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Astronomía, Geología Planetaria y Sistema Solar

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Astronomía, Geología Planetaria y Sistema Solar

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En este Padlet se presentarán una serie de recursos sobre diferentes temas relacionados con la Geología.

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Materiales de la Litosfera: Minerales y Rocas. Procesos Generadores

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Materiales de la Litosfera: Minerales y Rocas. Procesos Generadores

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSelT_bJ6UY

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Modelo realista y planetario del Sistema Solar

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Modelo realista y planetario del Sistema Solar

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https://www.solarsystemscope.com/es

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Esta página usa marcos, pero su explorador no los admite.

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Have you ever wondered what causes the moon phases? We all know that its appearance changes over time. But why? The good way to understand the phases of the moon is to examine an earth-moon-sun diagram:

©MoonConnection.com All Rights Reserved. This moon phases diagram is NOT public domain and may not be used on websites, copied, printed or republished except by permission. Please contact me for high resolution version available for small license fee.

Diagram Explanation

The illustration may look a little complex at first, but it's easy to explain.

Sunlight is shown coming in from the right. The earth, of course, is at the center of the diagram. The moon is shown at 8 key stages during its revolution around the earth. The moon phase name is shown alongside the image. The dotted line from the earth to the moon represents your line of sight when looking at the moon. The large moon image shows what you would see at that point in the cycle. For the waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent phases you have to mentally turn yourself upside down when imagining the line of sight. When you do this, you'll "see" that the illuminated portion is on your left, just as you see in the large image.

One important thing to notice is that exactly one half of the moon is always illuminated by the sun. Of course that is perfectly logical, but you need to visualize it in order to understand the phases. At certain times we see both the sunlit portion and the shadowed portion -- and that creates the various moon phase shapes we are all familiar with. Also note that the shadowed part of the moon is invisible to the naked eye; in the diagram above, it is only shown for clarification purposes. Finally, please realize this diagram is only meant to demonstrate how the phases work; the small inner moons in the diagram do not show the fact that the same side of the moon always faces Earth.

So the basic explanation is that the lunar phases are created by changing angles (relative positions) of the earth, the moon and the sun, as the moon orbits the earth.

If you'd like to examine the phases of the moon more closely, via computer software, you may be interested in this moon phases calendar software.

Moon Phases Simplified

It's probably easiest to understand the moon cycle in this order: new moon and full moon, first quarter and third quarter, and the phases in between.

As shown in the above diagram, the new moon occurs when the moon is positioned between the earth and sun. The three objects are in approximate alignment (why "approximate" is explained below). The entire illuminated portion of the moon is on the back side of the moon, the half that we cannot see.

At a full moon, the earth, moon, and sun are in approximate alignment, just as the new moon, but the moon is on the opposite side of the earth, so the entire sunlit part of the moon is facing us. The shadowed portion is entirely hidden from view.

The first quarter and third quarter moons (both often called a " half moon"), happen when the moon is at a 90 degree angle with respect to the earth and sun. So we are seeing exactly half of the moon illuminated and half in shadow.

Once you understand those four key moon phases, the phases between should be fairly easy to visualize, as the illuminated portion gradually transitions between them.

An easy way to remember and understand those "between" lunar phase names is by breaking out and defining 4 words: crescent, gibbous, waxing, and waning. The word crescent refers to the phases where the moon is less than half illuminated. The word gibbous refers to phases where the moon is more than half illuminated. Waxing essentially means "growing" or expanding in illumination, and waning means "shrinking" or decreasing in illumination.

Thus you can simply combine the two words to create the phase name, as follows:

After the new moon, the sunlit portion is increasing, but less than half, so it is waxing crescent. After the first quarter, the sunlit portion is still increasing, but now it is more than half, so it is waxing gibbous. After the full moon (maximum illumination), the light continually decreases. So the waning gibbous phase occurs next. Following the third quarter is the waning crescent, which wanes until the light is completely gone -- a new moon.

The Moon's Orbit

You may have personally observed that the moon goes through a complete moon phases cycle in about one month. That's true, but it's not exactly one month. The time required for the moon to move to the same position (same phase) as seen by an observer on earth is called the synodic period or lunation and it is 29.5305882 days on average (+/- 0.27 days due to the varying distance between the earth and the moon). If you were to view the moon cycling the earth from outside our solar system (the viewpoint of the stars), the time required is 27.3217 days, roughly two days less. This figure is called the sidereal period or orbital period. Why is the synodic period different from the sidereal period? The short answer is because on earth, we are viewing the moon from a moving platform: during the moon cycle, the earth has moved approximately one month along its year-long orbit around the sun, altering our angle of view with respect to the moon, and thus altering the phase. The earth's orbital direction is such that it lengthens the period for earthbound observers.

Although the synodic and sidereal periods can be used in certain calculations, the moon phase can't be precisely calculated by simple division of days because the moon's motion (orbital speed and position) is affected and perturbed by various forces of different strengths. Hence, complex equations are used to determine the exact position and phase of the moon at any given point in time.

Also, looking at the diagram (and imagining it to scale), you may have wondered why, at a new moon, the moon doesn't block the sun, and at a full moon, why the earth doesn't block sunlight from reaching the moon. The reason is because the moon's orbit about the earth is about 5 degrees off from the earth-sun orbital plane.

However, at special times during the year, the earth, moon, and sun do in fact "line up". When the moon blocks the sun or a part of it, it's called a solar eclipse, and it can only happen during the new moon phase. When the earth casts a shadow on the moon, it's called a lunar eclipse, and can only happen during the full moon phase. Roughly 4 to 7 eclipses happen in any given year, but most of them minor or "partial" eclipses. Major lunar or solar eclipses are relatively uncommon.

Moon Software

If you want to follow the phases of the moon, you should definitely take a look at QuickPhase Pro, our flagship moon software product for your personal computer. This attractive and fun software covers thousands of years of past and future moon phases and is easy to use.

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Have you ever wondered what causes the moon phases? We all know that its appearance changes over time. But why? The good way to understand the phases of the moon is to examine an earth-moon-sun diagram: ©MoonConnection.com All Rights Reserved.

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Experimenta la cristalización o la formación de minerales

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Experimenta la cristalización o la formación de minerales

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Experimenta la cristalización o la formación de minerales o cristales en la naturaleza

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IGME (Instituto Geológico y Minero de España)

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IGME (Instituto Geológico y Minero de España)

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Líneas de investigación

Sistema de búsqueda avanzada (ISE)
Permite la selección de entidades pertenecientes a distintos conjuntos de datos del IGME. Se pueden visualizar los atributos principales de las entidades y su localización sobre un mapa.

Catálogo de metadatos
Permite buscar metadatos, obtener información detallada sobre los datos geoespaciales y los servicios web OGC del IGME, sus características y como acceder a ellas.

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mining o recursos minerales/mining resources

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Líneas de investigación Sistema de búsqueda avanzada (ISE) Permite la selección de entidades pertenecientes a distintos conjuntos de datos del IGME. Se pueden visualizar los atributos principales de las entidades y su localización sobre un mapa. Catálogo de metadatos Permite buscar metadatos, obtener información detallada sobre los datos geoespaciales y los servicios web OGC del IGME, sus características y como acceder a ellas.

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Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad de Zaragoza

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Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad de Zaragoza

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Del espacio al aula La Oficina Europea de Recursos para la Educación Espacial en España (ESERO Spain) Con el lema "del espacio al aula" y aprovechando la fascinación que el alumnado siente por el espacio, tiene como objetivo principal proporcionar recursos a docentes de primaria y secundaria para mejorar su alfabetización y competencias en materias CTIM (Ciencias, Tecnología, Ingeniería y Matemáticas).

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Geolodía es una iniciativa de divulgación en la que se realizan excursiones geológicas de campo guiadas por geólog@s, gratuitas y abiertas a todos los públicos.

Cada año se realiza un Geolodía por cada provincia el primer o segundo fin de semana de mayo. Los Geolodías tienen lugar en entornos de gran interés geológico y ofrecen una información sencilla pero rigurosa. Permiten ver esos lugares con "ojos geológicos" y entender cómo funciona la Tierra sobre la que vivimos y de cuyos recursos naturales dependemos. Quienes participan comprenden también el valor de nuestro patrimonio geológico y la necesidad de protegerlo.

Geolodía es una actividad organizada por la Sociedad Geológica de España (SGE), con la colaboración de la Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología - Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, la Asociación Española para la Enseñanza de las Ciencias de la Tierra (AEPECT) y con el patrocinio de numerosas entidades públicas y privadas.

En este artículo en inglés encontrarás una descripción más detallada de Geolodía.

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Geolodía es una iniciativa de divulgación en la que se realizan excursiones geológicas de campo guiadas por geólog@s, gratuitas y abiertas a todos los públicos. Cada año se realiza un Geolodía por cada provincia el primer o segundo fin de semana de mayo.

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Desde tiempo inmemorial, el poder de la Geología ha permanecido a salvo en un martillo en el que estaban incrustadas las gemas de la sabiduría de las Ciencias de la Tierra. Sin embargo, el auge de los poderes oscuros anticiencia ha conseguido arrancar las gemas y eliminar el conocimiento geológico del mundo.

Necesitamos que pongas a prueba tus conocimientos y nos ayudes a recuperar las gemas para devolverlas a su lugar y volver a llenar de Geología todo lo que nos rodea. Para ello, deberás enfrentarte a un desafío al alcance de muy pocas personas, el "Game of Stones".

Con este videojuego podrás demostrar todo lo que sabes de Geología, incluso retando a tus familiares y colegas. Pero lo mejor de todo es que aprenderás muchas cosas sobre Ciencias de la Tierra mientras pasas un rato muy divertido.

Así que coge tu martillo y...

¡Consigue todas las gemas!

Nota

El principal objetivo de esta actividad virtual es que se convierta en un complemento didáctico para el profesorado de Secundaria y Bachillerato en las asignaturas relacionadas con las Ciencias de la Tierra, pero también que pueda emplearse como herramienta de divulgación de la Geología para el público en general.

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TRIVIAL ¿Quieres descubrir cuánto sabes de Geología? Desde tiempo inmemorial, el poder de la Geología ha permanecido a salvo en un martillo en el que estaban incrustadas las gemas de la sabiduría de las Ciencias de la Tierra.

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Geoparques Mundiales de la UNESCO en España

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Un país lleno de maravillas geológicas

A lo largo y ancho de nuestro país, se erigen maravillas geológicas conformadas a través de millones de años que explican la historia de nuestro planeta al tiempo que invitan al viajero a descubrir un territorio de una forma particular, cuidando el medio ambiente y conectando con sus gentes y lugares.

Como base del desarrollo socioeconómico sostenible de un territorio concreto, en España encontramos un total de 15 Geoparques Mundiales de la UNESCO, cuyo lugar en el mapa podrás ver a continuación, descubriendo imágenes espectaculares de cada uno de ellos al hacer clic en cada territorio.

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Geoparques Mundiales de la UNESCO en España | Web Oficial

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A lo largo y ancho de nuestro país, se erigen maravillas geológicas conformadas a través de millones de años que explican la historia de nuestro planeta al tiempo que invitan al viajero a descubrir un territorio de una forma particular, cuidando el medio ambiente y conectando con sus gentes y lugares.

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Aw snap! Google Earth isn't supported on your browser. You may need to update your browser or use a different browser. Please see our system requirements for more information. Chrome is a great choice and you can download it here.

Or if you're feeling adventurous, you can try Earth anyway by choosing an option below.

Learn more about Google Earth.

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Aw snap! Google Earth isn't supported on your browser. You may need to update your browser or use a different browser. Please see our system requirements for more information. Chrome is a great choice and you can download it here. Or if you're feeling adventurous, you can try Earth anyway by choosing an option below.

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Using GeoMapApp, students examine the age of the seafloor crust, calculate the rate of seafloor spreading at different locations around the world, and compare the spreading rates within the context of plate tectonics.

Seafloor Spreading: Annotated Teacher Edition (Microsoft Word 987kB Oct7 11)
Seafloor Spreading: Student Handout (Microsoft Word 965kB Oct7 11)
Seafloor Spreading: Student Answer Sheet (Microsoft Word 101kB Oct7 11)
Seafloor Spreading: Learning Standards (Microsoft Word 84kB Oct7 11)
Seafloor Spreading: Quiz 1 (Acrobat (PDF) 587kB Oct7 11)
Seafloor Spreading: Quiz 2 (Acrobat (PDF) 1008kB Oct7 11)

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Using GeoMapApp, students examine the age of the seafloor crust, calculate the rate of seafloor spreading at different locations around the world, and compare the spreading rates within the context of plate tectonics.

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This page is authored by Laurel Goodell, Department of Geosciences, Princeton University.

Author Profile

This activity was selected for the On the Cutting Edge Reviewed Teaching Collection
This activity has received positive reviews in a peer review process involving five review categories. The five categories included in the process are

Scientific Accuracy

Alignment of Learning Goals, Activities, and Assessments

Pedagogic Effectiveness

Robustness (usability and dependability of all components)

Completeness of the ActivitySheet web page

For more information about the peer review process itself, please see https://serc.carleton.edu/teachearth/activity_review.html.

This page first made public: Sep 3, 2010

This material was originally created for On the Cutting Edge: Professional Development for Geoscience Faculty
and is replicated here as part of the SERC Pedagogic Service.

Summary

Students are introduced to Google Earth, and then start by exploring the major physiographic features of the continents and seafloor. They then use a kmz file, compiled by the author, which includes layers showing seafloor age, locations and depths of 20 years worth of large earthquakes, USGS dynamically updated near-real time earthquakes, volcano locations, "hot-spot" tracks with age dates, and the Bird (2003) plate boundary model. A guided exploration of these data serves as an introduction to plate tectonics - including the general characteristics of plates and plate boundaries, and the use of seafloor age and "hot spot" tracks to determine long-term average rates of plate motion.

Topics

Tectonics

Grade Level

College Lower (13-14)

Follow the link above to find activities from Teach the Earth on a specific topic.

Used this activity? Share your experiences and modifications

Learning Goals

Students learn how to use Google Earth and become familiar with the some of the important data on which the theory of plate tectonics is based, and how long-term average plate motions are determined. As a culminating (and assessment) activity they sketch a cross-section across three major plate boundaries - from the African plate, across the South Atlantic plate, across the Nazca plate, and ending in the middle of the Pacific Plate.

Context for Use

This exercise is adaptable for all level of students, from introductory level students to more-advanced students wanting a crash course in plate tectonics. I submit two versions, one being slower-paced and more explicitly guided. I have used it in a number of class settings. For example, for our hazards course for non-majors, I assign a portion of the more-explicitly guided version as a preparation assignment, then students complete the rest during a lab session. For our faster-paced introductory class typically taken by more quantitatively-able students including engineers, the less-guided versions is assigned as a problem set then discussed at precept. Depending on a student's previous experience with Google Earth, background in plate tectonics, and ease with simple graphing and calculations, and how far the instructor wants to take it, the whole exercise typically takes several hours to a lab period or two. No background is assumed, although it is helpful for students to have have a basic knowledge of global geography.

The kmz file compiled by the author is a easy-to-use resource adaptable for other activities.

Description and Teaching Materials

Materials include two versions of the student handout, one more explicitly guided than the other, and a Google Earth kmz file with data layers compiled from other a variety of sources. The sources of the compiled data are given in the Google Earth layer menu.

Dynamic Earth kmz file for use with Plate Tectonics exercises (KMZ File 1.1MB Feb21 23)

Handout for Exploring Plate Tectonics with Google Earth, more guided version (Microsoft Word 2007 (.docx) 103kB Feb23 13)

Handout for Exploring Plate Tectonics with Google Earth, more guided version (Acrobat (PDF) 204kB Feb23 13)

Handout for Exploring Plate Tectonics with Google Earth, less guided version (Microsoft Word 51kB Feb23 13)

Handout for Exploring Plate Tectonics with Google Earth, less guided version (Acrobat (PDF) 130kB Feb23 13)

Individual Google Earth data layers

Plate boundary model (KMZ File 66kB Aug14 14)
Plate boundary model with orogens (KMZ File 79kB Aug14 14)

Data source: Bird, Peter (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 4(3), 1027; converted into Google Earth format by Thomas Chust (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen).

USGS 5.4+ epicenters colored by depth.kmz (KMZ File 1.5MB Dec25 16) 'USGS Earthquakes 5.4+ 1986-2015, colored by depth']

Data source: compiled from USGS NEIC catalog http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/

USGS Earthquakes 1.0+ for the past week, plotted by depth, updated every 5 minutes (KMZ File 440bytes Aug14 14)

USGS Earthquakes 2.5+ for the past 30 days, plotted by depth, updated every 15 minutes (KMZ File 442bytes Aug14 14)

File source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/feed/v1.0/kml.php

Seafloor age 10 my isochrons (KMZ File 227kB Aug14 14)
Seafloor age 5 my isochrons (KMZ File 9.6MB Aug14 14)

Data source: Muller, R. D., W. R. Roest, J. Y. Royer, L. M. Gahagan, and J. G. Sclater. 1997. Digital isochrons of the world's ocean floor.J. Geophys. Res. 102:3,211-3,214; AND Müller, R.D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C. and Roest, W.R., 2008, Age spreading rates and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9, Q04006, doi:10.1029/2007GC001743.

Holocene Volcanoes (KMZ File 534bytes Aug14 14)

Data source: Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism. http://www.volcano.si.edu/learn_products.cfm?p=9

Teaching Notes and Tips

Italian translated version of this activity, hosted by ICLEEN - Google Earth e la dinamica della Terra

Assessment

The last question serves as an appropriate assessment - students sketch a cross-section across three major plate boundaries. By assessing the sketch, the instructor can gauge the level and accuracy of student understanding. The sketches also serve as a natural springboard for discussion about various aspects of plate tectonics.

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earth & space science geology plate tectonics

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teach the earth teaching topics plate tectonics

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teach the earth enhancing your teaching google earth

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higher education  undergraduate (lower division)

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on the cutting edge cutting edge activity review passed review

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Using Google Earth to Explore Plate Tectonics

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Students use Google Earth to learn about plate tectonics by exploring the topography of the earth's continents and ocean floor, the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, and seafloor age. They become familiar with these global data sets and understand how Earth's tectonic plates and plate boundaries are defined.

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Foto: Tonga Geological Services

La erupción del volcán submarino Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai en enero de 2022 fue uno de los eventos volcánicos más explosivos de la Era Moderna, según ha confirmado un nuevo estudio. Sin duda, se sitúa entre las explosiones más poderosas jamás observadas y desencadenó ondas de gravedad atmosférica que alcanzaron el borde del espacio, reverberaron alrededor de la Tierra y llegaron hasta los 100 kilómetros en la ionósfera.

Los datos han sido confirmados por una investigación llevada a cabo por científicos de la Universidad de Bath y publicado recientemente en la revista Nature bajo el título Surface-to-space atmospheric waves from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption. El estudio combina una gran cantidad de datos satelitales con observaciones a nivel del suelo para mostrar que la erupción fue única en la ciencia observada, tanto en su magnitud como en su velocidad, y en cuanto a las ondas atmosféricas que le sucedieron.

Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, la explosión del siglo

Tras una serie de eventos más pequeños que comenzaron en diciembre de 2021, Hunga Tonga entró en erupción el 15 de enero de este año, produciendo una columna vertical de humo, vapor de agua y cenizas que se extendió más de 50 kilómetros sobre la superficie de la Tierra. El calor liberado por el agua y las cenizas calientes en el penacho siguieron siendo la mayor fuente de ondas de gravedad en la Tierra durante las siguientes 12 horas. La erupción, además, también provocó ondas en nuestra atmósfera que reverberaron alrededor del planeta al menos seis veces y alcanzaron cerca de sus velocidades máximas teóricas, las más rápidas jamás observadas dentro de nuestra atmósfera, las cuales alcanzaron los 320 metros por segundo.

El hecho de que un solo evento dominara una región tan grande es descrito por los autores como único en el registro de observación, y según los mismos ayudará a los científicos a mejorar los futuros modelos climáticos y meteorológicos atmosféricos. "Esta fue una explosión realmente enorme, y verdaderamente única en términos de lo que ha observado la ciencia hasta la fecha. Nunca antes habíamos visto ondas atmosféricas dando la vuelta al mundo entero, o a esta velocidad, viajaban muy cerca del límite teórico", declara el autor principal del artículo, el doctor Corwin Wright, investigador de la Royal Society con sede en el Centro de Ciencias Espaciales, Atmosféricas y Oceánicas de la Universidad de Bath.

"Nuestro estudio muestra muy bien cómo esta sorprendente exhibición de ondas globales fue impulsada por las enormes cantidades de agua de mar vaporizada durante la erupción", añade por su parte el coautor del estudio, el doctor Scott Osprey, del Centro Nacional de Ciencias Atmosféricas, con sede en el Departamento de Física de la Universidad de Oxford, y quien aún creé que algunos de los impactos globales del la erupción del Hunga Tonga están aún por manifestarse. "Mi intuición es que, en el medio plazo, seguiremos hablando sobre esta erupción. A medida que la cantidad excepcional de vapor de agua generada por esta se esparce por la estratosfera, los ojos se volverán hacia el agujero de ozono antártico y cuán severo será en la primavera".

Los investigadores en la actualidad están enfocados en trabajar con colegas otros centros especializados en el pronóstico del tiempo y el clima para ver cómo la información recopilada de la erupción se puede emplear para hacer mejores predicciones en el futuro.

Consigue GRATIS 3 nuevas ediciones especiales con tu suscripción a la revista National Geographic

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La mayor explosión en la Tierra de la Era Moderna ocurrió en enero de este año

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La erupción del volcán submarino Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai en enero de 2022 fue uno de los eventos volcánicos más explosivos de la Era Moderna, según ha confirmado un nuevo estudio. Sin duda, se sitúa entre las explosiones más poderosas jamás observadas y desencadenó ondas de gravedad atmosférica que alcanzaron el borde del espacio, reverberaron alrededor de la Tierra y llegaron hasta los 100 kilómetros en la ionósfera.

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Geologic time scale
This page has a geologic time scale metaphor calculator. This is an interactive calculator for metaphors for the geologic time scale. It allows you to figure out how long it has been since the dinosaurs died out if all of earth history fitted into 50 minutes (or any other metaphor you want to use) can be found if you view this page with a frames/javascript enabled browser. Shows major origination and extinction events in the history of life. Interactive geologic time scale metaphor calculator.

time exersise for Earth Science
Use this calculator to figure out if your class was 40 minutes long, how much of it would be the time since humans evolved on earth.
You can use this calculator to create your own metaphor for geologic time. The history of the could be the the distance from your home to school - you can figure out where dinosaurs would be on the trip. Or the history of time could be the length of a class - and you could figure how much of the class you have to sit through before intelligence appears (if your class is 40 minutes long, human history begins in the last 1.5 milliseconds).

This document, and much of this site, uses frames and JavaScript. Try the Reduced graphics, no javascript version of the site.

Part of theAthro, Limited web site.

Written by Paul J. Morrismole@morris.net
Maintained byAthro Limited.
Date Created: 16 Nov 1997
Last Updated: 16 Jan 2000

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Geological Time Scale Metaphors [Athro, Limited]

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Geologic time scale This page has a geologic time scale metaphor calculator. This is an interactive calculator for metaphors for the geologic time scale. It allows you to figure out how long it has been since the dinosaurs died out if all of earth history fitted into 50 minutes (or any other metaphor you want to use) can be found if you view this page with a frames/javascript enabled browser.

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Museo Virtual de Paleontología Universidad de Huelva

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Museo Virtual de Paleontología Universidad de Huelva