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Darwin arrived at Salvador de Bahia, now called Salvador, in 1832. He was surprised by the dense trees of the tropical rainforest and the vast amounts of rain. In his observations, he said trees in the tropical rainforest were so robust that British rain wouldn’t pass through them, but rain in this biome came with such force that it was able to reach trees quickly.

Darwin also noted the historical context of Salvador, which was still permeated by slavery, a practice that abolitionists in Britain (like himself) were deeply against. The main takeaway from Darwin’s stop at Salvador is the shock he experienced by being exposed to a habitat that cannot be found in Britain.

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Darwin arrived at Punta Alta, which is in the province of Buenos Aires, in 1832. This was the first territory where through excavation, Darwin reaped fossils from extinct animals such as the megatherium, the glyptodon, the megalonyx, the mylodon, and the scelidotherium.

He found that some of these fossils were similar to the structure of animals that were alive, such as the armadillo, and he also found that some of the extinct animals had physical traits that they seemed to have passed to animals that were not extinct. For example, the bones of an animal called Toxodon had the proportions of an elephant but the teeth looked like those of a rodent. The fossils were essential evidence of his belief that species change and mutate, which he would later publish on his evolution theory.

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Darwin arrived at Chiloe Island, Chile, in 1834. From the stops he made during his trip in the HMS Beagle, Chiloe Island was one he described to have a temperate environment. Geographically, Darwin recounted Chiloe as an area with many elevations, plains, humid soil, tropical plants, and dense forests. Darwin arrived at Chiloe in November, and noted that in Chiloe there were strong winds and a difficult climate during winter, with a cloudy sky that let little sun pass through. One of the most shocking events for Darwin was to experience a Chilean earthquake, which are known for their high magnitudes.

As part of the scenery, he explained there were various volcanoes including active ones such as the Osorno volcano. In Chiloe, he discovered new species of animals such as the Rhinoderma Darwinii, common name being Darwin’s frog, and the Lycalopex Fulvipes or Darwin’s fox. Darwin’s frog is notably famous because this is one of the rare species in which male frogs can have offspring. He also studied birds and their resemblances, beetles, slugs, snails, among others.

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Charles Darwin arrived at the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, in September 1835. The 4 main islands he visited were: San Cristobal, Floreana, Isabela, and Santiago. These islands were characterized by their dry terrains, strong presence of reptiles, and volcanic formations. Darwin recorded data on many species and even went as far as to collect some of them. Looking at the physical traits from species of mockingbirds and tortoises that varied throughout the islands, Darwin would learn that these species had subtle but important differences because of specific conditions in their environments they had to adapt their bodies to, a base for the theory of natural selection

Apart from the mockingbirds, one of the most cited examples of Darwins’s evolution theory are Darwin finches. These are 13 different species of finches that Darwin found in the Galapagos islands and seemed like they had a common ancestor from which they acquired common traits and modified based on their living space. The finches for example, had beaks with different sizes, which pointed to them eating different foods. Information gathered in the Galapagos made it into Darwin's book called the Origin of the Species published in 1859. Here, he disproved the theory of divine creations with multiple arguments, one of them being that species in the Galapagos must have acquired their traits from species that migrated from other parts of the world, and reached their recent versions through natural selection.

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Darwin arrived at Sydney, Australia, in 1836. Like he did in Galapagos, Darwin took his stop at Sydney as an opportunity to study animals and he collected around 110 species for further observation, most of them were insects. He observed animals carefully, and was able to discover that some animals that had nothing to do with each other had similar roles or niches in their environment.

He described that Australian platypuses and potoroos had similar roles than those of the European water rat and the rabbit, respectively. Through his observations he challenged the monotheistic concept of creation and even wrote that there must be two creators. From his perspective, it did not make sense that a perfect creation would include animals that are physically extremely different but behaviorally akin.