was about how a good ruler should act, and praised being a deceptive ruler.

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Elizabeth I, one of the most well-known rulers of England is born on September 7, 1533

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St. George's cross, the original logo of the Church of England

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King Henry VIII forms the Church of England with the Act of Supremacy (1534)

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King Henry VIII forms the Church of England with the Act of Supremacy (1534)

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After the Pope refused to give King Henry VIII permission do get a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, Henry separated England from the Catholic Church by forming the Church of England and passing the Act of Supremacy, making him the head of the new religion. Before that, however, he married Anne Boleyn in January of 1533 and five months later, he got a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

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Galileo facing the Italian Inquisition (~1610)

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The Italian Inquisition was very similar to its Spanish counterpart in the fact that they both were started to stop heretics. One of the most notable events in the Italian Inquisition was when Galileo was put on trial in 1633 for heresy.

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Counter-Reformation (1545-1648) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563)

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Counter-Reformation (1545-1648) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563)

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The main event of the Counter-Reformation was also what started it: the Council of Trent. Convened by Pope Paul III, It discussed topics on unifying and improving the Catholic Church, spreading the influence of the Church through missionaries, and stopping the spread of Protestantism.

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The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between the aforementioned Charles V and a few rouge Lutheran princes. It was signed in 1555 in Augsburg, Germany (hence the name).

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Shakespeare was a playwright and was part of the Northern Renaissance. He made many works and is still influential in the present.

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The Edict of Nantes was a document signed by King Henry IV of France (not Henry VIII of England) that gave rights to the French Calvinists (also known as Huguenots).