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the Court has the authority to review the decisions of lower courts

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the process of releasing a defendant from jail or other governmental custody with conditions set to reasonably assure public safety and court appearance

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the process of sentencing convicted offenders to death for the most serious crimes (capital crimes) and carrying out that sentence

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a private, non-criminal lawsuit, usually involving private property rights, including respecting rights stated under the Constitution or under federal or state law

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where two or more courts from different systems simultaneously have jurisdiction over a specific case

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an opinion that agrees with the majority opinion but does not agree with the rationale behind it

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a type of court proceeding in which a prosecutor employed by the federal, state, or local government charges a person with the commission of a crime

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An individual (or business) against whom a lawsuit is filed

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treating someone less favourably than someone else because of a protected characteristic

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an appellate opinion of one or more judges which disagrees with the reasoning stated in the majority or plurality opinion and, consequently, with the result reached in a case

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"formal record in which a judge or court clerk briefly notes all the proceedings and filings in a court case

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a fundamental principle of fairness in all legal matters, both civil and criminal, especially in the courts

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a law that imposes criminal liability or increases criminal punishment retroactively

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prevents the government from using most evidence gathered in violation of the United States Constitution

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if one court has the power to adjudicate a case to the exclusion of all other courts

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A grand jury focuses on preliminary criminal matters only and assesses evidence presented by a prosecutor to determine whether there is “probable cause” to believe an individual committed a crime and should be put on trial

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a court that is subordinate to and whose decisions are subject to review by the highest court in a judicial system

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occurs when a person is forced to work against his or her will, with little or no control over working conditions

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the authority given by law to a court to try cases and rule on legal matters within a particular geographic area and/or over certain types of legal cases

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the written or broadcast form of defamation

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an appellate opinion supporting the court's judgment (the result reached in the case) which receives a majority vote of the justices or judges hearing the case

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Prior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed

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the Supreme Court is the first, and only, Court to hear a case

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the party who initiates a lawsuit by filing a complaint with the clerk of the court against the defendant(s) demanding damages, performance and/or court determination of rights

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a court decision that is considered as authority for deciding subsequent cases involving identical or similar facts, or similar legal issues

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government action that prohibits speech or other expression before the speech happens

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Supreme Court defines probable cause as "where the facts and circumstances within the officers' knowledge, and of which they have reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient in themselves to warrant a belief by a man of reasonable caution that a crime is being committed

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requires state actors to provide certain procedural protections before they deprive a person of any protected life, liberty, or property interest

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A search warrant is a court order and process directing a law-enforcement officer to search designated premises, vehicles, or persons for the purpose of seizing designated items and accounting for any items so obtained to the court which issued the warrant

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inciting revolt or violence against a lawful authority to destroy or overthrow it

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false statements made by one party against another

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the principle that the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments protect fundamental rights from government interference

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orders a lower court to deliver its record in a case so that the higher court may review it

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protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment

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an order directing that a party convey, deliver, or turn over a deed, document, or right of ownership