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During the First World War, the first female officers served for the Canadian Army Medical Corps. More than 2,800 women worked on the front line trenches of World War l and served overseas at hospitals, theatres of war, etc. The women working for the Canadian Army Medical Corps required women to have high moral character, British citizenship, ages between 21-38 and physical fitness. These influential women gained gratitude from soldiers families and the public for their involvement in World War l. Unfortunately, many brothers or fathers of the women were serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Force and had lost their lives fighting for their country.

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In December 1915, a large group of men and women delivered a petition with about 40,000 signatures that supported women's right to vote. The Lieutenant Governor proceeded into breaking the barrier for the right of Manitoba women to vote on January 28, 1916. The women’s demand for women voting rights, suffrage, etc had started to extend internationally as they were influential on other Canadian provinces. For example, Saskatchewan and Alberta. However, not all Manitoba women gained the right to vote as the First Nations and Inuit women had a long journey before they won the franchise.

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Louise McKinney one of the famous five behind the Persons Case and Roberta Macadams Price were the first women who were elected to a legislature in the British Empire. Louise ran a successful campaign that was influential for social welfare and women's rights. However, Louise's perspective on immigration was seen as racist and elitist.  However, Louise McKinney became a life member of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Louise and Roberta's actions had encouraged many people to make a difference.

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1918 Granted the right to vote in federal elections 

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1918 Granted the right to vote in federal elections 

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An act granted the Electoral Franchise for women and were awarded the federal franchise. After this act was established, white Canadian women over the age of 21 were allowed to vote. However, all women were granted the right after 40 years after that, which is unfair as the whole population of women must be represented.

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The Act granted some women the right to vote in parliamentary elections for the first time, but not on an equal basis to men, who gained universal suffrage. This resource looks at how the Guardian reported the law being passed and its marking of the centenary.

Women had campaigned for the right to vote in parliamentary elections for over 50 years. The Act of 1918 had a number of possible motivations. Suffrage activity both peaceful and militant was suspended at the outbreak of war in 1914 and might well have been resumed in peacetime if no action was taken to give women the vote. Women had played a major role in the war effort, taking on jobs previously done by men in areas such as transport, farming and munition production, and the vote can be seen as a reward for this work. Parliament had to pass a new franchise law as millions of men who had been fighting in the war were unable to vote in the next general election as they did not meet the residency conditions and many had not registered. Politicians did not seriously debate giving all women the vote on the same basis of men as by doing this women would have outnumbered men and party representation in the House of Commons might be seriously altered.

In February 1918 women over 30 were given the right to vote in general elections if they already voted in local government elections or were married to men who did. The Act gave all men aged 21 the right to vote or at aged 19 if they had seen active service and were not legally disqualified. A fifth of women over 30 did not fulfil the voting registrations requirement. 60% of women could not vote, including many of the women who worked in the war and whose jobs ended in peacetime. Approximately 12.5 million men now had the right to vote and 8.5 million women.

The Guardian news report on 7 February noted that the Act's terms included "soldiers, sailors, and women's war-worker's votes". Its editorial celebrated it as an "mighty constitutional landmark" and that " the recognition of political equality is the first step to the recognition of equality in every other field where nature has not set up her own barriers".

On 11 February the paper reported the Manchester Reform Club's celebration of the extension to Parliamentary vote to some women. CP Scott, editor of the Guardian, said at the meeting, he believed the act was "not merely the beginning of legislative justice but of a great social change." Councillor Margaret Ashton also present noted that this was only the beginning and that when equal suffrage "was obtained we should be able to speak of democracy in this country for the first time."

It was to be another 10 years before all women got the vote on the same basis as men with the passing of the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act in 1928.
Marking 100 years Editorial: The Guardian view on women's suffrage: still no real equality Suffragette London - then and now 'We owe it to their memory': family stories 100 years since the suffragette movement My great-great-aunt was a terrorist: women's politics went beyond the vote The role of violence in winning votes for women (and men) Will women be equal to men in 100 years? The panel verdict Which branch of feminism won women the vote? We all did Why we should channel the suffragettes and rethink democracy Statue of suffragist Millicent Fawcett to be unveiled in April We owe it to the suffragettes to keep campaigning for women'Shambolic': women's groups accuse government over vote centenary funding Women's rights: 100 revolutionary years 100 women on 100 years of voting Suffragette cities: events to mark the centenary of voting rights for women 'Women's equality still doesn't centre on women of colour - and it needs to'Hatchet fiend' suffragette celebrated by National Portrait Gallery in London A century of suffrage: does your family have memories or artefacts from 1918? Representation of the People (Franchise Act), 1928 The 1930s: 'Women had the vote, but the old agitation went on' How far have we come in 80 years? Equal franchise bill on statute book Archive teaching resources on Women's suffrage CP Scott and Women's Suffrage Helena Swanwick and Evelyn Sharp - pioneering Guardian journalists Emily Davison and coverage of the Epsom Derby Women at the Guardian in their own words Guardian women's page Education Centre workshops First world war

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Women's suffrage - February 1918, first women gain right to vote

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The Act granted some women the right to vote in parliamentary elections for the first time, but not on an equal basis to men, who gained universal suffrage. This resource looks at how the Guardian reported the law being passed and its marking of the centenary.

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1920 Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 

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1920 Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 

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The Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom was founded by women in the suffrage movement in North America and Europe that seeked ways to ensure that wars had came to an end. The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom was put as a study in school and was a significant part of peoples learning. For example, this topic was included in textbooks where they would people can educate themselves on this important movement. In fact, this women’s league was important for taking stands on major issues. For example, peace and social justice issues.

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Agnes Macphail was the first women elected to the House of Commons. Agnes states, “I do not want to be the angel of any home: I want for myself what I want for other women, absolute equality. After that is secured, then men and women can take turns being angels." (Macphail, 1921) This quote mentioned by Agnes represents a part of her journey as a women and to become elected in the House of Commons. By Agnes's statement, Ontario’s first equal pay legislation was introduced to the public due to the fact that she voiced  her opinion to many that brought up many new changes.

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Cecil Eustace Smith was the first 15-year old Canadian figure skater to represent Canada in the Olympics. She had won many medals due to her athleticism and hard working mindset. Cecil Eustace Smith followed in her mothers footsteps Maude Delano-Osborne. Her mother played singles in tennis and was the first Canadian tennis champion. Therefore, Cecil's success had created hope to many young athletes.

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The Famous Five were Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, Irene Parlby and Henrietta Muir Edwards. This group of women were petitioners, politicians, journalists, etc. They had came formed by commemorating the women's efforts and stand in this case. The Famous Five asked the Supreme Court of Canada to answer the following question: does the word “person” in Section 24 of the British North America Act include female persons? After 5 weeks of debate, the Supreme Court decided that the word “person” did not include women. However, later in the case the Judicial Council of Britain's Privy Council legally declared women as 'persons' under their Common Law.

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Anna Dexter the first female radio broadcaster that spoke on station CNHS. The station CNHS was broadcasted from Halifax. Anna was known as the "Queen of the airways." Therefore, Anna Dexter broke the barrier for women to be showcased in radio broadcasts and to be associated to CNHS that shared classic hits.

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An act was in place that only a man was considered a person and many women were tentative to participate in politics as their voices would be taken for granted. The ‘persons’ disagreement was to prevent women from important positions such as politic positions. The Famous Five took the ‘persons’ case to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of Great Britain (Highest court of appeal back then). Women were declared as 'persons' by The British Privy Council and appointed to the Senate of Canada. Therefore, Persons day is to honour the Famous Five and their progress that allows women to equally participate in aspects of Canadian life today.

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One event that demonstrates Cause and Consequence is Women involvement in WWI. Their involvement in war caused many soldiers to be cured from illnesses. Although the women were not serving directly on the front line trenches, they were a significant part of achievement. The soldiers families1 and the public gained gratitude for the role that they played. However, the women served overseas at hospitals, theatres of war, etc. The impact of the women serving for the Canadian Army Medical Corps was out of the 2,845 women who served, 58 died from disease, enemy fire, etc. Therefore, I believe the event of the female officers who served with the Canadian Army Medical Corp demonstrates cause and consequences.

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One event that demonstrates continuity and change is the women's suffrage, which was The Famous Five event. In this event, the five women petitioned in the groundbreaking Persons Case. The Persons Case was a significant topic that was controversial in the past. The Famous Five had approached the Supreme Court of Canada with a question regarding if women are included in the definition of person. However, after the debate was settled, the court decided that ‘person’ does not include women. The change overtime was that this debate progressively changed that all women were included in the word and women were able to work, handle households, jobs, all by themselves. Overtime, there was progress in women's rights as the perception of the public changed. Therefore, I believe the event of The Famous Five demonstrates continuity and change.

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“1921 - 1930 - UFCW Canada - Canada’s Private Sector Union.” Www.ufcw.ca, www.ufcw.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=33&Itemid=152&lang=en.

Canada, Women and Gender Equality. “Persons Day.” Women-Gender-Equality.canada.ca, 31 Mar. 2021, women-gender-equality.canada.ca/en/commemorations-celebrations/womens-history-month/persons-day.html.

---. “Women in Canadian History: A Timeline.” Women-Gender-Equality.canada.ca, Government of Canada, 31 Mar. 2021, women-gender-equality.canada.ca/en/commemorations-celebrations/womens-history-month/women-history-canada-timeline.html.

Canadian War Museum. “In Uniform - Nurses | Canada and the First World War.” Canada and the First World War, 2019, www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/people/in-uniform/nurses/.

“Cecil Eustace SMITH | Olympics.com.” Olympics.com, 18 Sept. 2020, olympics.com/en/athletes/cecil-eustace-smith.

Holborn, Margaret. “Women’s Suffrage - February 1918, First Women Gain Right to Vote.” The Guardian, The Guardian, 5 Feb. 2018, www.theguardian.com/gnmeducationcentre/2018/feb/05/womens-suffrage-february-1918-first-women-gain-right-to-vote-in-parliamentary-elections.

International, Radio Canada. “Canada History: 28 Jan, 1916: Manitoba Is the First to Grant the Vote to Women.” RCI | English, 28 Jan. 2020, www.rcinet.ca/en/2020/01/28/this-day-in-history-suffrage-today-history-canada-history-28-jan-1916-manitoba-is-the-first-to-grant-the-vote-to-women/.

“Louise McKinney | the Canadian Encyclopedia.” Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca, 2018, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/louise-mckinney.

“Sutori.” Www.sutori.com, www.sutori.com/en/story/women-in-the-roaring-20-s-to-the-dirty-30-s-canada--PzZuku23rGJe5JZiQpASEhxu. Accessed 15 Sept. 2022.

Wikipedia Contributors. “Cecil Smith (Figure Skater).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Smith_%28figure_skater%29.

“Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom | Definition, History, & Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/topic/Womens-International-League-for-Peace-and-Freedom.

“Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom | the Canadian Encyclopedia.” Www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/womens-international-league-for-peace-and-freedom.

“Women’s Suffrage in Manitoba | the Canadian Encyclopedia.” Www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca, 6 May 2016, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/womens-suffrage-in-manitoba.

Zoë Miller. “When Women Got the Right to Vote in 25 Places around the World.” INSIDER, 13 Feb. 2019, www.insider.com/when-women-around-the-world-got-the-right-to-vote-2019-2.

Canada.ca, 2021, women-gender-equality.canada.ca/en/commemorations-celebrations/women-impact/politics/agnes-macphail.html.