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Importance of on-going scientific research and advances in science. NOS1.

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Importance of on-going scientific research and advances in science. NOS1.

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Every hour someone in Ireland suffers from a stroke.
Every day, hundreds of Irish people are diagnosed with heart disease. - Irish Heart Foundation

The following collection consists of presentations, lesson activities, animations and video clips to help students learn about the heart. Resources tie into the Junior Cycle Science Biological Science strand, learning outcome 4.

Science on Screen trailer for the documentary 'A Tiny Spark'.
This documentary is about groundbreaking research being done by neuroscientist Dr. Karen Doyle at CÚRAM, the SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices at NUI Galway.

For the first time ever they are analysing thousands of stroke-causing blood clots collected from patients around the world. These little bundles of cells could carry a wealth of information, which could point to big improvement to people's lives.

You might also like CÚRAM's lesson pack on the effects of exercise on the heart and blood vessels.

https://www.scoilnet.ieuploads/resources/29110/28846.pptx Contributor: Aoife McDonnell Resource type:

PowerPoint presentation with lesson activities on the structure and function of the heart, measuring your heart rate and the modern diagnostic techniques used by doctors in detecting heart conditions. By the end of this double class lesson, students should be able to describe the structure and function of the heart, explain the role of the heart and blood vessels in the circulatory system and appreciate the role of science in society.

View full description

How it maps to the curriculum

Strand: 5. Biological Science

Strand unit: 4. Human Organs & Systems

Suggestions for use: Use the presentation to guide the lesson through the lesson activities mentioned within.

Key Skills: Communicating Managing Information and Thinking Literacy Managing Myself

Content objective: This resource should enable a child to:

Human life processes

develop a simple understanding of the structure of some of the body's major internal and external organs

ABPI Animations

The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI) website provides teachers and students with high quality, free, curriculum related, interactive resources containing animations and diagrams.

Measuring your Heart Rate

The following videos demonstrate how and where students can locate their pulse and measure their heart rate.

To check your pulse at your wrist, place two fingers between the bone and the tendon over your radial artery - which is located on the thumb side of your wrist. When you feel your pulse, count the number of beats in 15 seconds. Multiply this number by four to calculate your beats per minute. Source: Mayo Clinic

The following three videos were created by the Irish Heart Foundation and they demonstrate very clearly how students and teachers can measure their heart rate.

How does Exercise Affect your Heart Rate?

The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world's most distinguished scientists drawn from all areas of science, engineering, and medicine. In these episodes, Professor Brian Cox studies how our heart rate responds to different situations and why it is important for us to understand these changes.

Science Technology in Action

Science Technology in Action supports the teaching and learning of science related subjects using industry led lessons. Each lesson can be used by all teachers in second level schools. Here are four STA lessons around the heart.

CPR 4 Schools

CPR 4 Schools is a programme for post primary schools supported by the Irish Heart Foundation and the Bank of Ireland. CPR 4 Schools gives students the confidence to perform hands-only CPR, use an AED and know what to do when someone is choking. The programme fits nicely into Wellbeing and there is also a Transition Year (TY) programme which can be used for the Young Social Innovators (YSI) or An Gasice programmes.
Restart a Heart Video | How to Get Involved

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The following collection consists of presentations, lesson activities, animations and video clips to help students learn about the heart. Resources tie into the Junior Cycle Science Biological Science strand, learning outcome 4. Science on Screen trailer for the documentary 'A Tiny Spark'.

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Worksheets to assess students' understanding.

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Worksheets to assess students' understanding.

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Blood Types Table and their various compatibilities. This table lends itself to the 'Blood Typing' experiment. NOS4.

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Blood Types Table and their various compatibilities. This table lends itself to the 'Blood Typing' experiment. NOS4.

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You may not think about your heart often, but here are some fascinating facts you don't want to miss.

Your heart does amazing things day in and day out. The main function of your heart is to keep oxygenated blood circulating throughout your body. In fact, you may be surprised by how hard it works to keep you alive.
Here are 10 things you may not know about this incredible organ:
#1

Your heart beats over 100,000 times per day.

#2

Your heart pumps about 1.5 gallons of blood every minute. Over the course of a day, that adds up to over 2,000 gallons.

#3

There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in your body. That's enough to go around the world twice.

#4

The average heartbeat of a woman is about 8 beats a minute faster than a man's heartbeat.

#5

An adult heart is about the size of 2 hands clasped together. A child's heart is about the size of a fist.

#6

Other than the cornea, every cell in the human body gets blood from the heart.

#7

The right side of your heart pumps blood into your lungs. The left side of your heart pumps blood back through your body.

#8

The most number of heart attacks occur each year on Christmas Day. The day after Christmas and New Year's Day are close behind.

#9

More heart attacks happen on a Monday than any other day of the week.

#10

Heart disease is the number 1 cause of death in the United States. That's why it's important to be good to your heart by following a heart-healthy lifestyle.

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10 Interesting Heart Facts You May Not Know

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Your heart does amazing things day in and day out. You may not think about your heart often, but here are some fascinating facts you don't want to miss.

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Checking your pulse experiment using Marshmallows and Toothpicks. Incorporates aspects of BW6 in relation to investigating factors that cause an increase to our heart rate. NOS3 and NOS4.

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Checking your pulse experiment using Marshmallows and Toothpicks. Incorporates aspects of BW6 in relation to investigating factors that cause an increase to our heart rate. NOS3 and NOS4.

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Simple Science - Marshmallow Pulse Meter

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Simple Diagram for students to draw on A4 sheets then stick/staple into their copies. In the next lesson give them sticky notes for them to practice their drawing and labeling of the heart.

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Simple Diagram for students to draw on A4 sheets then stick/staple into their copies. In the next lesson give them sticky notes for them to practice their drawing and labeling of the heart.

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Blood Typing Experiment. Hands-on experiment where students need to work together to investigate what blood types are compatible/ not compatible. NOS1, NOS2 and NOS3.

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Blood Typing Experiment. Hands-on experiment where students need to work together to investigate what blood types are compatible/ not compatible. NOS1, NOS2 and NOS3.

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While all blood contains the same components and looks pretty similar to the naked eye, human blood contains microscopic markers called antigens. And if incompatible blood is mixed, it can mean the difference between life and death. In this issue, learn about different blood types, as well as their accompanying compatibilities and incompatibilities.
Watch our video to see blood testing in action!

Featured Kit
Blood Test Kit

This single-use blood type test kit contains everything needed to perform a complete blood test at home for ABO and Rh factor. It's a quick and reliable way to identify your blood type.With this test kit, you'll get: a blood test card, sterile lancet, dropper, alcohol prep pad, mixing sticks, and illustrated instructions.

Human blood is made up of four main components: red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, carry oxygen through the body and make up a little more than 44% of our blood content. White blood cells, or leukocytes, which are part of the immune system, fight disease by attacking and devouring harmful cells. Platelets, or thrombocytes, initiate blood clotting by pinching together damaged arteries. White blood cells and platelets together make up less than 1% of our blood. Liquid plasma, which makes up 55% of our blood, carries nutrients to the rest of the body.

Blood group types (A, B, AB and O) were first discovered in 1900 by Austrian Karl Landsteiner who was trying to understand why blood transfusion recipients often died. Blood typing is based on the way red blood cells clump together or agglutinate. Agglutination is caused by the presence of Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies reacting with the A and B antigens in the red blood cells. The red blood cells in Type A blood contain A antigens that clump in the presence of Anti-A antibodies, but have no reaction in the presence of Anti-B antibodies. Alternatively, the red blood cells in Type B blood have B antigens that clump in the presence of Anti-B antibodies, but do not react in the presence of Anti-A antibodies. Type AB blood contains both A and B antigens and will agglutinate with both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. Conversely, Type O blood contains neither A nor B antigens and will not react with either Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies. This is why people with type O blood are called universal donors, while people with blood type AB are universal recipients.

Blood Rh factor is another important blood grouping system that was discovered in the late 1930s. It gets its name because it was first discovered in the blood of rhesus monkeys. Blood can be either Rh negative or positive and simply indicates either the presence or absence of a certain antigen in the blood. Reaction with the Anti-D antibody indicates a positive Rh factor. No reaction with the Anti-D antibody indicates a negative Rh factor.

If an expectant mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive, the unborn baby can inherit its father's Rh factor. If the Rh-negative mother's blood mixes with the Rh-positive baby's, the mother's body could develop antibodies against the baby's blood. To protect the unborn baby, often the mother will receive an injection to prevent this. More than 85% of people are Rh-positive.</p><p>In summary, there are four main red blood cell types: A, B, AB and O, and each of those can be positive or negative for the Rh factor. So in all, there are eight possible blood types: A+ or A-, B+ or B-, AB+ or AB-, and O+ or O-.

Blood Compatibility Project*

Use this project to illustrate blood type compatibility. If the color of the "blood" changes, it is incompatible. If the color of the "blood" stays the same, it is compatible.

What You Need:

16 cups filled with water (four for each blood type)

Red food coloring<

Blue food coloring

Pen or pencil and paper to record data

What You Do:

1. Fill 16 cups with water.

2. Put red food coloring in four cups. They'll represent Type A blood.

3. Put blue food coloring in four cups. These will represent Type B blood.

4. Put blue and red food coloring in four more cups to make a purplish color; this will represent Type AB blood.

5. Leave only water in the last four cups; this will represent blood Type O.

6. Pour one of the red "A" blood type cups into another one of the "A" blood type cups. Since the color did not change, blood Type A is compatible for blood transfusions with blood Type A. Once you've recorded that data, discard the cup.

7. Next, pour another red "A" into a blue type "B" cup. Since the color changed to purple, Type A blood and Type B blood are not compatible. Make a note of this as well.

8. Then pour a different "A" cup into the purple AB blood type.

9. Finally, red type A will pour the last cup into type O.

10. Repeat the steps with type B, AB, and O and record the results.

What Happened:

Blood Type A can only be given to Type A and AB patients. Blood Type B can only be given to Type B and AB patients. Blood Type AB individuals can receive blood from everyone, but can only donate to other AB blood type patients. Blood Type O individuals can only receive Type O blood, but they can donate blood to every other type.

*Project adapted from www.lessonplanspage.com

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While all blood contains the same components and looks pretty similar to the naked eye, human blood contains microscopic markers called antigens. And if incompatible blood is mixed, it can mean the difference between life and death. In this issue, learn about different blood types, as well as their accompanying compatibilities and incompatibilities.

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Conical Flask Quiz to do collaboratively as a class.

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Conical Flask Quiz to do collaboratively as a class.

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The Conical Flask - The Circulatory System

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Handout for after the Blood Typing experiment to compare the students' answers with those known to be true. Class discussion on why some of our answers may differ eg. human error, not washing pipettes when using various dyes, etc.

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Handout for after the Blood Typing experiment to compare the students' answers with those known to be true. Class discussion on why some of our answers may differ eg. human error, not washing pipettes when using various dyes, etc.

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Circulation Game. Students need to design the pathway in the game based on the pathway of blood in the human body. Students can play this game by moving their 'token' in accordance to how many pulses the heart beats.

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Circulation Game. Students need to design the pathway in the game based on the pathway of blood in the human body. Students can play this game by moving their 'token' in accordance to how many pulses the heart beats.

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How Your Heart Works? - The Dr. Binocs Show | Best Learning Videos For Kids | Peekaboo Kidz

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Pre-made classroom screen.Provides a good focus for the class and teacher. Has clearly laid out learning intentions and success criteria for students and has the lesson's target language clearly displayed for students to return to.

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Pre-made classroom screen.Provides a good focus for the class and teacher. Has clearly laid out learning intentions and success criteria for students and has the lesson's target language clearly displayed for students to return to.

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Conical Flask PowerPoint. Very good to further re-iterate topic to students.

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Conical Flask PowerPoint. Very good to further re-iterate topic to students.

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The Conical Flask - The Circulatory System

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 PowerPoint providing a brief introductory into the circulatory system. Briefly visits BW6 as well.

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 PowerPoint providing a brief introductory into the circulatory system. Briefly visits BW6 as well.

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BW6. A short insight into how our small everyday life choices become our lifestyle and how this ultimately shapes our life. Investigate the effects our lifestyle and day to day choices has on our health and well-being. 

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BW6. A short insight into how our small everyday life choices become our lifestyle and how this ultimately shapes our life. Investigate the effects our lifestyle and day to day choices has on our health and well-being. 

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Heart Beating- Visual aid so students can visualise and imagine what their heart looks like.

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Heart Beating- Visual aid so students can visualise and imagine what their heart looks like.

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Worksheet to assess students' understanding of topic.

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Worksheet to assess students' understanding of topic.

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Explaining the different types of blood. NOS2 and NOS4.

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Explaining the different types of blood. NOS2 and NOS4.

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Types Of BLOOD GROUPS | Why Are There Different Blood Groups? | Dr Binocs Show | Peekaboo Kidz

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In-depth review of blood flow in body and cardiovascular system.

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In-depth review of blood flow in body and cardiovascular system.

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Why do we only draw blood from veins not arteries? YouTube video to get students thinking, ask them to think about this questions before starting the video then engage in a class discussion to hear students' reasoning. NOS2.

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Why do we only draw blood from veins not arteries? YouTube video to get students thinking, ask them to think about this questions before starting the video then engage in a class discussion to hear students' reasoning. NOS2.

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Why Is Blood Drawn From Veins And Not From Arteries?

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This article provides an in-depth analysis of blood flow throughout the circulatory system.

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This article provides an in-depth analysis of blood flow throughout the circulatory system.

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Introduction

Blood flow through the body delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, cells, products of defense mechanisms for wound healing, and platelets. The heart pumps these products to the organs, while the vessels transport them to and from the organs. Arteries perfuse the organs and veins drain the organs of waste products. The lymphatic system helps in draining excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream. Two circulatory loops are most important to survival: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. The pulmonary circulation pumps blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. Blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen while passing through the lung and the newly oxygenated blood drains into the left atrium from the pulmonary veins. The other circulatory loop is the systemic circulation, which pumps blood from the left ventricle to the aorta to the rest of the body. It transports nutrients to the intestines and hormones to endocrine glands. Waste excretion then occurs via the kidneys, intestines, lungs, and skin. Blood returns to the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava.[1]

Structure and Function

There are four main types of vessels in the body and have a specific role in blood flow. Arteries are thick-walled vessels that perfuse organs. Capillaries connect arteries to veins and are the main sites of nutrient/waste exchange. Capillaries have the largest total cross-sectional and surface area. Veins are thin-walled blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart. Sinusoids are substitutes for capillaries in some organs such as the spleen, liver, red bone marrow, etc. and their primary function is to elicit an immune response to foreign antigens. Each vessel plays a specific role in blood flow and is regulated by several different factors that alter flow physiology.

Arterioles are branches of arteries that are innervated by autonomic nerve fibers. There are alpha-1-adrenergic receptors on arterioles of the skin, splanchnic and renal circulations, and beta-2-adrenergic receptors on skeletal muscle. Alpha1-adrenergic receptor activation results in vasoconstriction, and beta2-adrenergic receptor activation results in vasodilation.[2] Therefore, organs with predominant sympathetic innervation, velocity, and blood flow are subject to alteration by autonomic activation. Velocity (cm/sec) is blood flow (Q) over cross-sectional area. For example, blood flow is slow at the capillaries because of the high total cross-sectional area, which allows for proper nutrient exchange. Blood flow is pressure gradient over resistance or the difference between mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure over peripheral vascular resistance. Therefore, if alpha-1 receptors become stimulated (causing vasoconstriction), the peripheral vascular resistance increases, and blood flow decreases as well as velocity. In contrast, if beta-2 receptors become stimulated (causing vasodilation), vascular resistance decreases, and blood flow and velocity increase. Resistance is inversely proportional to the radius of the vessel, so decreased radius increases resistance, which decreases blood flow and velocity.

Embryology

When the embryo is no longer able to meet its respiratory, nutritional, and excretory needs, by simply spreading the nutrient fluids, it develops a system of vessels capable of distributing oxygen and nutrients to its tissues and transporting waste products.

Blood vessel formation begins with the development of blood islands or Wolff islets in the mesenchyme of the splanchnic mesoderm, before the yolk sac and later on the allantoid.

The blood vessels that develop in the wall of the yolk sac and the allantoid-chorion flow into an extra-embryonic network, which belongs to a pair of arteries and vitelline veins and a pair of allantoid arteries and veins which, through the umbilical cord, they penetrate the embryonic area.

Blood fluids are vital in the formation of the future child, as they generate valuable mechanotransductive information.

Blood Supply and Lymphatics

Blood flow can either be laminar or turbulent. Laminar flow is linear flow, mainly found in the middle of the vessel. Turbulent flow is any disruption in the laminar flow. Reynold's number predicts the chances of flow being turbulent. The higher the number, the increased likelihood of being turbulent and vice versa. Reynold's number is proportional to density, velocity, and diameter and inversely proportional to viscosity.[3] For example, high blood pressure causes increased velocity, which increases Reynold's Number and increases the chances of turbulent flow. Anemia indicates low blood viscosity, which will also increase Reynold's Number. Therefore, turbulence (which is identifiable on the physical exam via auscultation) could represent an underlying pathology. Shear forces can be a consequence of turbulent flow because velocity on the wall should be near zero. Disruption at the wall can damage the vessels and lead to atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and emboli.

Many organs, such as the heart, brain, and kidney, rely on autoregulatory mechanisms, or local control of blood flow, that affect perfusion. Other organs rely mostly on sympathetic stimulation or extrinsic control of blood flow. The coronary arteries are locally regulated by hypoxia and adenosine, which vasodilates the vessels to maintain oxygenation to the heart. When the heart increases in contractility, the oxygen demand of the coronary arteries increases. Therefore, vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow and oxygen to the arteries. The afferent arteries in the kidney are the main pressure-induced auto-regulators of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate via stretch and tubuloglomerular feedback. Carbon dioxide is the main autoregulator in the brain that stimulates cerebral vasodilation to maintain blood flow during ischemia.[4] Astrocytes also play an important role in cerebral blood flow by mediating functional hyperemia, which states that blood flow is dependent on the amount of metabolic activity. Astrocytes release vasoactive substances depending on the oxygen state of the brain. For example, during normoxic conditions, astrocytes mediate vasodilation, and during hyperoxic states, they mediate vasoconstriction. These findings have shown that astrocyte disruption causes a lack of efficient cerebral blood flow in conditions such as Alzheimer disease and diabetic retinopathy.[5] Autonomic receptors regulate blood flow to skeletal muscles at rest and metabolites during exercise. Lactate, potassium, and adenosine vasodilate the vessels during exercise.[6] This vasodilation during exercise is essential for the proper delivery of oxygen skeletal muscle and the removal of waste products and heat.[7] The skin has the highest amount of sympathetic innervation, mainly for temperature regulation. Vasoconstriction to maintain core body temperature during cold climates and vasodilation to dissipate the heat in hot climates.[8]

Nerves

Baroreceptors located on the carotid sinus response to the decreased pressure (low blood pressure), which signals to activate the sympathetic nerves and vasoconstricts arteries and veins.[9] The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are sensitive to oxygen pressures and respond with vasoconstriction if the partial pressure of oxygen is too low.[10] Vasopressin or anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is a vasoconstrictor released from the posterior pituitary in response to low blood volume. In contrast, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a vasodilator released from the atrium in response to fluid overload in the heart.

Clinical Significance

A multitude of factors regulates blood flow throughout the human body. Each organ has its way of altering the flow, depending on certain conditions. Understanding the mechanisms behind perfusion is essential for the treatment of diseases associated with blood flow pathophysiologies such as myocardial infarction, hypertension treatment, and stroke.

Other Issues

The blood flow can vary its intensity, direction, type of flow (laminar, turbulent, etc.), entity. These processes involve different mechanical signals to the tissues, with mechanotransductive responses specific to the type of flow.[11]

References

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Blood flow through the body delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, cells, products of defense mechanisms for wound healing, and platelets. The heart pumps these products to the organs, while the vessels transport them to and from the organs. Arteries perfuse the organs and veins drain the organs of waste products.

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William Harvey's groundbreaking contribution to the Circulatory system. NOS1, NOS9 and NOS10.

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William Harvey's groundbreaking contribution to the Circulatory system. NOS1, NOS9 and NOS10.

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Does smoking affect your heart health? BW4 and BW6.

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Does smoking affect your heart health? BW4 and BW6.

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Best Artery Cleansing Foods | Best Health and Beauty Tips | Education

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Every year thousands of people around the world suffer from diseases caused by smoking cigarettes. It is likely that one in two lifetime smokers will die from their habit. Half of these deaths will occur in middle age.

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Blood Flow through the Heart in 2 MINUTES

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Key Skills Junior Cycle Framework. It is helpful to have this poster on-hand when creating lesson plans so you can incorporate each of these various aspects into the lesson to help support the students' needs.

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Key Skills Junior Cycle Framework. It is helpful to have this poster on-hand when creating lesson plans so you can incorporate each of these various aspects into the lesson to help support the students' needs.

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Unit of Learning for this Learning Outcome. BW4.

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Unit of Learning for this Learning Outcome. BW4.

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Junior Cycle Learning Outcomes. This padlet mainly involves itself with content based on BW4 but some aspects do lend themselves to the BW6 learning outcomes ie. 'evaluate how human health is affected by: inherited factors and environmental factors including nutrition; lifestyle choices; examine the role of micro-organisms in human health.'

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Junior Cycle Learning Outcomes. This padlet mainly involves itself with content based on BW4 but some aspects do lend themselves to the BW6 learning outcomes ie. 'evaluate how human health is affected by: inherited factors and environmental factors including nutrition; lifestyle choices; examine the role of micro-organisms in human health.'

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Primary School Learning Outcomes. Indicates the basis of knowledge that first year students should have at the beginning of this topic.

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Primary School Learning Outcomes. Indicates the basis of knowledge that first year students should have at the beginning of this topic.

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Differences between arteries, veins and capillaries simplified. NOS2.

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Differences between arteries, veins and capillaries simplified. NOS2.

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Arteries vs Veins ( Circulatory System )

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How can I keep a healthy heart? This article lends itself to BW6 by investigating how human health is affected by factors including nutrition and lifestyle choices.

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How can I keep a healthy heart? This article lends itself to BW6 by investigating how human health is affected by factors including nutrition and lifestyle choices.

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How to keep your heart healthy

Supports for You

At the Irish Heart Foundation we offer a range of support services to help improve the quality of life and wellbeing of people and their carers after a heart event or stroke.

Learn More

Irish Heart Foundation © 2023 * Foras Croí na h-Éireann * CRO 23434 * CHY 5507 * CRA 20008376 * Careers

The Irish Heart Foundation is committed to providing a website that is user friendly and accessible to members of the public, regardless of technology or ability. We are continually improving our digital assets to improve the user experience for everyone and adhering to the required accessibility standards.

Further efforts are underway to update and improve accessibility on our website. In the meantime, if any material on our web pages interferes with your ability to access information, please contact digital@irishheart.ie or if you have any questions or comments about our website's accessibility.

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How to keep your heart healthy - Irish Heart

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Here you'll find steps on improving your heart health, guidance on specific heart types and information on how the heart works.