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Are there any positive changes in your country these days?

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The following text is concerned with the recycling of bottles.

First, used bottles are put (put) in the plastic recycling bin. Next, the used bottles are collected (collect) and taken (take) to the factory which will recycle the bottles. Following transportation, the bottles are heated (heat) and melted (melt). Then they are formed (form) into new bottles. After being cooled (cool) down, the recycled plastic bottles are distributed  (distribute) to companies in order that they can be refilled (refill) and sold  (sell) to the public.

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Star Tech: How a Dubai Startup converts plastics to clothes

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Improve the following paragraph by changing sentences into the passive voice where appropriate.

The diagram illustrates the way in which people produce olive oil. Initially, farmers harvest the olives from trees and take them to a washing machine where they rinse the olives in cold water. A conveyor belt then transfers the olives to a grinding machine. During this stage, the grinding machine removes the olive stones so that it can safely grind the olives into a paste.

-> The diagram illustrates the way in which olive oil is produced. Initially, the olives are harvested from trees and taken to a washing machine where the olives are rinsed in cold water. The olives are transfered by a conveyor belt then to a grinding machine. During this stage, the olive stones are removed by the grinding machine so that the olives can be ground safely into a paste.

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How Traditional Italian Olive Oil Is Made | Regional Eats

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The process of manufacturing ceramic pots

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The diagram describes how ceramic pots are manufactured.

In general, there are a total of several main stages in the process of producing ceramic pots, beginning with raw materials and ending with finished ceramic pots.

The first stage is processing the materials and shaping the pots. First, the raw materials are dug out of the ground and transported to a factory by truck. After being removed impurities, the materials are crushed into powder and mixed with some water. In the following process, the mixture is poured into molds to form the shape of assembled clay pots after they are dried from 4 to 6 hours.

The second stage is creating the final products and distributing them, in which the clay pots are placed in an oven and heated at a temperature of 1000 degrees. Next, the clay pots are coloured and put continuously into a color-firing oven. The finished pots are finally manufactured after undergoing a number of stages to be sold in markets.

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The diagrams below give information about the manufacture of frozen fish pies.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

The diagrams describe a method for making frozen fish pies.

The fish pies consist of several ingredients such as salmon, peas, sauce and sliced potatoes. Generally, the process can be divided into 3 stages, beginning with raw materials and ending with the distribution of the frozen fish pies.

The first stage is processing potatoes, in which potatoes are harvested and shipped to a factory by truck up to one month. They are washed with water before being peeled and sliced. Next, potatoes are boiled and then chilled.  After that, potatoes are stored in packs and waiting for the next stages.

In the second stage is handling and processing salmon. In this stage, when fresh salmons arrive at the factory, lemon juice and salt are added, and the fish is cooked in a steam oven within 12 hours. After that, factory workers remove and dispose skin and bones and then salmos are inspected. Following the inspection, pre-prepared peas, sauce and potatoes are added.

The last stage is the finished product and contribuition. The final fish pies are wrapped, frozen and then stored. The  products are manufactured after undergoing a number of stages to be or dispatched and sold in supermarkets.

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Advantages:
- improve soil quality
- compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals
Disadvantages:
- inefficient in the use of labour and land -> severe limits to food production
- carbon dioxide emitted from transportation
- toxins -> make people ill
- impossible in some countries
Factors that affect food quality:
- freshness, the way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of sunlight and rain, when the plants are removed from the earth.

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Describe a meal that you enjoyed eating in a restaurant.
You should say:
- where the restaurant was
- what you ate
- who ate the meal with you
- explain why you enjoyed eating the meal so much

Introduction:
- last week - Nha Trang - family - plane
Past:
- exciting trip - lasted 5 days
Description:
- beautiful landscape
- enjoyed - local dishes - family
- nem nướng, bánh xèo tôm đất, bánh canh chả cá, gỏi gà,..
- specially liked nem nướng - my younger sister - Vũ Thành An restaurant.
- nem nướng - speciality: grilled meat - pork - vegetables - mango - specially-made sauce: sticky rice, shrimp, pig liver and peanuts
Opinion:
- fantastic - relaxing
- good price and services.
Future:
- summer vacation - take a rest and eat delicious foods

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The diagram shows Lakeside development between years 2000 and 2009.

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The given maps describe the differences in the layout of Lakeside from 2000 to 2009.

Generally, looking at the map, the most noticeable difference in the layout is that there are more facilities and fewer residential areas. During 9 years, the industrial complex area became isolated.

Sentence transformation:

a. The residential area + at the southern extreme of Lakeside + an industrial complex

- In 2009, in the Northwest of Lakeside was the residential area where was the same place which was unchanged, compared to that 9 years ago.

- The residential area was at the southern extreme of Lakeside and an industrial complex in 2000. However, after 9 years, they were it was knocked down to construct a larger industrial complex.
- In 2000, at the southern extreme of Lakeside was the residential area and an industrial complex which were was demolished to make way for a larger industrial complex after 9 years.
- The residential area and an industrial complex were which was built at the southern extreme of Lakeside replacing was replaced by a larger industrial complex in 2009.

b. The lake + in the north-eastern side + a pond
- The lake in the north-eastern side of Lakeside replacing was reduced in size to become a pond in 2009
- In 2009, there was the replacement of a pond which have had been the lake in the north-east 9 years ago.
- In 2000. the lake which was located in the north-eastern side was replaced by a pond after 9 years.

c. The art center + in the west + a cinema
-  In 2000, in the west of Lakeside was the art center which was demolished to make way for a cinema after 9 years.
- The art center which was built in the west of Lakeside replacing was replaced by a cinema in 2009.
- In 2009, there was a cinema constructed in the west of Lakeside where the art center had been situated before.

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The diagrams below show the present building of a college and the plan for changes to the college site in the future.

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The maps illustrate the differences in the layout of the college's building from the present to a the plan in 2030.

Overall, looking at the maps, the most remarkable difference in the layout is that the building will be construsted made larger with more facilities in the the future. Especially, the footpath and the garden will be removed.

For the area around surrounding the building, the footpath and the garden which are in the north of the present college, that will be removed to make room for the car park and the building are bigger than in the future. In 2030, in the southern of the plan college is are the bus stop and the road, which is will be unchanged, compared with the present college.

For the area inside the building, there is the lunch area in the northwest of the present building, which will be replaced by a larger place, including a shop and a lunch area in 2030. A classroom next to a lunch area in the present building, which will be unchanged in the future. However, a classroom in the southwest of the present building, which will be knocked down to construct a library. A toilet is built in the north of the building which will be moved to the south area of the building in the plan 2030.  In At the present, in the northeast of the building is 1 classroom, which will be increased to 2 classrooms in 2030 the reception and the library in the east of the building. After 7 years, the reception will be moved to the center of the building to build 2 more classrooms and the library will be exchanged its place with the classroom in the southwest. The receptionist is in the east of the present building, which will be move to the center area of the building in 2030. In the southeast corner of the present building is a library, which will be demolished to make way for 2 classrooms in 2030.

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1. signs and gestures
2. cave painting
3. camel message
4. messenger pigeon
5. service postcard
6. electric telephone
7. internet and the World Wide Web
8. AI

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Baby talk

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- Type of graph: Pie charts
- Topic: Food additives in 4 meals of Americans
- Unit: percent
- Categories:
+ 4 meals
+ 3 types of Food additives
- Features:
+ The most: Sodium and Saturated fat in Dinner, Sugar in snacks.
+ The least: Sodium, Sugar and Saturated fat in breakfast -> the healthiest meal
+ Sodium:
- Highest: Dinner - 43%
- Lowest: Snacks = Breakfst - 14%
- Lunch - 29%
+ Sugar:
- Highest: Snacks - 42%
- Lowest:  Breakfast - 16%
-  Dinner: 23% - Lunch: 19%
+ Saturated fat
- Highest: Dinner - 37%
- Lowest: Breakfast - 16%
- Lunch: 26% - Snacks: 21%

The pie charts provide information about the percentage of 3 types of food additives in 4 meals in American.

Overallview, while the propotion proportions of Sodium and Saturated fat in a dinner are has the highest rate, that of in a breakfast is has the lowest rate. Noticeably, the percentage of added sugar in a snacks is the highest. In contrast, Added sugar rate in breakfast is has the lowest feagures figure.

Overall, breakfast is the healthiest meal since it has the lowest percentages of 3 food additives. However, dinner has the largest proportions of sodium and saturated fat and there is a majority of added sugar in snacks.

The percentages of Sodium in dinner is the highest, which and reached at accounts for 43%. Meanwhile, The breakfast and the Snacks have the lowest percentages, and which is the same rate, at 14%. In the lunch,  there is 29% that is the second highest rates of nearly one-third of this meal is Sodium.

The dDinner has the highest percentages of Saturated fat, with 37%.  However, in the breakfast, 16% is the rates of the proportion of Saturated fat is nearly half of that in dinner, and which is occupied occupies the lowest. The rates percentages of Saturated fat in Snacks and Lunch are relatively equal nearby, at 26% and 21%, respectively.

For tThe percentages of Added sugar in Snacks is the highest, reachs at 42%. In contrast constrast, the rates of that sugar in breakfast is has the lowest proportion, stands at 16%. In addition, 19% and 23% are nearly equal percentages for the lunch and dinner, in the given order.

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- Type of graph: Table
- Topic: Consumer expenditure
- Year: 2002
- Unit: percent
- Categories:
+ 5 countries
+ 3 items
- Features:
+ The most: Food/Drinks/Tobacco
+ The least: Leisure/Education
+ Food/drinks/tobacco: highest: Turkey - 32.14%, lowest: Sweden - 15.77%
+ Food/drinks/tobacco: Italy = Sweden, Irenland = Spain + 10%
+ Clothing/footwear: highest: Italy - 9.0%, lowest: Sweden - 5.4%
+ Clothing/footwear: Ireland = Spain = Turkey
+ Leisure/education: highest: Turkey - 4.35%, lowest: Spain - 1.98%
+ Leisure/education: Ireland = Spain, Italy = Sweden.

Intro & Overview:
The table illustrates the proportion of consumer spending on food/drinks/tobacco, clothing/footwear and leisure/education in Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Turkey (= in some European countries) in 2002.
Overall, it is noticeable that while the percentage of money spent on food/drinks/tobacco in 5 countries was the highest, that on Leisure/Education was the lowest.

Body:
1/ The expense of food/drinks/tobacco in Turkey was the highest, at 32.14%
-> The money spent on food/drinks/tobacco in Turkey was the highest, at 32.14%
-> The Turkish spent the most on food/drinks/tobacco, at 32.14%.
-> 32.14% was the highest expenditure that the Turkish spent on food/drinks/tobacco.

2/ The expense of leisure/education in Ireland was moderately higher than that in Spain which was 1.98%
-> The expense of leisure/education in Ireland was nearly 0.23% higher than that in Spain
-> The figure for expenditure on leisure/education in Ireland was higher than that in Spain.

3/ The expenditures on clothing/footwear in Ireland, Spain and Turkey were relatively equal, at 6.43%, 6.51% and 6.63%, correspondingly.
-> The expenditure on clothing/footwear in Ireland, Spain and Turkey nearly the same, at  6.43%, 6.51% and 6.63%, respectively.
->  6.43%, 6.51% and 6.63% were nearly equal figures for clothing/footwear in Ireland, Spain and Turkey, in the given order.

4/ Half of the money was spent on food/drinks/tobacco in Italy, compared to that in Turkey
-> In Italy, half of the money was spent on food/drinks/tobacco, in comparison to that in Turkey, which was 16.36%.
-> The Turkish spent on food/drinks/tobacco twice as much as people in Italy did, which was 32.14%.
-> The money spent on food/drinks/tobacco in Turkey double that in Italy, which was 32.14%.
-> The money spent on food/drinks/tobacco in Turkey was double, compared to that in Italy which was 16.36%.

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- link electronic documents
- change personal social networks and political campaigning
- transform science
- publish journals online.
- links one paper to another.
- recruit thousands of amateurs.
- help astronomers understand galaxies.
- examine scanned images => track the changes.
- used as an experimental laboratory.
- observe the size of human social netwwork.
- look at Twitter.
- cary out research.

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Compare traditional media and new media
Traditional media: newspaper, magazine, TV,...

Ad:

cheap fee - have reliability => prints

easy to reach audiences => TV

Disad:

pay a high fee to put ads => on TV

many ads which are replayed many times on TV => anger and annoyance for viewers

New media:

Ad:

an extremely large number of users on Social Media

convenient and quick to get the news

Disad:

many unofficial pieces of information

many virtual accounts which may cause false data in the advertising industry.

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Describe a website on the Internet that you use regularly.
You should say:
- what sort of website it is
- what you use it for
- what you like and dislike about it
- and explain why you use it regularly

Intro:
- Youtube.
- Popular and user-friendly.
Past:

- Watching and Listening.

- Entertainment

Des:

- Past - not too many ads and users
- Easy to use and watch high-quality video.

- Now - a lot of Youtubers who earn money from Youtube

- Many interesting programs like: English lessons, Cooking programs, comedy channels, channels for kids.

- Having many quality improvements and a mobile app.

Opi:

- Reducing some toxic problems

- Controlling some types of unhealthy topics which are not suitable for children, teenagers and the public.

Future:

- continue to use my favorite Social Media - study and improve my  English skills.

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Describe the first time you used a foreign language to communicate.
You should say:
– what the situation was
– where you were
– who you communicated with
– explain why you used a foreign language to communicate on this occasion.

Intro:
- 18 years old - bookstore at dictrist 1, HCMC.

Past:
-  walking on a street
- met foreigner woman

Des:
- asked about how to go to Lê Thánh Tôn  street.

- famous Vietnamese local restaurants

- English language.

-
Opi:
- simple vocabularys - body language

- friendly - embarrassed
Future:
- Try speak English better

- Studying more words.

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Pros - Cons of pesticides

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Do we really need pesticides? - Fernan Pérez-Gálvez

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The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995-2002.

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1. The number of minutes of telephone calls
2. From 1995 to 2002 -> Dynamic graph: past simple
3. Having 1 unit: billion minutes
4. Having 3 categories.
5. Trends:
+ Local-fixed line: remained stable
+ National - International: gradually increased
+ Mobiles: sharply increased
6.
- The highest number of minutes: Local-fixed line
- The lowest number of minutes: Mobiles.

The bar chart illustrates the number of minutes of local - fixed line, national and international - fixed line and mobiles in the UK between 1995 and 2002.

Generally, it is clear that while the number of minutes of National and International -fixed line and Mobiles showed upward trends over the period time, the figure for local-fixed line remained stable after 7 years.

In 1995, the call volume spent on local landlines was the highest, at about 72 billion, which was twice as much as that spent on National and international fixed line. Meanwhile, nearly 3 billion minutes was spent on mobile phones, which was the lowest figure. After 4 years, the figure for local calls which gained the most popularity reached a peak of 90 billion. In addition, there were slight increases in both national and international calls as well as those by mobiles, to 50 billion and 14 billion, respectively.

In the next 3 years, local calls experienced a downward trend, by roughly 20 billion. However, this type was still the highest call. During the period, the amount of time which Britons spent making national and international landline phone calls moderately rose, by 10 billion. Despite the least common call, the figure for mobiles which sharply increased to 45 billion. (Significantly, the gap between this type and the others was narrowed down at the end of the period.)

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Advantages:
- Invent modern transport to easily travel to many places around the world.
- Search information fast and clearly.
- Improve a lot of humans' needs and prolong humans' life

- Develop economy, healthcare and education.
Disadvantages:
- Modern technology makes people more passive and lazier than before.
- Destroy the natural environment and exploit exhaustively natural resources -> Rare animals and plants facing extinction.

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Describe an invention you cannot live without.
You should say:
- what it is
- how it works
- what you use it for
- and why you can’t live without it

1/ Intro: Today, I'm going to talk about ...
- Smart phone
- invented by Martin Cooper.

2/ Past: In the past, ...
- only make a call and press on the keyboard to text messages.

3/ Des: Let me tell you more about ...
- multi-functions + a wide variety of apps: playing games, watching videos, surfing the web, taking pictures, listening to music, reading news
- operate: touch a virtual home button -> get access to the home page -> do everything with a touch + use Siri on IPhone to command it.
- Personally, I usually use it to: chat with friends and family, look up new vocabulary and search for information

4/ Opi: Anyway, I feel ...
- convenient -> portable
- become an essential thing in my daily life

5/ Future: In the future, ...
- many new smartphones will be born with better functions and technologies.

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Chart 1: line - dynamic
Main features:

-        Tense: present simple

-        Information: average temperatures every month

-        Highest: Jul - NY, Lon; Jan - Syd

-        Lowest: Jan & Dec - NY, Lon; Jul: Syd
Trends:
Chart 2: table - static
Main features:

-        Tense: present simple

-        Information: the number of sunny hours

-        Highest: New York ~ Sydney

-        Lowest: London

Trends:

The line chart gives information about the average temperature in every month and the table illustrates the sum of sunny hours in London, New York and Sydney.

Generally, while the average temperature in July is the highest in both London and New York, the lowest temperature in the two cities is in January and December.
In contrast, Sydney experiences the opposite trends.  Furthermore, while the number of sunny hours of London is the lowest, that of New York is the highest.

According to the average temperature, while Sydney is the hottest, with over 25*C, New York and Londonn are the coldest in January, standing at 5*C and nearly 10*C, respectively. After 6 months, the average temperature of both London and New York witness sharp upward trends and reach a peak of 25*C and 30*C, correspondingly. However, that of Sydney undergoes a downward trend and hits the lowest point of 15*C. In December, both London and New York experience sharp falls in the average temperature, which is at 10*C and 5*C, respectively.  Meanwhile, Sydney experiences an opposite trend and which has the hottest temperature, at over 25*C.

With regard to the sunny hours, while the number of sunny hours in New York is the highest, at 2535 hours, that of London is lowest, at 1158. Noticeably, the number of sunny hours in Sydney is nearly the same as that in New York, at 2473 hours.

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Chart 1: bar - static
Main features:

-        Tense: past simple

-        Information: the amount of money spent on fast food weekly

-        Highest: high & average income: hamburger; low income: fish & chips

-        Lowest: high income: fish & chips; average & low income: pizza

Chart 2: line - dynamic
Main features:

-        Tense: past simple

-        Information: the quantity of fast food

-        Highest: 1970 - pizza; 1990 - fish & chips

-        Lowest: 1970 - hamburger; 1990 - pizza

Trends:
- hamburger - fish & chips: increased
- pizza: decreased

The bar chart provides information on how much the money for a every week which the British have to pay weekly on for quick snacks fast foods such as ... and the line chart illustrates the number of grams of figures for consumption of those foods consumptive British in three dishes including Hamburger, Fish and Chips and Pizza time?.

Generally, while the trend of consumed of Hamburger and Fish&Chips of British which were moderate increase, that of Pizza was a downward trend. In addition, the number of high income people and average imcome people who spend on money for Hamburger were the highest, whereas the number of low imcome people spending on money for Fish and Chips was the highest.

Based on the income group table, it is easy to see that the high and middle income groups spend the most money on Hamburger at more than 40 pence and 30 pence per week, respectively. The low income group the highest cost for Fish and Chips is more than 15 pence per week. In addition, while the highest income spent the least on Fish and Chips at more than 15 pence/week, the lower and middle income spent the lowest on Pizza at 6 and 11 pence/week, respectively.

Based on the data in the line graph showing the trend of fast food, in 1970, while Pizza had the highest food consumption at around 300g/person, Hamburger and Fish and Chips both had consumption food was less than 100g/person. From 1970 to 1980, the food consumption of Hamburger and Fish and Chips tended to increase gradually by 90g and 150g, respectively. In contrast, the consumption of Pizza tends to decrease sharply to about 200g. However, during this period time, Pizza still had the highest consumption when compared to the other two food groups. In the next 10 years, the trend of Fish and Chips and Hamburger had a sharp increase to 500gr and 290gr, respectively, in 1990, and Fish and Chips had the highest food consumption. During the same period, Pizza's food consumption was the lowest and remained unchanged at around 200g.

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The chart shows the percentage of tourists to Scotland who visited four different types of attractions from 1980 to 2010.

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The line graph provides information on the percentage of visitors to Scotland for 4 different places of interest including zoo, castle, aquarium and festival between 1980 and 2010.

Generally, it is clear that while the percentages of visitors to Zoo and Castle in Scotland showed upward trends over the period, the figures for Festival and Aquarium experienced an opposite trends after 25 years.

In 1980, the proportion of visitors to Scotland for festival was the highest, at about 30%, which was three times as much as that of visitors to the zoo. Meanwhile, 20% and 25% were the percentages of Aquarium and Castle, respectively. After 5 years,  the figure for visitors to Aquarium which gained the most popularity reached a peak of 35%. In addition, there were gradual increases in both the percenatges percentages of visitors to the castle as well as those to the zoo, to 25% and 15%, respectively.

From 1985 to 1995, the proportion of visitors to Aquarium experienced a dramatic downward trend, by roughly over 10%. In constrast, the percentages of visitors to castle which was a sharply rose and reached a peak of 45%. Between 1995 and 2010, both the percentages of visitor to Castle and Aquarium which moderately decreased to 10% and 35%, respectively. However, w While the that figure for Castle was still the highest choice, that of Aquarium was the lowest choice. In addition, the percentages of visitors to the zoo  which rose rapidly to nearly 25% in 2010.

Noticeably, the proportion of visitors to fesitval festival in Scotland was still underwent a gradual decrease from 30% in 1980 to nearly 20% in 2010.

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Environmental problems - Solutions:
- air pollution (smoke, micro-dust, carbon dioxide...)
=> plant trees
=> reduce using petrol cars.

- soil/land pollution (chemicals: pesticides, fertilizers...)
=> limit the use of fertilisers and pesticides for plants.
=> use organic fertilisers/ manure/ compost

water pollution (sewage, waste water, litter)
=> set a rule for industrial companies and residential areas.
=> treat waste water before emitting it into the environment

=> The most serious is water pollution because it causes air pollution and soil pollution. First, when contaminated water evaporates, it may bring along some pollutants into the atmosphere. Second, when it rains, the water with pollutants will be absorbed into the soil, which causes contamination. In addition, it may threaten lives of other creatures living in water. For example, sewage disposal including chemicals, heavy metals and bacteria from industrial areas into rivers and seas causes the death of fish, turtles and coral reefs.

1/ Troubles of trees:

2/ World eco-tourism:

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Describe an environmental problem in your hometown. You should say:

-        what type of problem it is

-        why it had happened

-        how it affected the environment

-        and how the problem can be controlled

Intro:

- water pollution => in some rivers and seas

Past:

- In the past => rivers and seas: clean and had a lot of creatures such as coral reefs, a variety of fish, turtles and so on
- In addition, the water was so crystal-clear that people could enjoy swimming in the hot summer.

Des: However, nowadays, there are many factors that cause water pollution
1/ There have been some factories and industrial areas built in VT, which leads to sewage and contaminants (= pollutants) including chemicals and heavy metals (which are) dumped into the water.
2/ Tourists litter too much on the beaches.

3/ Oil spills due to the leak of oil pipes at the sea have seriously affected the ecosystems, which sadly causes the death of many marine creatures.

4/ Local people throw away non-biodegradable trash into the rivers, which makes the water hard to flow through and become smelly.

Opi: To solve the problems,

- set a rule for industrial companies and residential areas about treating wastewater before releasing it into the environment
- raise people's awareness about water protection via social media and by constructing more rubbish bins

Future:

- by implementing these measures, the water will become cleaner
- the government will have more solutions to water pollution

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What things attract tourists to a place?
In my opinion, there are many reasons why tourists visit a place. The first reason is that people generally like to visit some well-known tourist attractions. This is because they feel safe there and there are many activities to do. Secondly, people choose places where there are delicious dishes because they want to experience a wide variety of exotic foods. For example, Da Nang has beautiful places such as Ba Na Hills, Hoi An Ancient Town and delicious food like banh mi, cao lau and so on. So, many tourists come to a place because of famous places of interest and tasty food.

1/ How do places change when too many tourists visit them?
In my opinion, a famous place which many tourists come to visit, there will be both good points and problems. For advantages, many tourists will bring incomes for to local people and develop economic economy and travelling there. For example, Da Nang's economy has developed strongly rapidly about economic and has had a reputation from for professional relaxing services with reasonable prices and good special promotions of local cuisine for both foreign and indigenous tourists. However, about disadvantages, there are too many visitors, leading to some peak times such as holidays. Therefore, the overcrowding of tourists will push the ticket price higher. In addition, the state of the natural environment is also adversely affected. For example, Vung Tau beach after the holidays has a lot of garbage left by tourists on the beach.

2/ Do you think that air travel should be banned for environmental reasons? Why (not)?

3/ Do you think it is the responsibility of individuals or governments to protect the environment?

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Week 6_Writing: Causes - Effects: Environment-Tourism

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Week 6_Writing: Causes - Effects: Environment-Tourism

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Today, environmental pollution is extremely serious. The number of people suffering from diseases related to environmental pollution problems is increasing.
Causes and effects?

Environmental pollution is considered one of the biggest issues faced by society, and it is increasing every day, affecting humans and other living organisms. Human actions have a negative impact on the environment as they pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the soil we use to grow plants.

Firstly, air pollution is caused by solid particles and gases present in the atmosphere. Pollutants such as carbon monoxide from coal, dry grass, dry-farm waste, and leaves utilized as domestic fuels in villages also generate harmful gases in the atmosphere are cause air pollution. Some additional sources of air pollution are burning of garbage, decayed plants and animals, industrial air pollution and radioactive elements. As a result, the major effects of environmental pollution of the air are that it increases the risk of heart disease in humans and causes diseases of the lungs and respiratory systems. It can also lead to asthma and bronchitis and the environment as it increases greenhouse gases, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer. Therefore, people should have some control measures. For instance, households and industries should operate with better-design equipment and smokeless fuels to lessen air pollution. In addition, afforestation or planting more trees should be encouraged to maintain a balance in the ecosystem and manage the effect caused by the rising greenhouse gases. Especially, the government also took initiatives to control air pollution.

Secondly, water pollution is caused when toxic materials, including chemical contaminants, discharges of untreated waste, and sewage, are thrown into rivers, lakes, and oceans. The sources of water pollution include farming methodologies with excess fertilizers and pesticides that also degrade the water bodies. Additionally, pollution of water has the following main causes are agricultural pollutants are dumped into the water bodies, disposal of radioactive substances into seawater, industrial effluents enter oceans, offshore oil rigs and sewage is disposed of into the sea by rivers. The effect of water pollution is that it can cause Minamata disease in humans and dropsy disease in fishes when the amount of mercury increases in water. Seriously, the environmental pollution of water can destroy aquatic life and even cause diseases like typhoid and Jaundice when consumed by humans. Therefore, the wastewater recycling project should be exercised, and a recycling center should be built to reduce water pollution.

Finally, land pollution is the destruction of land as a result of human activities and the misuse of land resources. This occurs when humans apply chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides to the soil, dispose of waste improperly, and irresponsibly exploit minerals through wasteful mining. Soil is also polluted through leaking underground septic tanks, sewage systems, and the leaching of harmful substances from landfills. Rain and flooding can bring pollutants from other already polluted lands to the soil in other locations. Land pollution results in water pollution. As contaminants leach from the soil into the water table and surrounding waterways, the water becomes unsafe to drink. Humans live on the land, so we get exposed to contaminants in the soil as they blow in the wind, land on us in the rain, or end up in our drinking water. Soil pollutants can affect various organs, such as the lungs, skin, gut, liver and kidneys. These pollutants can also affect various skin rashes and diseases, respiratory problems, and even different kinds of cancers. Evidence suggests that the health impacts of soil pollution disproportionally affect poorer households. For example, poorer households have higher chances of living close to industrial sites and being exposed to contaminated soils. To control the environmental pollution of soil, people must stop plastic usage. The use of plastic should be reduced to prevent soil pollution, and sewage should be appropriately treated before its utilization as fertilizer on cultivated grounds.

Conclusion, pollution needs to be dramatically reduced because it is destroying the environment people live in. Protecting the environment is a long and daunting task, requiring continuous planning, governmental policies, public and industrial participation. Because everyone is entitled to clean air to breathe, water to drink, and public lands to enjoy.

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Types of advertising methods
1/ Traditional advertising:

1. Broadcast (via commercials on radio, television)

2. Handouts (printed, brochure, ..)

3. Billboards and signage.

4. Print ads (newspapers, magazines, etc)
5. Event marketing ( Tiger beer on Nguyen Hue Walking street)
6. Direct email.

2/ Digital advertising:

1. Display advertising
2. Paid search advertising (pay-per-click)
3. Video advertising ( on Youtube)

4. Social media advertising (KOL, KOC on Facebook, Instagram)
5. Native advertising (sponsored content).

3/ Differences

Traditional
- Reaches a wider audience.
- Reach new audiences.
- Tangibility.
Digital
- Tagetable
- Immediate reusults
- Easy to measure

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Week 7_Writing: Advantages - Disadvantages

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Week 7_Writing: Advantages - Disadvantages

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Advertisements are becoming more and more common in everyday life. Is this a positive or negative development?

Analysis
Topic: Media and Advertising
Subject: Advertisements
Scale: more and more common

Advantages/Positive development:
- Businesses: advertising will give them a competitive edge in brand awareness => increase revenue and profits

- Advertising agencies: more job opportunities.
- Consumers: they will benefit from having a variety of choices of products they wish to buy => lower/more affordable prices and high-quality products
Disadvantages/ Negative development:
- Customers: can feel overwhelmed by the colossal number of advertisements => have difficulty making a decision in choosing suitable products

- Customers can easily be scammed by unprincipled/ unethical advertising companies about information and product quality

- Businesses: excessive advertising can be a financial burden to businesses' operating systems => an increase in advertising costs

Advertisements have become an indispensable part of the modern world. However, no one can deny that advertisement has both negative and positive impact on our lives.

On the one hand, advertising has many advantages for both businesses and customers. First, it will help businesses to boost their sales. This is mainly because when consumers are informed of the information about a certain product, they may be interested and decide to make a purchase of that product. For instance, Pepsi and Coca-Cola, which are two leading soft drink brands, always have impressive advertising campaigns. Second, for customers, it can be easier for them to make buying choices. When watching or reading advertisements on the internet or in magazines, customers will be aware of new products which they may need. Therefore, they can compare with other similar products and choose the one with the best quality.

On the other hand, the abundance of advertisements can leave several repercussions for both businesses and customers. To begin with, customer may be bombarded with too much information when they see too many advertisements on social media or TV. These pieces of information can be inaccurate about the products. As a result, customers might buy products that are not necessary or not as satisfactory as shown in the adverts. As for businesses, using too many advertisements can cause a waste of money. Instead, they can use that amount of money to invest in product research and development.

In conclusion, althoughadvertising is important for both businesses and their customers, it can alsohave adverse impacts.

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Week 6_ Writing: Problems - Solutions: Environment-Tourism

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Week 6_ Writing: Problems - Solutions: Environment-Tourism

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As a result of tourism and the increasing number of people travelling, there is a growing demand for more flights.
What problems does it have on the environment? What measures could be taken to solve the problem?

It is true that the number of flights is rising because tourism industry develops and the quantity of travellers has an upward trend. This essay will consider the problems caused by the development of tourism industry and the rising number of travellers, along with some solutions.

It is possibly said that the rising number of flights may cause some main problems. The main issue is there is an increase in the amount of greenhouse gas emission. This is because the engines consume a great deal of fuel for each fight, especially international ones. One significant illustration is that if the shortest distance between Seoul and Los Angeles by a Boeing 747 is 9,585 kilometers, it might burn over 115,000 liters. One possible solution would be to encourage the use of fuel-efficient planes. By applying this approach, more energy can be saved from each flight for the next one. Therefore, the total amount of carbon footprint released within a day will considerably decline. Take the Airbus A350, one of the most fuel-efficient planes in the world, thanks to its lightweight carbon fiber construction and advanced engines as an example. It has a range of nearly 14,816 kilometers and can fly for up to 17 hours without needing to refuel.

The second problem is noise pollution which is an invisible danger. This is because it cannot be seen, but it can be everywhere and in the long term, it can cause some health problems for people such as high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep disturbances, and stress. In addition, noise pollution may also negatively impact the well-being of wildlife. For example, noise pollution distracts animals from navigating, finding food, attracting mates, and avoiding predators. Therefore, the government should take measures to manage and reduce noise pollution in certain parts of the countryside, natural forests, cities and schools by establishing regulations that separate residential and natural zones from sources of noise in airports. For example, Noi Bai Airport was built about 28km far away from the city center, which lessens noise pollution for people living in Ha Noi.

In conclusion, an increasing number of flights can lead to a rise in the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and health problems for people and wildlife, but fuel-efficient planes and the government's regulations can help overcome the problems.

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Week 7_Speaking: Shopping - Advertising (p3)

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Week 7_Speaking: Shopping - Advertising (p3)

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1. What are the differences between shopping online and in-store?
2. What do you think customers should do when there are problems with products bought online?
3. How effective is advertising as a way of persuading people to buy things?

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Describe a problem you had while (during) shopping online or in a store.
You should say:
When it happened
What you bought
What problem you had
And explain how you felt about the experience

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1/ Stages of a friendship:
- get to know = acquainetance,n người quen
- have a lot in common/ make friends with.
- make friends with: kết bạn
- fall out with = argument,v tranh cãi
- lose touch with: mất liên lạc
- get on well with = get along well with: làm lành
- keep in touch with: giữ liên lạc
- work at a relationship: củng cố mối quan hệ
2/ Stages of a romantic relationship:
- love at first sight
- fall in love with
- have ups and downs: những giai đoạn thăng trầm
- have an affair with: có mối quan hệ ngoài luồng
- break up with: chia tay
- make a commitment: cam kết
- pop the question: cầu hôn
- accept one's proposal: đồng ý lời cầu hôn
- tie the knot: ràng buộc trong hôn nhân (cưới), kết hôn.
- settle down: ổn định cuộc sống (lập gia đình)

Describe a friend that you like to spend time with.
You should say:
- who this person is
- how do you know this person
- what you like to do with this person
And explain why you like/ prefer to spend time with this person.

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1/ Which one is more important, old friendship or new ones?

2/ Do you think the development of social media affects friendships nowadays?

3/ Is it important to keep in contact with our friends when we’re in a relationship?

4/ How does a person’s childhood influence what kind of adult they become?

5/ When does a child become an adult in your view?

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Some people think it's better to choose friends who always have the same opinions as them. Other people believe it's good to have friends who sometimes disagree with them.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Analysis
Topic: Relationships
Subject: Choosing friends
Scale: always have the same opinions - sometimes disagree

Different opinions:
On the other way, the similarities and same viewpoints do not mean they are right all the time. Sometimes, it can be wrong and cause them trouble.

=> For instance, you're doing the science project with all classmates who think similarly as you, if this group runs into wrong ways, then not bouncing back into the right track on time is so simple. Due to this reason, I sometimes prefer someone who often thinks differently to be my friends. In my terms, they don't need to have any similarly thought as me because I think it is significant to have these people to consult with when I am struggling. Sometimes their ideas could work and I am ready to choose their side if it's the best choice.

It is said that people should make friends who have similar thoughts or things in common. On the other hand, according to some people, friendships should be built based on different mindsets. In this essay, I will discuss both views and give my own opinion.

On the one hand, it is better to choose friends who always share the same thoughts. Firstly, like-minded friends will easily and quickly make decisions. The reason for this is that they have many things in common so they can easily understand each other. For instance, some people have the same food taste, such as tacos and burritos. Therefore, they often eat out at their favourite Mexican restaurant. Secondly, they will motivate and support each other toward their ambitions because they would have the same ideas, goals and targets. For example, a candidate who is willing to learn science in higher education will encourage their other classmates who have interest in the same field.

On the other hand, it is good to have friends who sometimes disagree with our opinions. To begin with, there are many different perspectives that assist people to come up with the best solution. For example, there is a group of students trying to solve a quiz with their own solutions in a Math class. However, the group will review and decide on the shortest and most correct answer. In addition, if there are different opinions, everyone can learn and gain more knowledge to become a better version of themselves. For example, when scientists publish an article in a scientific journal, they will receive comments or feedback that may contradict their argument. Meanwhile, they can learn a large amount of knowledge from the feedback and attempt to reinforce their argument in the next article.

In conclusion, while friends should have the same ideas, it is thought that they also have to express their own different points of view. In my opinion, it is important to strike a balance between having friends with similar opinions and those who challenge us, as both can contribute to our personal growth and well-being. However, the most important factor in choosing friends should be whether they treat us with respect and kindness, regardless of whether we agree or disagree on certain issues.

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In some countries, marriages are arranged by the parents but in other cases, people choose their own marriage partner.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Marriages in many countries are a complicated issue triggering public controversy at any given moment in history. While most people believe that marriages which are arranged by the parents are completely wrong. I think that it is not completely wrong and even it can be right in certain circumstances. This essay will present my own position in

such a phenomenon.

To begin with, countries rich in traditional values and with deep rooted customs, beliefs that alliance will be successful and prosperous if it is arranged by family members. Nuptials is not between two people, on the contrary, its between families. The best example of such country is India, where the groom and bride are chosen according to the same caste, religion. Therefore, parents usually want the best for their children. In other words, relatives choosing a partner who can provide necessary needs, such as social status, money, and a house. Furthermore, arranged marriage could be a misalliance, when the social status of one of the partners is lower than that of the other. Hence, such a merger is a crucial phenomenon, which has both positive and negative sides. Despite the negative side, this type of wedding has quite positive consequences for both the newlyweds and their families.

On the other hand, western countries have culture of choosing their partner on their own based on personal liking, interests and above all love. Furthermore, in these countries people are comparatively independent and have less relative involvement. These marriages precisely have problems and consequences. According to research done by Harvard University on different wedding cultures in proving that these weddings are short lived and evidently has high divorce rates are higher in western countries as compared to countries with traditions due to various reasons such as change in preferences and priorities. As a matter of fact, such a scenario such scenario occurred in the life of my neighbour.

To summarize, marriages not onion only union of two souls, but also a union of families. Albeit, the choices are changing and mind set is evolving due to globalisation, but it is still vital to stay rooted to their base.