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* 첫인사 - 안녕하세요?/ 자기 소개

* 안부 - 상대방 안부/ 내 안부

* 편지를 쓰게 된 이유/ 하고 싶은 이야기
-  편지를 쓰게 된 이유 :
-  사실 확인한 사이트와 내용 : 링크 걸기
-  존 씨온 박사의 주장에 대한 자신의 생각
1. https://padlet.com/yim26581/jq7f1jiout8t21n/wish/231451462.
3.
4.
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6.

*  끝인사 : 더 하고 싶은 이야기, 끝 인사
*  쓴 날짜 :
*  쓴 사람 이름 :

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20320조영명,20318이하연

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20319장영현,20321진서준
Hello, we are 2nd grade students who go to Poonyang Middle School.  I am writing this letter because I have a question about your denial of global warming. Compared to alternative energy sources such as solar and wind power, it's very economical and stable, but if you regulate carbon emissions, people who don't live in underdeveloped countries suffer the most
https://www.greenpeace.org/korea/update/12788/blog-ce-climate-emergency-climate-justice/Polar bear population - WWF Arctic - https://www.arcticwwf.org/wildlife/polar-bear/polar-bear-population/

https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/multimedia/global-temperature-and-carbon-dioxide

USGCRP Indicator Details | GlobalChange.gov - https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/global-sea-level-rise

Extreme Weather | National Climate Assessment - https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme-weather
I don't think it's going to be easy to confirm that your evidence is true, as in these documents.

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기후변화 때문에 우리가 모두 피해를 받고 있지만, 전 세계 사람들이 모두 같은 수준의 피해를 받는 건 아닙니다. 빈곤한 국가와 지역사회의 사람들은 기후변화에 더 큰 타격을 받고 있는 것이죠. 기후 정의는 이러한 기후 영향의 양극화를 줄이고, 피해를 보상하고, 기후변화에 책임이 있는 자들에게 정당한 책임을 묻는 것을 의미합니다.

전 지구 평균기온이 약 1도 상승하며 기후변화에 가장 취약한 국가들이 직격탄을 맞고 있습니다. 아프리카 남부 지역의 수 백만 명은 전례 없는 가뭄과 폭풍으로 식량 확보에 어려움을 겪고 있고, 인도와 파키스탄 몇몇 지역에서는 여름 기온이 무려 51도까지 상승하며 심각한 국민 건강 문제를 야기하기도 했지요. 과테말라는 기후변화로 인해 질병 위험이 증가하고 흉작이 잇따르고 있으며, 페루는 거대 빙하가 녹아내리면서 인근 마을이 물에 잠길 위협에 놓여 있습니다. 방글라데시의 한 섬의 주민들은 바닷물 수위가 높아지면서 농장을 잃고 도시로 내몰렸습니다. 이렇게 도시에 온 이들은 저임금을 받으며 육체적으로 고된 일을 할 수밖에 없습니다. 케냐의 여성들은 가뭄 심화에 물을 찾아 점점 더 오지로 내몰리고 있습니다. 투발루나 피지, 파푸아뉴기니의 주민들은 해수면 상승으로 인해 삶의 터전을 떠나야 하는 비극을 겪고 있습니다.

가난하면 기후변화 피해도 더 많이 받아야 하나요?

기후변화는 전 세계 모든 사람에게 영향을 미치지만, 우리가 어디에 사는지와 상관없이 결국 대응할 수 있는 능력은 금전적인 사정에 따라 다를 수밖에 없습니다. 부유한 사람들은 펀드나 보험을 통해 빠르게 리스크를 피하고 임시 융통이나 이주/재건축 비용을 조달할 수 있지만, 가난한 사람들은 대피가 불가능하거나 식량, 물, 에너지 공급에 어려움을 겪고 보험은 자격 미달이거나 비용 때문에 가입도 못 하는 경우가 많습니다. 뿐만 아니라, 이들은 정부와 기업들의 차별적인 정책으로 인해 많은 위험에 노출되어 있습니다. 성별, 나이, 경제력, 거주지 등 우리가 관리할 수 없는 영역의 요소들도 기후변화 대응에 영향을 미칩니다.

기후변화에 책임이 가장 큰 국가들은 오히려 상대적으로 적은 영향과 피해를 받지만 기후변화에 책임이 거의 없는 국가들의 국민들은 기본적인 자유와 인권을 빼앗기고 있습니다. 이들은 늘어나는 제약 속에서 역경을 이겨내고 살아남아야 하는 어려움에 처해 있는 것입니다.

옥스팜의 조사에 따르면, 세계에서 가장 부유한 10%가 전 세계 탄소 배출량의 약 50%를 배출하며, 전 세계 부의 50%를 차지하고 소위 선진국에 거주한다고 합니다. 반면, 전 세계 하위 50% 빈곤층이 만들어내는 탄소는 전체 배출량의 10%에 불과하며 이들이 받는 수입 비중은 전 세계의 8%에 불과합니다.

세계은행은 영국 1인당 평균 탄소 배출량이 말라위 1인당 탄소 배출량의 65배에 달한다고 발표한 바 있습니다. 미국, 캐나다, 호주 국민들은 그보다 더한 150배 이상을 배출합니다. (이미 놀랍도록 차이가 나는) 이 수치는 우리가 사용하는 기술, 먹는 음식, 입는 옷을 만들고 운반하는 데 발생하는 탄소 배출량을 제외한 수치입니다. 하지만 세계에서 여섯 번째로 가난한 국가인 모잠비크는 2019년 한 해에만 전례 없는 사이클론을 두 번이나 겪으며 32억 달러에 달하는 피해를 부담해야만 했습니다. Civil Society Review(시민사회리뷰)에 따르면 기후변화에 따른 전세계 피해액은 2030년까지 약 3~7천억 달러에 달할 전망입니다.

기후 정의가 불평등을 저격하다

세계은행은 기후변화로 인한 피해를 모두가 공평하게 책임지려면 미국과 유럽연합(영국 포함)이 최소한 50%, 중국이 10%, 인도가 0.5%를 부담해야 한다고 설명합니다. 하지만, 이러한 피해금도 영양실조에 걸린 아이들, 뿔뿔이 흩어져야만 했던 가족들, 생활 터전을 잃은 주민들의 고통까지 치유할 수는 없습니다.

기후변화로 인한 피해를 극복하는 것은 매우 중요합니다. 하지만, 그것만으로는 충분하지 않습니다. 기후 정의는 현재의 불공평한 상황을 만든 시스템에서 벗어나 지구 기온 상승을 1.5도로 막는 것을 의미 합니다. 또한 잘못된 해법이나 미래의 기술에 의존하지 않고, 지금 당장 행동에 나서는 것을 의미합니다.

미래 계획에 대한 다짐만으로는 현재 상황을 변화시킬 수 없습니다. 기업들은 평소와 마찬가지로 운영될 테고 지구 평균기온 4도 상승은 현실이 될할 것입니다. 기후 변화의 영향은 누구도 피해갈 수 없는 문제이며 결국 우리 모두의 생존을 위협할 것입니다.

저탄소 시대에 접어들면서, 우리를 이러한 상황에 놓이게 한 이들은 분명 마땅한 책임을 져야합니다. 화석연료, 기업식 영농, 콘크리트(시멘트), 광산 기업 및 이를 재정적으로 지원한 곳들이 가장 먼저 책임을 다해야 합니다. 불과 100개의 기업이 세계 온실가스 배출량의 71%를 차지하는 점을 생각하면 이들의 책임을 묻는 게 얼마나 중요한지 알 수 있습니다. 하지만, 이들 기업은 오히려 계속해서 정부 지원금과 은행들의 자금을 받아 새로운 화석연료, 석유와 가스 벤처 사업에 투자하고 있습니다.

정부는 전 세계 기후변화에 가장 피해를 준 기업들에 자금을 지원하면서, 기후변화 대응에 최선을 다하고 있다고 주장하는 모순적인 언행을 당장 멈춰야 합니다.

'더 나은' 삶과 사회를 위한 변화

우리는 이미 답을 가지고 있습니다. 재생가능에너지 전환과 보급 확대, 산림 생태계 복구, 지속가능한 농업 추구는 기후변화와 자연환경의 위기를 극복할 뿐만 아니라 부유층과 빈곤층 간의 기후변화 대응 격차도 줄일 수 있습니다. 태풍이나 자연재해가 닥칠 때 기후변화에 가장 큰 영향을 받는 국가들이 빚에 내몰리기보다는 충분한 지원을 받도록 해야 합니다.

우리는 주식시장에 몰려 있는 사람들이 생각하는, 일반적인 GDP 성장률과 같은 수치의 개념을 넘어 광범위한 지역사회의 번영과 성장에 대한 비전을 갖고 있어야 합니다. 기후위기 대응은 우리 사회가 인권을 보호하고 정치적·사회적·경제적 불평등을 해소할 수 있도록 돕는 기회이자 열쇠입니다.

결정적으로, 기후 정의는 기후변화 대응 계획이 원주민과 환경 토착민들을 중심으로 이루어질 수 있도록 합니다. 이들은 지속가능한 삶을 실천하며 전 세계 생물 다양성의 80%를 보호해온 장본인이기 때문입니다.

기후 정의는 기후위기를 극복하는 데 공평한 노력을 추구하고, 이를 위해 싸우는 것입니다. 우리는 이렇게 변화된 삶을 살 수 있고, 살아야만 하며, 변화를 실천한다면 분명 지금보다 더 행복해질 수 있습니다.
하프리 카우르 폴(Harpreet Kaur Paul)은 인권변호사이자 프리랜서 정책 및 캠페인 전략가입니다. 피플 앤 플래닛(People & Planet), 리드레스(REDRESS), 국제앰네스티와 함께 일했으며, Wretched of the Earth 정치 단체와 일한 바 있습니다. 트위터 계정을 팔로우하시려면 여기를 클릭하세요.

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기후변화 때문에 우리가 모두 피해를 받고 있지만

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전 세계 사람들이 모두 같은 수준의 피해를 받는 건 아닙니다. 빈곤한 국가와 지역사회의 사람들은 기후변화에 더 큰 타격을 받고 있는 것이죠. 기후 정의는 이러한 기후 영향의 양극화를 줄이고

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기후변화에 책임이 있는 자들에게 정당한 책임을 묻는 것을 의미합니다.
전 지구 평균기온이 약 1도 상승하며 기후변화에 가장 취약한 국가들이 직격탄을 맞고 있습니다. 아프리카 남부 지역의 수 백만 명은 전례 없는 가뭄과 폭풍으로 식량 확보에 어려움을 겪고 있고

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인도와 파키스탄 ...

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빈부격차는 기후변화에도 있다? 불평등 해소를 위한 기후 정의의 실현

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기후변화 때문에 우리가 모두 피해를 받고 있지만, 전 세계 사람들이 모두 같은 수준의 피해를 받는 건 아닙니다. 빈곤한 국가와 지역사회의 사람들은 기후변화에 더 큰 타격을 받고 있는 것이죠. 기후 정의는 이러한 기후 영향의 양극화를 줄이고, 피해를 보상하고, 기후변화에 책임이 있는 자들에게 정당한 책임을 묻는 것을 의미합니다.

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To john Theon
안녕하세요 당신의 의견에 반대되는 생각이 있어 이 편지를 쓰게 되었습니다.
첫 번째로는 북극곰의 개체수에 관해서는
북극곰의 개체수가 증가하고 있는 것은 맞지만, 지구온난화가 계속해서 영향을 주고 있다고 생각합니다.
지구온난화로 북극의 빙하가 녹고 있는데 이는 북극곰의 서식지가 줄고 있다는 것이고, 서식지 파괴는 개체수에 영향을 미친다는 것은 알고 계실 겁니다.
두 번째로는 남극 빙하와 이산화탄소의 관계입니다.
남극 빙하 자체적으로 나오는 이산화탄소를 제외해도 이산화탄소는 꾸준히 증가하고 있고, 이  이산화탄소들이 해빙을 가속시켜 더 위험할 수 있습니다.
세 번째로는 해수면입니다. 북극 빙하는 해수면에 영향을 주지 않지만 대륙 빙하는 계속해서 녹으며 해수면을 상승시키고 있고, 대륙 빙하가 잘 녹지 않는다는 것은 당신의 두번째 의견과 상반됩니다.
네 번째는 기상이변의 추세로, 현 한반도만 보아도 근 100년동안 여름은 19일 늘고 겨울은 18일 줄었으며, 근 10년동안 서리,한랭일이 많아지고 강한 강수가 감소하는 등 기상이변은 이미 검증된 사실입니다.
다섯 번째로는 지구 기온의 주기인데, 현 지구의 연평균 온도를 보면 아직까지는 주기를 벗어나지  않았지만 기온 변화의 폭을 보면 단순 주기 탓으로 보기는 어렵습니다.
여섯 번째로는 탄소배출 규제가 개도국의 발전을 막는다는 것인데, 탄소배출의 양은 선진국이 가장 많이차지하고 있어 그들만 줄여도 도움이 되고 오히려 지구온난화를 막지 않으면 가장 먼저 피해볼 나라들은 개도국, 후진국일 것입니다.
이러한 이유로 저는 당신의 의견에 반대합니다.
1: https://www.arcticwwf.org/wildlife/polar-bear/polar-bear-population/
2: http://www.climate.go.kr/home/09_monitoring/meteo/temp_rel
3: https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
4: http://www.nims.go.kr/?sub_num=969
5:https://me.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do;jsessionid=I3lewRa6R+SzhTZSG+eorfOD.mehome1?pagerOffset=1040&maxPageItems=10&maxIndexPages=10&searchKey=&searchValue=&menuId=&orgCd=&boardId=173273&boardMasterId=2&boardCategoryId=&decorator=
6: https://www.greenpeace.org/korea/update/12788/blog-ce-climate-emergency-climate-justice/

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Hello, I am a middle school student living in South Korea. I saw an article about your claim on global warming in school language class, and I looked into the data to see if it was true and found that the grounds for your claim were false

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20314 윤찬희 , 20317 이주헌

안녕하세요. 저희는 대한민국에사는 풍성중에 다니는 윤찬희랑 이주헌입니다.

코로나 19가 전세계적으로 유행인데 건강하시죠?

편지를 쓰게 된 이유는 국어수업시간에 박사님이 인터뷰한 기사를 읽었는데 박사님이 기후변화가 거짓이라고 하셨는데저희랑 알고있는거랑 달라서 찾고 편지까지 쓰게 되었어요.

저희가 찾은 자료를 보면 박사님의 주장은 하나도 맞는게없다라고요.

첫째 : 박사님께서는 지구온난화로 멸종위기에 빠졌다는 북금곰이 에스키모의 사냥 중단으로 현재 북금곰에 개채수가 오히려 줄어들고 있다고 이야기 하셨는데 저희가 찾아본 결과 기후변화로 인해 서식지가 상실되고 먹이가 줄어들어 건강하지 못한 북극곰들이 새끼를 덜 낳기 때문에 멸종위기로 이어지면서 북금곰의 개체수가 줄어들고 있습니다

출처 : wwf korea

따라서 박사님의 주장은 사실이 아닙니다.

둘째 : 온난화로 인해 지구 해수면이 상승하지 않는다고 하셨는데요 찾아본 결과론 전세계 평균 해수면이 1880년도부터꾸준히 증가를 하고 있습니다. 출처 : climate.gov

따라서 박사님의 주장은 사실이 아닙니다.

셋째 : 박사님은 지구 온난화가 이슈가 되고 난뒤 최근 16년간 기온변화는 없었다고 하셨는데요. 저희가 찾은 자료를 보면 1901년 이후 인접한 48개주 전체의 펑균 온도는 10년당 0.17°F의 속도로 상승을 하고 있습니다. 따라서박사님의 주장은 사실이 아닙니다.

넷째 : 박사님은 탄소배출을 규제하면 개도국 경제개발이 더뎌지게 된다고 하셨는데 저희가 찾은 자료를 보면 한국은2020년부터 탄소배출 규제를 했는데요. 박사님의 말에 의하면 한국에 경제개발이 더뎌져야 하지만 한국 경제는 계속해서 성장하고 있었으므로 박사님의 주장은 사실이 아닙니다.

다섯째 : 박사님은 최근 20여간 기상이변은 없었다고 라고 하셨는데요. 저희가 찾은 자료를 보면 최근 30년간 기온은20세기보다 1.4°C상승하고 강수량은 20세기 초보다 124mm증가하여 변동성이 매우 컸습니다. 따라서 박사님의 주장은 사실이 아닌거 같습니다.
여섯째 : 박사님께서 이산화탄소 농도가 높아져 기온이 오르는게 아니고 바다에 녹았던 이산화탄소가 배출되는것 이라고하셨는데요. 저희가 찾아본 결과 이산화탄소농도가 높아져 기온이 오르는것이라고 나왔습니다. 저희 생각엔 박사님의 주장은 사실이 아닌거 같습니다.

저희가 틀린것이 있다면 아래메일로 답장을 해주세요.

Mail : yunchanuui1@gmail.com

2022.09.30

대한민국에 사는 윤찬희와 이주헌이 보냄

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20322홍성민,20316이승은
안녕하세요 존씨온 박사님 아직 살아계시나요?
저는 대한민국에 살고 있는 풍성중학교에 재학중인 학생입니다
학교국어시간에 당신의인터뷰기사를 보고 지구온난화가 거짓이라고 말하는 것을 들었습니다
그런데 제가 인터넷에 찾아보니 당신의 주장은 틀렸더라고요
제가 박사님  근거가 틀린 이유를 적어보았어요.
제가 박사님께이렇게 글을 쓸수있게되어 영광이예요 꼭 건강하게 오래오래 사세요.
(1):지구온난화가 아니라 오히려 사람이 자연을 노리고 북극을 개발하고 파괴해서 줄어들었다.
(2):이산화탄소와 지구온난화랑은 관계없기 때문입니다.
(3):열팽창과 대륙빙하의 해빙으로 해수면이 상승하고 있다.
(4):기상이변이 계속해서 일어나고 있기 때문이다.
(5):화석연료를 태우고 숲을 태워내고 가축을 사육하는 것이 기후와 지구의 온도에 점점더 많은 영향을 미치고 있다.그래서 지구의 기온이 1.5도 올라갔다.

://polarbearsinternational.org/polar-bears-changing-arctic/polar-bear-facts/status/
https://padlet.com/yim26581/jq7f1jiout8t21n
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change
https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/climate/causes-of-global-warming
https://climate.ec.europa.eu/climate-change/causes-climate-change_en

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In addition to climate warming, other challenges to the bears include increased commercial activities, conflicts with people, pollution, disease, inadequate habitat protection (of denning and seasonal resting areas), and the potential for over-harvest in smaller or declining polar bear populations.

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The polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species. Learn about the 19 polar bear populations and how they are faring.

# data[].attributes.body
Hello, we are in the 2nd grade of Pungsung middle school.
How are you doing these days?
Through this Korean class, we read your argument about climate crisis denial.
If you don’t mind me asking, do you still think you’re right? However, we found your opinion inconsistent with scientific facts.
For example, if you look at this article, you may change your mind.
Second,
https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/multimedia/global-temperature-and-carbon-dioxide
For example, you argued that the current number of polar bears is increasing every year due to the suspension of Eskimo hunting. In addition, if you look at the current trend, the number of individuals either increases or does not change significantly. Third, https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level We don't know much about Al Gore's luxury home purchases, but Al Gore's behavior doesn't change the findings. According to YTN Science, the cause of sea level rise is that global warming is melting glaciers and ice sheets around the world, adding a lot of water to the sea. Fourth,
https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate According to the World Meteorological Organization report, the average temperature for 20 years from 2002 to now has exceeded the pre-industrial level by 1 degree Celsius, and the past 7 years are expected to be the warmest 7 paddy fields on record. This report is based on data for the first nine months of 2021. In other words, statistically, the trend of extreme weather events can be confirmed based on the data.
Fifthly,Because the fluctuations are large, it is difficult to tell a trend based on a decade or so of data, but it is difficult to say that the increasing trend has disappeared. There is a difference of more than 0.2 degrees between the records in 2000 and the records discussed in 2014, and even looking at the five-year trend, it increased by about 0.1 degrees. In the past, there have been many cases where the trend of increase has stalled for a while and then increased again. And if you look at the graph below, it seems that the majority of research results show that although the guinea was high 1,000 years ago, it was lower than that of the sage.Even though I saw these articles and found out that your argument was wrong, we still think you’re great.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Global annual average temperature (as measured over both land and oceans) has increased by more than 1.5°F (0.8°C) since 1880 (through 2012). Red bars show temperatures above the long-term average, and blue bars indicate temperatures below the long-term average. The black line shows atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO ₂) concentration in parts per million (ppm). While there is a clear long-term global warming trend, some years do not show a temperature increase relative to the previous year, and some years show greater changes than others. These year-to-year fluctuations in temperature are due to natural processes, such as the effects of El Niños, La Niñas, and volcanic eruptions. (Figure source: updated from Karl et al. 2009 e251f590-177e-4ba6-8ed1-6f68b5e54c8a).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Global annual average temperature (as measured over both land and oceans) has increased by more than 1.5°F (0.8°C) since 1880 (through 2012). Red bars show temperatures above the long-term average, and blue bars indicate temperatures below the long-term average. The black line shows atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in parts per million (ppm).

# data[].attributes.body
Hello, I am a student named Gong Hyun Taek. I was looking to see if it was true that Dr. John Cion was writing.First, I want to know if the polar bear scale actually increases
Second, I want to know if carbon dioxide is emitted Third, I wonder if you actually bought a luxury house in San Francisco

# data[].attributes.body
안녕하세요.존 씨온 박사님, 전 대한민국의 풍성중학교에 다니는 2학년 학생입니다.
우선 아직 건강하신가요?제가 이렇게 연락을 드리게 된 이유는 당신이 지구온난화에 주장한 것에 이상한 부분이 있다고 생각이 되었습니다.두번째 근거를 보면 기온이 올라서 이산화탄소가 하신것이라고 하셨는데 https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide에 보면 그것이 사실이 아니라는 것을 알 수 있었습니다.또한 3번째 근거에 엘 고어 전 미국 부통령님이 위험하다고 한 땅을 그가 구매하신건 맞지만 그것이 그의 연구결과가 틀리다는 증거로 사용되기에는 부족합니다.4번째 근거를 보면 기상이변이 없었다고 하셨는데 애초에 기상 측정이 시작된지 얼마안되어서 정확한 측정이 되지 않았기에 이 또한 근거로서 받아들이기는 힘들듯 합니다. 다섯 번째 근거를 보면 최근 16년간 기온변화가 없었다고 하셨는데 2000년부터 2014년까지의 기온 변화를 보면 0.2도 이상 올랐습니다. 또 1000년 기온이 높긴 하였었지만 지금처럼 높지는 않기에 이 또한 틀렸다고 할 수 있을것 같습니다.마지막 근거를 보면 이게 다 선진국이 개도국의 경제 개발을 늦추려하신다고 했는데 who의 발표에 따르면 세계에서 매년 탄소 배출로 인한 대기오염이 100만여명의 사망에 기여했다고합니다. 이런 상황인데도 탄소 배출을 줄이지 말자고 하는 것은 잘못된 생각이 아닌가요?
만일 제 생각에 잘못된 것이 있다면 다시 연락해주시면 감사하겠습니다.
3:https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide
4:https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate
5:https://me.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do;jsessionid=I3lewRa6R+SzhTZSG+eorfOD.mehome1?pagerOffset=1040&maxPageItems=10&maxIndexPages=10&searchKey=&searchValue=&menuId=&orgCd=&boardId=173273&boardMasterId=2&boardCategoryId=&decorator=
6:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/04/carbon-footprint-gap-between-rich-poor-expanding-study

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안녕하세요 저는 풍성중 2학년 배민성입니다.
잘 지내고 계신가요,존 씨온 박사님?
국어시간에 당신에 대한 이야기를 들었는데
북극곰의 개체수가 줄어들고있다는 주장이 틀렸더라고요.https://www.arcticwwf.org/wildlife/polar-bear/polar-bear-population/이것을 보면 북극곰의 개체수는 안정적이라고 나와있습니다.
당신의 주장을 뒷받침하는 근거는 무엇인가요?
제 글을 보셨다면 당신의 생각을 말해주세요.

# data[].attributes.body
Hello, Dr. John Theon!
We are students of Pungsung Middle School in Korea. Your interview was unfamiliar and interesting, so I didn't get bored while reading it. Even you were in charge of NASA's meteorological field, that's great!
We saw your interview article in class, and we ask you this because we wonder if your claim about global warming is true.

*First, the question is about the population of the polar bear.
According to PBSG, the number of polar bears is difficult to identify. How did you count the number of black bears? I'm curious.

https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/multimedia/global-temperature-and-carbon-dioxide
*Second, If you look at the graph on this site, you can see the relationship between global warming and carbon dioxide concentration. According to this graph, we can confirm that your argument is correct. But I think... if the argument that the temperature rose first in the past works.

*Third, Does Al Gore, the former vice president of the United States, bought a super-luxury house affect research on global warming? Also, the world's average sea level has risen by 8 to 9 inches since 1880. This argument is mysterious, so we are all deeply troubled.

https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-temperature
*Fourth, If you look at EPA's climate change average indicator, the temperature difference is large, and we wonder if this basis is accurate.

https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/climate/causes-of-global-warming
*Fifth, according to this site, The temperature difference between 2000 and 2014 is more than 0.2 degrees, and even if you look at the five-year trend line, the temperature has increased by 0.1 degrees. What do you think of this? We think that this rationale may not be clear.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/04/carbon-footprint-gap-between-rich-poor-expanding-study
*Lastly, on the site, the top 10% of the wealthy accounted for 49% of emissions in 2015, compared with the poorest half of the world's population accounting for only 7% of emissions. Then isn't the gap between rich and poor narrowing? I'm not sure what the relationship is between these two.

Thank you for reading our mail!
Please understand that our thoughts on your grounds may cause you inconvenience.
I would appreciate it if you could post a reply email.
I look forward to hearing from you! Thank you.

# data[].attributes.body
안녕하세요 저는 풍성중 2학년 공현택 입니다 저는 이 기사가 맞는지 알고 싶어서 편지를 올렸습니다

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안녕하세요 저는 풍성중 2학년 학생인 공현택 입니다 이 편지를 쓰개된 이유는 존 씨온 박사님이 쓴 기사가 사실인지 알고 싶습니다

# data[].attributes.body
Hello, Dr. John Theon!
We are students of Pungsung Middle School in Korea. Your interview was unfamiliar and interesting, so I didn't get bored while reading it. Even you were in charge of NASA's meteorological field, that's great!
We saw your interview article in class, and we ask you this because we wonder if your claim about global warming is true.

*First, the question is about the population of the polar bear.
According to PBSG, the number of polar bears is difficult to identify. How did you count the number of black bears? I'm curious.

https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/multimedia/global-temperature-and-carbon-dioxide
*Second, If you look at the graph on this site, you can see the relationship between global warming and carbon dioxide concentration. According to this graph, we can confirm that your argument is correct. But I think... if the argument that the temperature rose first in the past works.

*Third, Does Al Gore, the former vice president of the United States, bought a super-luxury house affect research on global warming? Also, the world's average sea level has risen by 8 to 9 inches since 1880. This argument is mysterious, so we are all deeply troubled.

https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-temperature
*Fourth, If you look at EPA's climate change average indicator, the temperature difference is large, and we wonder if this basis is accurate.

https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/climate/causes-of-global-warming
*Fifth, according to this site, The temperature difference between 2000 and 2014 is more than 0.2 degrees, and even if you look at the five-year trend line, the temperature has increased by 0.1 degrees. What do you think of this? We think that this rationale may not be clear.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/04/carbon-footprint-gap-between-rich-poor-expanding-study
*Lastly, on the site, the top 10% of the wealthy accounted for 49% of emissions in 2015, compared with the poorest half of the world's population accounting for only 7% of emissions. Then isn't the gap between rich and poor narrowing? I'm not sure what the relationship is between these two.

Thank you for reading our mail!
Please understand that our thoughts on your grounds may cause you inconvenience.
I would appreciate it if you could post a reply email.
If you have any thoughts on our opinion, please send us a reply email.
Thank you! :)

# data[].attributes.body
Hello, we are in the 2nd grade of Pungsung middle school.
How are you doing these days?
Through this Korean class, we read your argument about climate crisis denial.
If you don’t mind me asking, do you still think you’re right? However, we found your opinion inconsistent with scientific facts.
For example, if you look at this article, you may change your mind.
Firstly,http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/polarbearsatrisk.pdf
Counting the exact number of polar bears is difficult. PBSG has identified 19 polar bear habitats and is monitoring trends in each habitat. According to this trend table, there is no habitat that can be said to have increased in number compared to the population of about 25 years ago, and the current trend shows that the population is not decreasing or changing significantly except for one habitat.
Second,
https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/multimedia/global-temperature-and-carbon-dioxide
For example, you argued that the current number of polar bears is increasing every year due to the suspension of Eskimo hunting. In addition, if you look at the current trend, the number of individuals either increases or does not change significantly. Third, https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level We don't know much about Al Gore's luxury home purchases, but Al Gore's behavior doesn't change the findings. According to YTN Science, the cause of sea level rise is that global warming is melting glaciers and ice sheets around the world, adding a lot of water to the sea. Fourth,
https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate According to the World Meteorological Organization report, the average temperature for 20 years from 2002 to now has exceeded the pre-industrial level by 1 degree Celsius, and the past 7 years are expected to be the warmest 7 paddy fields on record. This report is based on data for the first nine months of 2021. In other words, statistically, the trend of extreme weather events can be confirmed based on the data.
https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/climate/causes-of-global-warming
Fifthly,Because the fluctuations are large, it is difficult to tell a trend based on a decade or so of data, but it is difficult to say that the increasing trend has disappeared. There is a difference of more than 0.2 degrees between the records in 2000 and the records discussed in 2014, and even looking at the five-year trend, it increased by about 0.1 degrees. In the past, there have been many cases where the trend of increase has stalled for a while and then increased again. And if you look at the graph below, it seems that the majority of research results show that although the guinea was high 1,000 years ago, it was lower than that of the sage.Even though I saw these articles and found out that your argument was wrong, we still think you’re great.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/04/carbon-footprint-gap-between-rich-poor-expanding-study
and Lastly, Experts point to global warming as the cause of typhoons, heat waves and large fires. In addition, research results have been published that the gap between the rich and the poor exists in carbon dioxide emissions. According to the report, the top 1% of wealthy people emitted 15% of global CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2015, more than double the amount emitted by the poorest 50% of the world. In other words, the result of the global warming solution claimed by the US and Europe only widens the gap between the rich and the poor and between countries.
If we’re opinion is wrong, please send email again.
We hope want to go visit America.
Thank you for reading our letter.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Causes of global warming | WWF-Australia | Causes of global warming | WWF Australia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the long-term rise of the planet's temperatures. It is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, and farming.

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20314 윤찬희 20317 이주헌

hello. We are Chan-hee Yoon and Joo-heon Lee, who live in Korea and attend Pungung Middle School.
Covid 19 is all over the world, are you healthy?
The reason I am writing this letter is that I read an article interviewed by Dr. during the Korean language class, and he said that climate change was a lie.
According to the data we found, none of your assertions are correct.
First: Dr. said that the number of polar bears, which is said to be on the verge of extinction due to global warming, is currently decreasing due to the suspension of hunting by Eskimos. The population of polar bears is declining as they give birth to fewer pups, leading to extinction.
Source: wwf korea
Therefore, your claim is not true.
Second: You said that the global sea level does not rise due to global warming. As a result, the global average sea level has been increasing steadily since 1880. Source: climate.gov
Therefore, your claim is not true.
Third: Dr. said that there has been no temperature change in the last 16 years since global warming became an issue. The data we found shows that since 1901, fungal temperatures in all 48 adjacent states have risen at a rate of 0.17°F per decade. Therefore, Dr.'s claim is not true.
Fourth: Dr. said that if carbon emission is regulated, economic development of developing countries will be slowed down. According to the data we found, Korea has been regulating carbon emission since 2020. According to Dr.'s words, economic development in Korea should be slow, but the Korean economy continued to grow, so your assertion is not true.
Fifth: Dr. said that there have been no extreme weather events in the last 20 years. According to the data we found, the temperature in the last 30 years has increased by 1.4°C compared to the 20th century, and the precipitation has increased by 124mm compared to the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore, it seems that the assertion of Dr. is not true.
Sixth: You said that the carbon dioxide concentration is not rising due to the increase in carbon dioxide concentration, but the carbon dioxide dissolved in the sea is being discharged. As a result of our research, it was found that the carbon dioxide concentration increased and the temperature rose. We think that Dr.'s claim is not true.
If we are wrong, please reply to the email below.
Mail : yunchanuui1@gmail.com
2022.09.30
Sent by Yoon Chan-hee and Lee Joo-heon living in Korea

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Hello, I am writing this letter because I have a disagreement with your opinion. First, regarding the number of polar bears, It is true that polar bear populations are increasing, but we believe that global warming continues to have an impact. As global warming is melting Arctic glaciers, you know that polar bear habitats are shrinking, and habitat destruction is affecting their populations. The second is the relationship between Antarctic ice and carbon dioxide. Excluding carbon dioxide from the Antarctic glacier itself, carbon dioxide is steadily increasing, and this carbon dioxide can accelerate sea ice, making it more dangerous. Third is sea level. Arctic glaciers don't affect sea level, but continental glaciers continue to melt and raise sea levels, and it goes against your second opinion that continental glaciers do not melt well.
The fourth is the trend of extreme weather. If you look at the current Korean Peninsula alone, summer has increased by 19 days and winter has decreased by 18 days over the past 100 years. It's a proven fact.
Fifth is the cycle of global temperature. Looking at the current average annual temperature of the earth, it has not yet deviated from the cycle, but looking at the range of temperature change, it is difficult to attribute it to a simple cycle.
The sixth is that carbon emission regulations hinder the development of developing countries. Developed countries account for the largest amount of carbon emissions, so reducing them alone will help. .
For this reason, I disagree with your opinion.
1: https://www.arcticwwf.org/wildlife/polar-bear/polar-bear-population/
2: http://www.climate.go.kr/home/09_monitoring/meteo/temp_rel
3: https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
4: http://www.nims.go.kr/?sub_num=969
5:https://me.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do;jsessionid=I3lewRa6R+SzhTZSG+eorfOD.mehome1?pagerOffset=1040&maxPageItems=10&maxIndexPages=10&searchKey=&searchValue=&menuId=&orgCd=&boardId=173273&boardMasterId=2&boardCategoryId=&decorator=
6: https://www.greenpeace.org/korea/update/12788/blog-ce-climate-emergency-climate-justice/

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Hello, Dr. John Theon, I am a second-year student at Poonyang Middle School in Korea.
First of all, are you still healthy?The reason I contacted you like this was because I thought there was something strange about your claim to global warming.The second reason is that the temperature went up and you said CO2 did it, but if you look at https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide, you can see that's not true.Also, on the third basis, it is true that he purchased the land that former U.S. Vice President El Gore said was dangerous, but it is not enough to be used as evidence that his findings are wrong.According to the 4th evidence, you said that there was no weather change, but it is hard to accept this as a basis because it has not been accurately measured since the weather measurement began in the first place. The fifth reason is that there has been no temperature change in the past 16 years, but the temperature change from 2000 to 2014 has risen by more than 0.2 degrees. Also, although the temperature of 1,000 years was high, it is not as high as it is now, so I think this is also wrong.The last evidence suggests that developed countries are all trying to slow economic development in developing countries, and according to WHO, air pollution from carbon emissions has contributed to the deaths of more than 1 million people every year. Isn't it wrong to say that we shouldn't reduce carbon emissions in this situation?
I would appreciate it if you could contact me again if there is anything wrong

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Hello, I'm Gong Hyun Taek, a second year student at Bung Fu Middle School I wanted to know if this article was correct, so I posted a letter And I wanted to know if this article was correct, so I wrote a letter to Dr. John Cion Goodbye, Dr. John Cion
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear

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Carl Linnaeus classified the polar bear as a type of brown bear ( Ursus arctos), labelling it as Ursus maritimus albus-major, articus in the 1758 edition of his work Systema Naturae. Constantine John Phipps formally described the polar bear as a distinct species, Ursus maritimus in 1774, following his 1773 voyage towards the North Pole.[4] Due to its adaptations to a marine environment, some taxonomists like Theodore Knottnerus-Meyer have placed the polar bear in its genus Thalarctos.[10] However Ursus is widely considered to be the valid genus for the species based on the fossil record and the fact that it can breed with the brown bear.[12]

Different subspecies have been proposed including Ursus maritimus maritimus and U. m. marinus.[a][13] However these are not supported and the polar bear is considered to be monotypic.[14] One possible fossil subspecies, U. m. tyrannus, was posited in 1964 by Björn Kurtén, who reconstructed the subspecies from a single fragment of an ulna which was approximately 20 percent larger than expected for a polar bear.[12] However, re-evaluation in the 21st century has indicated that the fragment likely comes from a giant brown bear.[15]

Evolution

The polar bear is one of eight extant species in the bear family, Ursidae, and of six extant species in the subfamily Ursinae. A possible phylogeny of extant bear species is shown in a cladogram based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences from Yu et al. (2007).[17] The polar bear and the brown bear form a close grouping, while the relationships of the other species are not very well resolved.[18]

A more recent phylogeny below is based on a 2017 genetic study. The study concludes that Ursine bears originated around 5 million years ago and show extensive hybridization of species in their lineage.[19]

Fossils of polar bears are uncommon.[12][15] The oldest known fossil is a 130,000- to 110,000-year-old jaw bone, found on Prince Charles Foreland, Norway, in 2004.[20][1] Scientists in the 20th century surmised that polar bears directly descended from a population of brown bears, possibly in eastern Siberia or Alaska.[12][15] Mitochondrial DNA studies in the 1990s and 2000s supported the status of the polar bear as a derivative of the brown bear, finding that some brown bear populations were more closely related to polar bears than to other brown bears, particularly the ABC Islands bears of Southeast Alaska.[20][21][22] A 2010 study estimated that the polar bear lineage split from other brown bears around 150,000 years ago.[20]

Polar/brown bear hybrid taxidermy specimen on display at Natural History Museum at Tring in Hertfordshire, England

More extensive genetic studies have refuted the idea that polar bears are directly descended from brown bears and found that the two species are separate sister lineages. The genetic similarities between polar bears and some brown bears were found to be the result of interbreeding.[23][24] A 2012 study estimated the split between polar and brown bears as occurring around 600,000 years ago.[23] A 2022 study estimated the divergence as occurring even earlier at over one million years ago.[24] Glaciation events over hundreds of thousands of years led to both the origin of polar bears and their subsequent interactions and hybridizations with brown bears.[25]

Studies in 2011 and 2012 concluded that gene flow went from brown bears to polar bears during hybridization.[23][26] In particular, a 2011 study concluded that living polar bear populations derived their maternal lines from now-extinct Irish brown bears.[26] Later studies have clarified that gene flow went from polar to brown bears rather than the reverse.[25][27][28] Up to 9 percent of the genome of ABC bears was transferred from polar bears,[29] while Irish bears had up to 21.5 percent polar bear origin.[27] Mass hybridization between the two species appears to have stopped around 200,000 years ago. Modern hybrids are relatively rare in the wild.[24]

Analysis of the number of variations of gene copies in polar bears compared with brown bears and American black bears shows distinct adaptions. Polar bears have a less diverse array of olfactory receptor genes, a result of there being fewer odours in their Arctic habitat. With its carnivorous, high-fat diet the species has fewer copies of the gene involved in making amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch, and more selection for genes for fatty acid breakdown and a more efficient circulatory system. The polar bear's thicker coat is the result of more copies of genes involved in keratin-creating proteins.[30]

The polar bear is the largest living species of bear and land carnivore, though some brown bear subspecies like the Kodiak bear can rival it in size. Males are generally 200-250 cm (6.6-8.2 ft) long with a weight of 300-800 kg (660-1,760 lb). Females are smaller at 180-200 cm (5.9-6.6 ft) with a weight of 150-300 kg (330-660 lb).[10] Sexual dimorphism in the species is particularly high compared with most other mammals. Male polar bears also have proportionally larger heads than females. The weight of polar bears fluctuates during the year, as they can bulk up on fat and increase their mass by 50 percent. A fattened, pregnant female can weigh as much as 500 kg (1,100 lb). Adults may stand 130-160 cm (4.3-5.2 ft) tall at the shoulder. The tail is 76-126 mm (3.0-5.0 in) long.[10] The largest polar bear on record, reportedly weighing 1,002 kg (2,209 lb), was a male shot at Kotzebue Sound in northwestern Alaska in 1960.[36]

Compared with the brown bear, this species has a more slender build, with a narrower, flatter and smaller skull, a longer neck, and a lower shoulder hump.[37] The snout profile is curved, resembling a " Roman nose". They have 34-42 teeth including 12 incisors, 4 canines, 8-16 premolars and 10 molars. The teeth are adapted for a more carnivorous diet than that of the brown bear, having longer, sharper and more spaced out canines, and smaller, more pointed cheek teeth (premolars and molars).[37] The species has a large space or diastema between the canines and cheek teeth, which may allow it to better bite into prey.[39] Since it normally preys on animals much smaller than it, the polar bear does not have a particularly strong bite.[39] Polar bears have large paws, with the front paws being broader than the back. The feet are hairier than in other bear species, providing warmth and friction when stepping on snow and sea ice. The claws are small but sharp and hooked and are used both to snatch prey and climb onto ice.

Polar bear jumping on floating ice at Svalbard

The coat consists of dense underfur around 5 cm (2.0 in) long and guard hairs around 15 cm (5.9 in) long.[10] Males have long hairs on their forelegs, which is thought to signal their fitness to females.[43] The outer surface of the hairs has a scaly appearance, and the guard hairs are hollow, which allows the animals to trap heat and float in the water. The transparent guard hairs forward scatter ultraviolet light between the underfur and the skin, leading to a cycle of absorption and re-emission, keeping them warm.[45] The fur appears white due to the backscatter of incident light and the absence of pigment.[45] Polar bears gain a yellowish colouration as they are exposed more to the sun. This is reversed after they moult. It can also be grayish or brownish.[10] Their light fur provides camouflage in their snowy environment. After emerging from the water, the bear can easily shake itself dry before freezing since the hairs are resistant to tangling when wet. The skin, including the nose and lips, is black and absorbs heat.[10][45] Polar bears have a 5-10 cm (2.0-3.9 in) thick layer of fat underneath the skin,[10] which provides both warmth and energy. Polar bears maintain their core body temperature at about 36.9 °C (98 °F).[49] Overheating is countered by a layer of highly vascularized striated muscle tissue and finely controlled blood vessels. Bears also cool off by entering the water.[45][50]

The eyes of a polar bear are close to the top of the head, which may allow them to stay out of the water when the animal is swimming at the surface. They are relatively small, which may be an adaption against blowing snow and snow blindness. Polar bears are dichromats, and lack the cone cells for seeing medium, mainly green, wavelengths. They have many rod cells which allow them to see at night. The ears are small, allowing them to retain heat and not get frostbitten. They can hear best at frequencies of 11.2-22.5 kHz, a wider frequency range than expected given that their prey mostly makes low-frequency sounds.[52] The nasal concha creates a large surface area, so more warm air can move through the nasal passages. Their olfactory system is also large and adapted for smelling prey over vast distances.[54] The animal has reniculate kidneys which filter out the salt in their food.

Map of 19 polar bear subpopulations. The Queen Elizabeth Islands (QE) subpopulation is not universally accepted.[56]

Polar bears inhabit the Arctic and adjacent areas. Their range includes Greenland, Canada, Alaska, Russia and the Svalbard Archipelago of Norway.[10] Polar bears have been recorded 25 km (16 mi) from the North Pole.[59] The southern limits of their range include James Bay and Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada and St. Matthew Island and the Pribilof Islands of Alaska.[10] They are not permanent residents of Iceland but have been recorded visiting there if they can reach it via sea ice. Due to minimal human encroachment on the bears' remote habitat, they can still be found in much of their original range, more so than any other large land carnivore.[61]

Polar bears have been divided into at least 18 subpopulations labelled East Greenland (ES), Barents Sea (BS), Kara Sea (KS), Laptev Sea (LVS), Chukchi Sea (CS), northern and southern Beaufort Sea (SBS and NBS), Viscount Melville (VM), M'Clintock Channel (MC), Gulf of Boothia (GB), Lancaster Sound (LS), Norwegian Bay (NB), Kane Basin (KB), Baffin Bay (BB), Davis Strait (DS), Foxe Basin (FB) and the western and southern Hudson Bay (WHB and SHB) populations.[62][56] Bears in and around the Queen Elizabeth Islands have been proposed as a subpopulation but this is not universally accepted.[56] A 2022 study has suggested that the bears in southeast Greenland should be considered a different subpopulation based on their geographic isolation and genetics.[63] Polar bear populations can also be divided into four gene clusters: Southern Canadian, Canadian Archipelago, Western Basin (northwestern Canada west to the Russian Far East) and Eastern Basin (Greenland east to Siberia).[62]

The polar bear is dependent enough on the ocean to be considered a marine mammal.[14] It is pagophilic and mainly inhabits annual sea ice covering continental shelves and between islands of archipelagos. These areas, known as the "Arctic Ring of Life", have high biological productivity.[61] The species tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads, to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet.[66] Polar bears travel in response to changes in ice cover throughout the year. They are forced onto land in summer when the sea ice disappears. Terrestrial habitats used by polar bears include forests, mountains, rocky areas, lakeshores and creeks. In the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, where the sea ice breaks off and floats north during the summer, polar bears generally stay on the ice, though a large portion of the population (15-40%) has been observed spending all summer on land since the 1980s.[69] Some areas have thick multiyear ice that does not completely melt and the bears can stay on all year,[70] though this type of ice has fewer seals and allows for less productivity in the water.

Polar bears may travel areas as small as 3,500 km ² (1,400 sq mi) to as large as 38,000 km ² (15,000 sq mi) in a year, while drifting ice allows them to move further.[72] Depending on ice conditions, a bear can travel an average of 12 km (7.5 mi) per day.[73] These movements are powered by their energy-rich diet. Polar bears move by walking and galloping and do not trot.[74] Walking bears tilt their front paws towards each other. They can run at estimated speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph)[75] but typically move at around 5.5 km/h (3.4 mph). Polar bears are also capable swimmers and can swim at up to 6 km/h (3.7 mph). One study found they can swim for an average of 3.4 days at a time and travel an average of 154.2 km (95.8 mi).[78] They can dive for as long as three minutes.[79] When swimming, the broad front paws do the paddling, while the hind legs play a role in steering and diving.[10]

Most polar bears are active year-round. Hibernation occurs only among pregnant females. Non-hibernating bears typically have a normal 24-hour cycle even during days of all darkness or all sunlight, though cycles less than a day are more common during the former.[81] The species is generally diurnal, being most active early in the day.[82] Polar bears sleep close to eight hours a day on average. They will sleep in various positions, including curled up, sitting up, lying on one side, on the back with limbs spread, or on the belly with the rump elevated. On sea ice, polar bears snooze at pressure ridges where they dig on the sheltered side and lie down. After a snowstorm, a bear may rest under the snow for hours or days. On land, the bears may dig a resting spot on gravel or sand beaches. They will also sleep on rocky outcrops. In mountainous areas on the coast, mothers and subadults will sleep on slopes where they can better spot another bear coming. Adult males are less at risk from other bears and can sleep nearly anywhere.

Social life

Young bears play-fighting

Polar bears are typically solitary, aside from mothers with cubs and mating pairs. On land, they are found closer together and gather around food resources. Adult males, in particular, are more tolerant of each other in land environments and outside the breeding season.[87][88] They have been recorded forming stable "alliances", travelling, resting and playing together. A dominance hierarchy exists among polar bears with the largest mature males ranking at the top. Adult females outrank subadults and adolescents and younger males outrank females of the same age. In addition, cubs with their mothers outrank those on their own.[89] Females with dependent offspring tend to stay away from males,[88] but are sometimes associated with other female-offspring units, creating "composite families".[89]

Polar bears are generally quiet but can produce various sounds. Chuffing, a soft pulsing call, is made by mother bears presumably to keep in contact with their young.[91] During the breeding season, adult males will chuff at potential mates. Unlike other animals where chuffing is passed through the nostrils, in polar bears it is emitted through a partially open mouth.[91] Cubs will cry for attention and produce humming noises while nursing.[93] Teeth chops, jaw pops, blows, huffs, moans, growls and roars are heard in more hostile encounters. A polar bear visually communicates with its eyes, ears, nose and lips.[89] Chemical communication can also be important: bears secrete their scent from their foot pads into their tracks, allowing individuals to keep track of one another.[94]

Diet and hunting

The polar bear is a hypercarnivore,[95] and the most carnivorous species of bear.[37] It is an apex predator of the Arctic, preying on ice-living seals and consuming their energy-rich blubber. The most commonly taken species is the ringed seal, but they also prey on bearded seals and harp seals.[10] Ringed seals are ideal prey as they are abundant and small enough to be overpowered by even small bears. Bearded seal adults are larger and are more likely to break free from an attacking bear, hence adult male bears are more successful in hunting them. Less common prey are hooded seals, spotted seals, ribbon seals and the more temperate-living harbour seals. Polar bears, mostly adult males, will occasionally hunt walruses, both on land and ice, though they mainly target the young, as adults are too large and formidable, with their thick skin and long tusks.

Bear feeding on a bearded seal

Besides seals, bears will prey on cetacean species such as beluga whales and narwhals, as well as reindeer, birds and their eggs, fish and marine invertebrates. They rarely eat plant material as their digestive system is too specialized for animal matter,[102] though they have been recorded eating berries, moss, grass and seaweed. In their southern range, especially near Hudson Bay and James Bay, polar bears endure all summer without sea ice to hunt from and must subsist more on terrestrial foods.[104] Fat reserves allow polar bears to survive for months without eating. Cannibalism is known to occur in the species.[106]

Polar bears hunt their prey in several different ways. When a bear spots a seal hauling out on the sea ice, it slowly stalks it with the head and neck lowered, possibly to make its dark nose and eyes less noticeable. As it gets closer, the bear crouches more and eventually charges at a high speed, attempting to catch the seal before it can escape into its ice hole. Some stalking bears need to move through water; traversing through water cavities in the ice when approaching the seal or swimming towards a seal on an ice floe. The polar bear can stay underwater with its nose exposed. When it gets close enough, the animal lunges from the water to attack.

During a limited time in spring, polar bears will search for ringed seal pups in their birth lairs underneath the ice. Once a bear catches the scent of a hiding pup and pinpoints its location, it approaches the den quietly to not alert it. It uses its front feet to smash through the ice and then pokes its head in to catch the pup before it can escape. A ringed seal's lair can be more than 1 m (3.3 ft) below the surface of the ice and thus more massive bears are better equipped for breaking in. Some bears may simply stay still near a breathing hole or other spot near the water and wait for prey to come by. This can last hours and when a seal surfaces the bear will try to pull it out with its paws and claws. This tactic is the primary hunting method from winter to early spring.[10]

Bears hunt walrus groups by provoking them into stampeding and then look for young that have been crushed or separated from their mothers during the turmoil. There are reports of bears trying to kill or injure walruses by throwing rocks and pieces of ice on them.[110] Belugas and narwhals are vulnerable to bear attacks when they are stranded in shallow water or stuck in isolated breathing holes in the ice. When stalking reindeer, polar bears will hide in vegetation before an ambush.[75] On some occasions, bears may try to catch prey in open water, swimming underneath a seal or aquatic bird. Seals in particular, however, are more agile than bears in the water. Polar bears rely on raw power when trying to kill their prey, and will employ bites and paw swipes.[95] They have the strength to pull a mid-sized seal out of the water or haul a beluga carcass for quite some distance. Polar bears only occasionally store food for later-burying it under snow-and only in the short term.[114]

Arctic foxes routinely follow polar bears and scavenge scraps from their kills. The bears usually tolerate them but will charge a fox that gets too close when they are feeding. Polar bears themselves will scavenge. Subadult bears will eat remains left behind by others. Females with cubs often abandon a carcass when they see an adult male approaching, though are less likely to if they have not eaten in a long time. Whale carcasses are a valuable food source, particularly on land and after the sea ice melts, and attract several bears.[87] In one area in northeastern Alaska, polar bears have been recorded competing with grizzly bears for whale carcasses. Despite their smaller size, grizzlies are more aggressive and polar bears are likely to yield to them in confrontations.[116] Polar bears will also scavenge at garbage dumps during ice-free periods.[117]

Reproduction and development

Polar bear mating takes place on the sea ice and during spring, mostly between March and May.[10][118][119] Males search for females in estrus and often travel in twisting paths which reduces the chances of them encountering other males while still allowing them to find females. The movements of females remain linear and they travel more widely.[120] The mating system can be labelled as female-defence polygyny, serial monogamy or promiscuity.[119][121]

Upon finding a female, a male will try to isolate and guard her. Courtship can be somewhat aggressive, and a male will pursue a female if she tries to run away. It can take days for the male to mate with the female which induces ovulation. After their first copulation, the couple bond. Undisturbed polar bear pairings typically last around two weeks during which they will sleep together and mate multiple times. Competition for mates can be intense and this has led to sexual selection for bigger males. Polar bear males often have scars from fighting.[118][119] A male and female that have already bonded will flee together when another male arrives. A female mates with multiple males in a season and a single litter can have more than one father.[121]

When the mating season ends, the female will build up more fat reserves to sustain both herself and her young. Sometime between August and October, the female constructs and enters a maternity den for winter. Depending on the area, maternity dens can be found in sea ice just off the coastline or further inland and may be dug underneath snow, earth or a combination of both. The inside of these shelters can be around 1.5 m (4.9 ft) wide with a ceiling height of 1.2 m (3.9 ft) while the entrance may be 2.1 m (6.9 ft) long and 1.2 m (3.9 ft) wide. The temperature of a den can be much higher than the outside. Females hibernate and give birth to their cubs in the dens. Hibernating bears fast and internally recycle bodily waste. Polar bears experience delayed implantation and the fertilized embryo does not start development until the fall, between mid-September and mid-October. With delayed implantation, gestation in the species lasts seven to nine months but actual pregnancy is only two months.

Mother polar bears typically give birth to two cubs per litter. As with other bear species, newborn polar bears are tiny and altricial. The newborns have woolly hair and pink skin, with a weight of around 600 g (21 oz).[10] Their eyes remain closed for a month. The mother's fatty milk fuels their growth, and the cubs are kept warm both by the mother's body heat and the den. The mother emerges from the den between late February and early April, and her cubs are well-developed and capable of walking with her. At this time they weigh 10-15 kilograms (22-33 lb).[10] A polar bear family stays near the den for roughly two weeks; during this time the cubs will move and play around while the mother mostly rests. They eventually head out on the sea ice.

Mother nursing her young

Cubs under a year old stay close to their mother. When she hunts, they stay still and watch until she calls them back. Observing and imitating the mother helps the cubs hone their hunting skills. After their first year they become more independent and explore. At around two years old, they are capable of hunting on their own. The young suckle their mother as she is lying on her side or sitting on her rump. A lactating female cannot conceive and give birth, and cubs are weaned between two and two-and-a-half years.[10] She may simply leave her weaned young or they may be chased away by a courting male. Polar bears reach sexual maturity at around four years for females and six years for males. Females reach their adult size at 4 or 5 years of age while males are fully grown at twice that age.

Mortality

Polar bears can live up to 30 years.[10] The bear's long lifespan and ability to consistently produce young offsets cub deaths in a population. Some cubs die in the dens or the womb if the female is not in good condition. Nevertheless, the female has a chance to produce a surviving litter the next spring if she can eat better in the coming year. Cubs will eventually starve if their mothers cannot kill enough prey. Cubs also face threats from wolves[140] and adult male bears. Males kill cubs to bring their mother back into estrus but also kill young outside the breeding season for food.[106] A female and her cubs can flee from the slower male. If the male can get close to a cub, the mother may try to fight him off, sometimes at the cost of her life.

Subadult bears, who are independent but not quite mature, have a particularly rough time as they are not as successful hunters as adults. Even when they do succeed, their kill will likely be stolen by a larger bear. Hence subadults have to scavenge and are often underweight and at risk of starvation. At adulthood, polar bears have a high survival rate, though adult males suffer injuries from fights over mates. Polar bears are especially susceptible to Trichinella, a parasitic roundworm they contract through cannibalism.[143]

Map from the U.S. Geological Survey shows projected changes in polar bear habitat from 2001 to 2010 and 2041 to 2050.[144]

In 2015, the IUCN Red List categorized the polar bear as vulnerable due to a "decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat". It estimated the total population to be between 22,000 and 31,000, and the current population trend is unknown. Threats to polar bear populations include climate change, pollution and energy development.[2]

In 2021, the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group labelled four subpopulations (Barents and Chukchi Sea, Foxe Basin and Gulf of Boothia) as "likely stable", two (Kane Basin and M'Clintock Channel) as "likely increased" and three (Southern Beaufort Sea, Southern and Western Hudson Bay) as "likely decreased" over specific periods between the 1980s and 2010s. The remaining ten did not have enough data.[56] A 2008 study predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on the reduction of sea ice, and only one population would likely survive in 50 years.[145] A 2016 study projected a likely decline in polar bear numbers of more than 30 percent over three generations. The study concluded that declines of more than 50 percent are much less likely.[146] A 2012 review suggested that polar bears may become regionally extinct in southern areas by 2050 if trends continue, leaving the Canadian Archipelago and northern Greenland as strongholds.[147]

The key danger from climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss. Polar bears hunt seals on the sea ice, and rising temperatures cause the ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall. Thinner sea ice tends to break more easily, which makes it more difficult for polar bears to access seals. Insufficient nourishment leads to lower reproductive rates in adult females and lower survival rates in cubs and juvenile bears. Lack of access to seals also causes bears to find food on land which increases the risk of conflict with humans.[61][147] A 2024 study concluded that greater consumption of terrestrial foods during the longer warm periods are unlikely to provide enough nourishment, increasing the risk of starvation during ice-free periods. Subadult bears would be particularly vulnerable.[148]

Polar bear swimming. The loss of sea ice has led to more open water and more pressure on the bears to swim great distances.[61][147]

Reduction in sea ice cover also forces bears to swim longer distances, which further depletes their energy stores and occasionally leads to drowning. Increased ice mobility may result in less stable sites for dens or longer distances for mothers travelling to and from dens on land. Thawing of permafrost would lead to more fire-prone roofs for bears denning underground. Less snow may affect insulation while more rain could cause more cave-ins.[61][147] The maximum corticosteroid-binding capacity of corticosteroid-binding globulin in polar bear serum correlates with stress in polar bears, and this has increased with climate warming.[149] Disease-causing bacteria and parasites would flourish more readily in a warmer climate.[147]

Oil and gas development also affects polar bear habitat. The Chukchi Sea Planning Area of northwestern Alaska, which has had many drilling leases, was found to be an important site for non-denning female bears.[150] Oil spills are also a risk. A 2018 study found that ten percent or less of prime bear habitat in the Chukchi Sea is vulnerable to a potential spill, but a spill at full reach could impact nearly 40 percent of the polar bear population.[151] Polar bears accumulate high levels of persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides, due to their position at the top of the ecological pyramid. Many of these chemicals have been internationally banned due to the recognition of their harm to the environment. Traces of them have slowly dwindled in polar bears but persist and have even increased in some populations.[152]

Polar bears receive some legal protection in all the countries they inhabit. The species has been labelled as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act since 2008,[153] while the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada listed it as of 'Special concern' since 1991.[154] In 1973, the Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears was signed by all five nations with polar bear populations, Canada, Denmark (of which Greenland is an autonomous territory), Russia (then USSR), Norway and the US. This banned most harvesting of polar bears, allowed indigenous hunting using traditional methods, and promoted the preservation of bear habitat.[155] The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna lists the species under Appendix II,[3] which allows regulated trade.[156]

Polar bears have coexisted and interacted with circumpolar peoples for millennia. "White bears" are mentioned as commercial items in the Japanese book Nihon Shoki in the seventh century. It is not clear if these were polar bears or white-coloured brown bears. During the Middle Ages, Europeans considered white bears to be a novelty and were more familiar with brown- and black-coloured bears. The first known written account of the polar bear in its natural environment is found in the 13th-century anonymous Norwegian text Konungs skuggsjá, which mentions that "the white bear of Greenland wanders most of the time on the ice of the sea, hunting seals and whales and feeding on them" and says the bear is "as skillful a swimmer as any seal or whale".

Nelson and the bear, by Richard Westall (1773)

Over the next centuries, several European explorers would mention polar bears and describe their habits. Such accounts became more accurate after the Enlightenment, and both living and dead specimens were brought back. Nevertheless, some fanciful reports continued, including the idea that polar bears cover their noses during hunts. A relatively accurate drawing of a polar bear is found in Henry Ellis's work A Voyage to Hudson's Bay (1748). Polar bears were formally classified as a species by Constantine Phipps after his 1773 voyage to the Arctic. Accompanying him was a young Horatio Nelson, who was said to have wanted to get a polar bear coat for his father but failed in his hunt. In his 1785 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Comte de Buffon mentions and depicts a "sea bear", clearly a polar bear, and "land bears", likely brown and black bears. This helped promote ideas about speciation. Buffon also mentioned a "white bear of the forest", possibly a Kermode bear.

Exploitation

Polar bears were hunted as early as 8,000 years ago, as indicated by archaeological remains at Zhokhov Island in the East Siberian Sea. The oldest graphic depiction of a polar bear shows it being hunted by a man with three dogs. This rock art was among several petroglyphs found at Pegtymel in Siberia and dates from the fifth to eighth centuries. Before access to firearms, native people used lances, bows and arrows and hunted in groups accompanied by dogs. Though hunting typically took place on foot, some people killed swimming bears from boats with a harpoon. Polar bears were sometimes killed in their dens. Killing a polar bear was considered a rite of passage for boys in some cultures. Native people respected the animal and hunts were subject to strict rituals. Bears were harvested for the fur, meat, fat, tendons, bones and teeth. The fur was worn and slept on, while the bones and teeth were made into tools. For the Netsilik, the individual who finally killed the bear had the right to its fur while the meat was passed to all in the party. Some people kept the cubs of slain bears.

Norsemen in Greenland traded polar bear furs in the Middle Ages. Russia traded polar bear products as early as 1556, with Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land being important commercial centres. Large-scale hunting of bears at Svalbard occurred since at least the 18th century, when no less than 150 bears were killed each year by Russian explorers. In the next century, more Norwegians were harvesting the bears on the island. From the 1870s to the 1970s, around 22,000 of the animals were hunted in total. Over 150,000 polar bears in total were either killed or captured in Russia and Svalbard, from the 18th to the 20th century. In the Canadian Arctic, bears were harvested by commercial whalers especially if they could not get enough whales. The Hudson's Bay Company is estimated to have sold 15,000 polar bear coats between the late 19th century and early 20th century. In the mid-20th century, countries began to regulate polar bear harvesting, culminating in the 1973 agreement.[155]

Polar bear meat was commonly eaten as rations by explorers and sailors in the Arctic. Its taste and texture have been described both positively and negatively. Some have called it too coarse with a powerful smell, while others praised it as a "royal dish". The liver was known for being too toxic to eat. This is due to the accumulation of vitamin A from their prey. Polar bear fat was also used in lamps when other fuel was unavailable. Polar bear rugs were almost ubiquitous on the floors of Norwegian churches by the 13th and 14th centuries. In more modern times, classical Hollywood actors would pose on bearskin rugs, notably Marilyn Monroe. Such images often had sexual connotations.

Conflicts

When the sea ice melts, polar bears, particularly subadults, conflict with humans over resources on land.[174] They are attracted to the smell of human-made foods, particularly at garbage dumps and may be shot when they encroach on private property.[175] In Churchill, Manitoba, local authorities maintain a " polar bear jail" where nuisance bears are held until the sea ice freezes again.[176] Climate change has increased conflicts between the two species.[174] Over 50 polar bears swarmed a town in Novaya Zemlya in February 2019, leading local authorities to declare a state of emergency.[177]

From 1870 to 2014, there were an estimated 73 polar bear attacks on humans, which led to 20 deaths. The majority of attacks were by hungry males, typically subadults, while female attacks were usually in defence of the young. In comparison to brown and American black bears, attacks by polar bears were more often near and around where humans lived. This may be due to the bears getting desperate for food and thus more likely to seek out human settlements. As with the other two bear species, polar bears are unlikely to target more than two people at once. Though popularly thought of as the most dangerous bear, the polar bear is no more aggressive to humans than other species.[178]

Captivity

Visitors observing polar bears underneath a plexiglass tunnel at the Detroit Zoo

The polar bear was a particularly sought-after species for exotic animal collectors due to being relatively rare and remote living, and its reputation as a ferocious beast. It is one of the few marine mammals that can reproduce well in captivity.[180] They were originally kept only by royals and elites. The Tower of London got a polar bear as early as 1252 under King Henry III. In 1609, James VI and I of Scotland, England and Ireland was given two polar bear cubs by the sailor Jonas Poole, who got them during a trip to Svalbard. At the end of the 17th century, Frederick I of Prussia housed polar bears in menageries with other wild animals. He had their claws and canines removed to perform mock fights. Around 1726, Catherine I of Russia gifted two polar bears to Augustus II the Strong of Poland, who desired them for his animal collection. Later, polar bears were displayed to the public in zoos and circuses. In early 19th century, the species was exhibited at the Exeter Exchange in London, as well as menageries in Vienna and Paris. The first zoo in North America to exhibit a polar bear was the Philadelphia Zoo in 1859.

Polar bear exhibits were innovated by Carl Hagenbeck, who replaced cages and pits with settings that mimicked the animal's natural environment. In 1907, he revealed a complex panoramic structure at the Tierpark Hagenbeck Zoo in Hamburg consisting of exhibits made of artificial snow and ice separated by moats. Different polar animals were displayed on each platform, giving the illusion of them living together. Starting in 1975, Hellabrunn Zoo in Munich housed its polar bears in an exhibit which consisted of a glass barrier, a house, concrete platforms mimicking ice floes and a large pool. Inside the house were maternity dens, and rooms for the staff to prepare and store the food. The exhibit was connected to an outdoor yard for extra room. Similar naturalistic and "immersive" exhibits were opened in the early 21st century, such as the "Arctic Ring of Life" at the Detroit Zoo and Ontario's Cochrane Polar Bear Habitat. Many zoos in Europe and North America have stopped keeping polar bears due to the size and costs of their complex exhibits. In North America, the population of polar bears in zoos reached its zenith in 1975 with 229 animals and declined in the 21st century.[188]

Performing polar bear at the 1973 Nationaal Songfestival in the Netherlands

Polar bears have been trained to perform in circuses. Bears in general, being large, powerful, easy to train and human-like in form, were widespread in circuses, and the white coat of polar bears made them particularly attractive. Circuses helped change the polar bear's image from a fearsome monster to something more comical. Performing polar bears were used in 1888 by Circus Krone in Germany and later in 1904 by the Bostock and Wombwell Menagerie in England. Circus director Wilhelm Hagenbeck trained up to 75 polar bears to slide into a large tank through a chute. He began performing with them in 1908 and they had a particularly well-received show at the Hippodrome in London. Other circus tricks performed by polar bears involved tightropes, balls, roller skates and motorcycles. One of the most famous polar bear trainers in the second half of the twentieth century was the East German Ursula Böttcher, whose small stature contrasted with that of the large bears. Starting in the late 20th century, most polar bear acts were retired and the use of these bears for the circus is now prohibited in the US.

Several captive polar bears gained celebrity status in the late 20th and early 21st century, notably Knut of the Berlin Zoological Garden, who was rejected by his mother and had to be hand-reared by zookeepers. Another bear, Binky of the Alaska Zoo in Anchorage, became famous for attacking two visitors who got too close. Captive polar bears may pace back and forth, a stereotypical behaviour. In one study, they were recorded to have spent 14 percent of their days pacing.[192] Gus of the Central Park Zoo was prescribed Prozac by a therapist for constantly swimming in his pool. To reduce stereotypical behaviours, zookeepers provide the bears with enrichment items to trigger their play behaviour.[194] Zoo polar bears may appear green due to algae concentrations.[195]

Cultural significance

Polar bears have prominent roles in Inuit culture and religion. The deity Torngarsuk is sometimes imagined as a giant polar bear. He resides underneath the sea floor in an underworld of the dead and has power over sea creatures. Kalaallit shamans would worship him through singing and dancing and were expected to be taken by him to the sea and consumed if he considered them worthy. Polar bears were also associated with the goddess Nuliajuk who was responsible for their creation, along with other sea creatures. It is believed that shamans could reach the Moon or the bottom of the ocean by riding on a guardian spirit in the form of a polar bear. Some folklore involves people turning into or disguising themselves as polar bears by donning their skins or the reverse, with polar bears removing their skins. In Inuit astronomy, the Pleiades star cluster is conceived of as a polar bear trapped by dogs while Orion's Belt, the Hyades and Aldebaran represent hunters, dogs and a wounded bear respectively.

Nordic folklore and literature have also featured polar bears. In The Tale of Auðun of the West Fjords, written around 1275, a poor man named Auðun spends all his money on a polar bear in Greenland, but ends up wealthy after giving the bear to the king of Denmark. In the 14th-century manuscript Hauksbók, a man named Odd kills and eats a polar bear that killed his father and brother. In the story of The Grimsey Man and the Bear, a mother bear nurses and rescues a farmer stuck on an ice floe and is repaid with sheep meat. 18th-century Icelandic writings mention the legend of a "polar bear king" known as the bjarndýrakóngur. This beast was depicted as a polar bear with "ruddy cheeks" and a unicorn-like horn, which glows in the dark. The king could understand when humans talk and was considered to be very astute. Two Norwegian fairy tales, " East of the Sun and West of the Moon" and " White-Bear-King-Valemon", involve white bears turning into men and seducing women.

Drawings of polar bears have been featured on maps of the northern regions. Possibly the earliest depictions of a polar bear on a map is the Swedish Carta marina of 1539, which has a white bear on Iceland or "Islandia". A 1544 map of North America includes two polar bears near Quebec. Notable paintings featuring polar bears include François-Auguste Biard's Fighting Polar Bears (1839) and Edwin Landseer's Man Proposes, God Disposes (1864). Polar bears have also been filmed for cinema. An Inuit polar bear hunt was shot for the 1932 documentary Igloo, while the 1974 film The White Dawn filmed a simulated stabbing of a trained bear for a scene. In the film The Big Show (1961), two characters are killed by a circus polar bear. The scenes were shot using animal trainers instead of the actors. In modern literature, polar bears have been characters in both children's fiction, like Hans Beer's Little Polar Bear and the Whales and Sakiasi Qaunaq's The Orphan and the Polar Bear, and fantasy novels, like Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials series. In radio, Mel Blanc provided the vocals for Jack Benny's pet polar bear Carmichael on The Jack Benny Program. The polar bear is featured on flags and coats of arms, like the coat of arms of Greenland, and in many advertisements, notably for Coca-Cola since 1922.

As charismatic megafauna, polar bears have been used to raise awareness of the dangers of climate change. Aurora the polar bear is a giant marionette created by Greenpeace for climate protests.[202] The World Wide Fund for Nature has sold plush polar bears as part of its "Arctic Home" campaign.[203] Photographs of polar bears have been featured in National Geographic and Time magazines, including ones of them standing on ice floes, while the climate change documentary and advocacy film An Inconvenient Truth (2006) includes an animated bear swimming.[202] Automobile manufacturer Nissan used a polar bear in one of its commercials, hugging a man for using an electric car.[204] To make a statement about global warming, in 2009 a Copenhagen ice statue of a polar bear with a bronze skeleton was purposely left to melt in the sun.

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Carl Linnaeus classified the polar bear as a type of brown bear ( Ursus arctos), labelling it as Ursus maritimus albus-major, articus in the 1758 edition of his work Systema Naturae .

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존 씨온 박사님께
안녕하세요, 저희는 한국에 있는 풍성중학교 2학년 학생들입니다. 학교 국어시간에 존 씨온 박사님의 기후위기 부정론  글을 읽었는데 궁금한  것이 있어서 이렇게 편지를 쓰게 되었습니다.

"남극 빙하를 분석한 결과, 이산화탄소 농도와 지구 기온 사이에는 알려진 것과 반대의 상관관계가 발견되었고, 이산화탄소 농도가 높아져 기온이 오르는게 아니라 ,기온이 오르면서 바닥에 녹았던 이산화탄소가 배출되는 것이고, 차가운 청량음료가 더운 곳에 나오면 이산화탄소가 뿜어져 나오는 것과 같다"  라고 글을 쓰셨는데 사실을 확인해본 결과 장기적인 지구 온난화 추세는 분명하지만 일부 연도는 전년도에 비해 기온 상승을 나타내지 않고 일부 연도는 다른 연도보다 더 큰 변화를 보이고, 이러한 연도별 기온 변동은 엘니뇨, 라니냐 및 화산 폭팔의 영향과 같은 자연적 과정으로 인한 것입니다. 그럼 긴글 읽어주셔서 감사합니다. 건강하세요.
https://m.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201502111649298665

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Hello, we are the 2nd grade students of Fufu Middle School in Korea. I read Dr. John Cion's denial of the climate crisis during the Korean language class at school, and I am writing this letter because I have a question.
"Antarctic glaciers show a known opposite correlation between carbon dioxide and global temperature, not higher carbon dioxide levels, but higher temperatures release dissolved carbon dioxide from the floor, and hot cold soft drinks emit carbon dioxide," he wrote, but some years do not show higher temperatures than the previous year. Thank you for reading the long message. Take care of yourself.
https://m.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201502111649298665

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Hello, I am Bae Min-seong, a sophomore in Poongpung Middle School. How are you, Dr. John Sean? I heard about you in Korean class The claim that the polar bear population is declining is wrong. What evidence do you have to support your claim? If you've read my post, please tell me what you think.
https://www.arcticwwf.org/wildlife/polar-bear/polar-bear-population/