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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Native Americans from 2200 B.C to 1607 A.D.

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Native Americans from 2200 B.C to 1607 A.D.

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No specific authors or works for this time period.

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Each tribe had a different symbol to represent them. Here are just a couple examples of what their tribe "logo" might have looked like.
https://www.pngitem.com/middle/ihRmh_american-tribal-symbols-native-american-symbols-png-transparent/
https://spiritsofthewestcoast.com/en-us/pages/native-american-symbols

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Native Americans are known for their inventions and talents that they brought to the New World.
https://www.history.com/news/native-american-inventions

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SPECIAL EVENTS: In Native American History

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SPECIAL EVENTS: In Native American History

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2200 B.C.—Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9)

2200 B.C. to 1600 A.D.

1607—Early settlement at Jamestown

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800	

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800	

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Authors and works

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Authors and works

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William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #1: 

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #1: 

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In Puritan Society, women played a very important role in family and life.
https://www.ducksters.com/history/colonial_america/puritans.php

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #2

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #2

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Puritanism was the religion that was in the colonies in the New World. They brought their beliefs to a new land in search of religious freedom.
https://study.com/learn/lesson/puritanism-early-years-beliefs-who-were-the-puritans.html

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SPECIAL EVENTS: Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 

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SPECIAL EVENTS: Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment"

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment"

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment": Authors and works

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment": Authors and works

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment": Fact #1: 

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment": Fact #1: 

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Superstition and science were the leading ideas of the Age of Enlightenment. Blind faith had been the prominent idea, but now they wanted facts and physical things.
https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/enlightenment

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment": Fact #2: 

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment": Fact #2: 

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The church, priests, and catholics were now thought to be not as important. People now thought more for themselves. They also made the idea that all people are equal and have equal rights.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-age-of-enlightenment/

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21.1.1: Enlightenment Ideals

Centered on the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, the Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century.

Learning Objective

Identify the core ideas that drove the Age of Enlightenment

Key Points

The Age of Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. Centered on the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, this movement advocated such ideals as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.

There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment, but the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are commonly identified as starting points. French historians usually place the period between 1715 and 1789. Most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1804-15) to date the end of the Enlightenment.

The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran between particular European countries and also in both directions across the Atlantic.

There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought. The radical Enlightenment advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority. A second, more moderate variety sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith.

Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. The Enlightenment has long been hailed as the foundation of modern Western political and intellectual culture. It brought political modernization to the West. In religion, Enlightenment era commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe.

Historians of race, gender, and class note that Enlightenment ideals were not originally envisioned as universal in the today's sense of the word. Although they did eventually inspire the struggles for rights of people of color, women, or the working masses, most Enlightenment thinkers did not advocate equality for all, regardless of race, gender, or class, but rather insisted that rights and freedoms were not hereditary.

Key Terms

reductionism

Several related but distinct philosophical positions regarding the connections between theories, "reducing" one idea to another, more basic one. In the sciences, its methodologies attempt to explain entire systems in terms of their individual, constituent parts and interactions.

scientific method

A body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge that apply empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. It has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting of systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

cogito ergo sum

A Latin philosophical proposition by René Descartes usually translated into English as "I think, therefore I am." The phrase originally appeared in his Discourse on the Method. This proposition became a fundamental element of Western philosophy, as it purported to form a secure foundation for knowledge in the face of radical doubt. While other knowledge could be a figment of imagination, deception, or mistake, Descartes asserted that the very act of doubting one's own existence served-at minimum-as proof of the reality of one's own mind.

empiricism

The theory that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience. It emphasizes evidence, especially data gathered through experimentation and use of the scientific method.

The Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment, also known as the Enlightenment, was a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. Centered on the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, this movement advocated such ideals as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state. The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy. The core ideas advocated by modern democracies, including the civil society, human and civil rights, and separation of powers, are the product of the Enlightenment. Furthermore, the sciences and academic disciplines (including social sciences and the humanities) as we know them today, based on empirical methods, are also rooted in the Age of Enlightenment. All these developments, which followed and partly overlapped with the European exploration and colonization of the Americas and the intensification of the European presence in Asia and Africa, make the Enlightenment a starting point of what some historians define as the European Moment in World History: the long period of often tragic European domination over the rest of the world.

There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment, with the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) often considered starting points. French historians usually place the period between 1715 and 1789, from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution. In the mid-17th century, the Enlightenment traces its origins to Descartes' Discourse on Method, published in 1637. In France, many cite the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica in 1687. Some historians and philosophers have argued that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his cogito ergo sum (1637).

As to its end, most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1804-15) to date the end of the Enlightenment.

The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism, while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and took a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches. Government responses varied widely. In France, the government was hostile and Enlightenment thinkers fought against its censorship, sometimes being imprisoned or hounded into exile. The British government largely ignored the Enlightenment's leaders in England and Scotland. The Scottish Enlightenment, with its mostly liberal Calvinist and Newtonian focus, played a major role in the further development of the transatlantic Enlightenment. In Italy, the significant reduction in the Church's power led to a period of great thought and invention, including scientific discoveries. In Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theater, public museum, and independent press. Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic. In their development of the ideas of natural freedom, Europeans and American thinkers drew from American Indian cultural practices and beliefs.

In the mid-18th century, Europe witnessed an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity that challenged traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law, and for science based on experiments and observation. The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution.

There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought. The radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority. A second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others, sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith.

Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of the development of free speech and thought. Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. However, as with most Enlightenment views, the benefits of science were not seen universally.

The Enlightenment has also long been hailed as the foundation of modern Western political and intellectual culture. It brought political modernization to the West in terms of focusing on democratic values and institutions and the creation of modern, liberal democracies. The fundamentals of European liberal thought, including the right of the individual, the natural equality of all men, the separation of powers, the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state), the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people, and liberal interpretation of law that leaves people free to do whatever is not explicitly forbidden, were all developed by Enlightenment thinkers.

In religion, Enlightenment-era commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe. Enlightenment thinkers sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. A number of novel ideas developed, including deism (belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other source) and atheism. The latter was much discussed but had few proponents. Many, like Voltaire, held that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined.

The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789 and emphasized the rights of common men as opposed to the exclusive rights of the elites. As such, they laid the foundation for modern, rational, democratic societies. However, historians of race, gender, and class note that Enlightenment ideals were not originally envisioned as universal in the today's sense of the word. Although they did eventually inspire the struggles for rights of people of color, women, or the working masses, most Enlightenment thinkers did not advocate equality for all, regardless of race, gender, or class, but rather insisted that rights and freedoms were not hereditary (the heredity of power and rights was a common pre-Enlightenment assumption). This perspective directly attacked the traditionally exclusive position of the European aristocracy but was still largely focused on expanding the rights of white males of a particular social standing.

Attributions

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Centered on the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, the Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. Identify the core ideas that drove the Age of Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century.

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SPECIAL EVENTS: Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment"

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SPECIAL EVENTS: Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment"

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment": Fact #3: 

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment": Fact #3: 

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Some of the main philosophers of the Age of Reason were Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Buffon and Denis Diderot.
https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/philosophes/

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment": Fact #4: 

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason""The Enlightenment": Fact #4: 

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Thomas Paine wrote "The Age of Reason, a criticism of the Bible, and The Rights of Man, which defended the French Revolution." This goes to show that not everything in the The Age of Reason was good. Some of the ideas in this time were not godly and had corrupted ideas.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Paine

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Transcendentalism"The American Renaissance"

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Transcendentalism"The American Renaissance"

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Transcendentalism"The American Renaissance": Authors and works 

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Transcendentalism"The American Renaissance": Authors and works 

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This was the first time in history when American writers were thought to be equal to European writers. Sometimes American writers were even thought to be better.
https://historyofmassachusetts.org/american-renaissance-in-new-england/

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History of the American Renaissance in New England - History of Massachusetts Blog

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The mid-19th century has often been described as an "American Renaissance" of literature due to the large number of literary masterpieces created during this time. Sometimes referred to as the New England renaissance, because it was centered in New England, this period ran from about 1830 until the end of...

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Transcendentalism"The American Renaissance": Fact #2: 

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Transcendentalism"The American Renaissance": Fact #2: 

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"Transcendentalism encouraged man to look closely at the world, to look closely at himself, and to be radically honest about what he sees."
https://study.com/academy/lesson/transcendentalism-impact-on-american-literature.html

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Nathaniel Hawthorne was related to a prosecutor in the Salem Witch Trials. This prosecutor was key in these trials.
https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/nathaniel-hawthorne-facts

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American novelist and short story writer Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) drew inspiration from colonial New England for his best-known works, The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851). Both critiqued morality and human nature, subjects that Hawthorne's Transcendentalist friends Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were also exploring in their philosophy. Here are 12 facts about the man once called " handsomer than Lord Byron."

Hawthorne, born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, was the great-grandson of Judge John Hathorne,one of the most fervent prosecutors in the town's witchcraft trials. Hathorne played a central role in the crusade to execute 20 people suspected of witchcraft in 1692. That wasn't Hawthorne's only connection to the Salem Witch Trials; an accuser named Sarah Phelps was the great niece of Hawthorne's maternal great-great grandfather.

The inspiration for Hawthorne's second novel, The House of the Seven Gables, stems from this family history. In the book, the fictional Pyncheon family lives in a mansion based on the real-life Turner-Ingersoll mansion in Salem, which Hawthorne visited after hissecond cousin, Susanna Ingersoll, inherited it.

Hawthorne's great uncles married two granddaughters of Mary and Philip English, a prosperous couple who were both accused of witchcraft but not convicted.

Hawthorne's cousin from a different lineage married the great-great-great grandson of John Proctor, the first man to be accused of witchcraft; Proctor was executed on August 19, 1692. Another acquitted "witch," Sarah Wilson, was married to a descendant of Hawthorne's maternal grandmother.

Hawthorne added the extra letter to his surname, perhaps to distinguish himself from some of his ancestors-including Judge Hathorne and his great-great-grandfather, William Hathorne, a magistrate who sentenced a Quaker woman to a brutal public flogging. No one knows exactly why Hawthorne did it, though.

Hawthorne anonymouslyself-published his first novel, , a Gothic romance, in 1828 while he was a student at Bowdoin College in Maine. He regretted the decision not long after (perhaps after it received poor reviews) and tried to destroy all copies. Reportedly,his wife didn't find out the book existed until after he had died.

Hawthorne met Franklin Pierce while both were students at Bowdoin College in the 1820s, and they remained lifelong friends. When Pierce received the Democratic nomination for president in 1852, Hawthorne wrote his campaign biography. By then, Hawthorne had achieved fame and accolades for The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables, and he was scorned for writing Pierce's biography. The author claimed that his job for the anti-abolitionist candidate had cost him " hundreds of friends " in the North.

When Pierce was elected president in 1853, he repaid the favor by giving Hawthorne a high-paying gig as the U.S. consul in Liverpool, UK, a sinecure that made it easier for Hawthorne to spend time writing. He and his family lived in England from 1853 to 1857.

Hawthorne met Sophia Peabody in 1838 while supposedly courting her sister, Elizabeth. The Peabodys were a connected and intellectual Salem family; Elizabeth joined the Transcendentalist circle (it was she who thought Hawthorne was handsomer than Lord Byron), while another sister, Mary, was an education activist and married fellow reformer Horace Mann. Sophia was closing in on 30 years old and had told her sister that she didn't want a husband. She and Hawthorne hit it off, however, and were engaged in 1839.

Hawthorne, then a struggling writer, was nearly broke and moved to the Transcendentalist community Brook Farm in April 1841,thinking he could save money. The 175-acre farm outside Boston was an experimental utopian society and Hawthorne was considered one of its founding members. But he hated commune life and farming, particularly his job shoveling a hill of manure nicknamed "the gold mine," and left after six months.

Hawthorne and Sophia Peabody married on July 9, 1842, at Elizabeth Peabody's Transcendentalist bookstore in Boston, then moved into The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, a two-and-a-half-story clapboard house built by Ralph Waldo Emerson's grandfather. Henry David Thoreau planted an heirloom vegetable garden for the couple and Emerson loaned them money the first few years of their marriage.

The pair lived at the Old Manse for three years and etched poems for each other into the windowpanes, which are still visible today. Sophia carved her name into the glass with her engagement ring.

While living in Boston, Hawthorne often visited the reading room at the Boston Athenaeum, an elegant subscription library. One day in April 1842, Hawthorne noticed the elderly Reverend Thaddeus Mason Harris at his usual spot near the fireplace, reading The Boston Post. Later that night,he was surprised to learn from a friend that Harris had died.

In a story he told later, Hawthorne said he questioned whether he had really seen Harris earlier that same day, but that upon entering the reading room the following afternoon, Harris was once again seated in the same chair and reading the same paper (Hawthorne quipped that Harris could have been reading his own obituary). Hawthorne claimed to have seen Harris during several subsequent visits.

Shortly after The Scarlet Letter's publication, Hawthorne lived in Lenox in the scenic Berkshires of western Massachusetts. He met and befriended Herman Melville, who resided with his family in nearby Pittsfield. Melville, then a bestselling author of adventure novels, was nearly finished writing Moby-Dick, a much darker and more complex tale, but he blew his book deadline by a year to rewrite the manuscript according to Hawthorne's feedback. Melville dedicated the novel to Hawthorne and wrote a gushing letter of thanks to his mentor (among many other love letters).

Hawthorne's health had taken a turn for the worse by 1860. He moved his family back to the United States-after theirlife in England and an extended vacation to Italy-and finished his final novel, The Marble Faun.

In spring 1864, Hawthorne took a trip to the White Mountains with Pierce, who had a house in Concord, New Hampshire, in the hopes of regaining some health. On May 18, they visited Dixville Notch and stopped at the Pemigewasset Hotel for the night. There, Pierce checked on his friend in the middle of the night and found that he had passed away. Hawthorne was 59.

The Alcott family owned a house in Concord, Massachusetts, which they called "The Hillside," from 1845 to 1852 ( Louisa May Alcott used it as the setting for Little Women). Hawthorne then owned the house from 1852 to 1864 and called it "The Wayside," the name it currently bears.

After Hawthorne died in New Hampshire, his body was sent to Concord, Massachusetts, for burial. Bronson Alcott, Louisa's father and a prominent Transcendentalist, was among the pallbearers, along with Emerson, poets Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and John Greenleaf Whittier, and naturalist Louis Agassiz. Writers Oliver Wendell Holmes and James T. Fields are also mentioned as pallbearers. Pierce, hated by Hawthorne's contemporaries, was not a pallbearer but sat with the Hawthorne family.

Hawthorne's third child, Rose, married George Parsons Lathrop, an editor at Atlantic Monthly. Their marriage was difficult; George was a heavy drinker and their only child, Francis, died at 5 of diphtheria. The couple converted to Catholicism in 1891, and with permission from the church, Rose left George in 1895 to focus on charitable works.

Rose moved to the slums of New York City and founded a health clinic to aid (in her words) the "cancerous poor." In 1900, she took her vows and the name Mother Mary Alphonsa and founded a religious order called the Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer. She died in 1926, having spent the second half of her life serving impoverished cancer patients.

Rose Hawthorne's order is now known as the Dominican Order of Hawthorne and continues her mission. In 2003, Cardinal Edward Egan, then the archbishop of New York, put Mother Mary Alphonsa on the path for sainthood.

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12 Fantastic Facts About Nathaniel Hawthorne

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American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne drew inspiration from his own ancestors for his best-known novel, 'The Scarlet Letter.'

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The worst part of Puritan History was the Salem Witch Trials. This was when Puritans thought that their people were practicing witchcraft and executed 20 of their people.
https://www.ducksters.com/history/colonial_america/puritans.php

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McCarthyism was when innocents people were being charged of being a communist. Most of these people were not communist they were just thought to be, and they were persecuted.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/McCarthyism

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This was a time in history when people were accused of being witches, specifically women. There were women who were acting as witches, but there were some women who were wrongfully accused.
https://www.history.com/news/salem-witch-trials-accusers

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Romanticism and Industrialization

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Romanticism and Industrialization

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Romanticism and Industrialization; Authors and Works

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Romanticism and Industrialization; Authors and Works

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Romanticism and Industrialization: Fact #1

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Romanticism and Industrialization: Fact #1

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The Romanticism Period brought the idea of drama to the table. Drama was found in books, plays, and life.
https://1st-art-gallery.medium.com/12-interesting-facts-about-romanticism-art-f6e8d4231d07

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Romanticism and Industrialization: Fact #2

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Romanticism and Industrialization: Fact #2

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Industrialization led to Romanticism. People thought Romanticism to be escaping reality.
https://boisestate.pressbooks.pub/arthistory/chapter/romanticism/

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TAKING A STAND IN MODERN DAY: ‘The Pro-Life Generation’: Young Women Fight Against Abortion Rights-2022

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TAKING A STAND IN MODERN DAY: ‘The Pro-Life Generation’: Young Women Fight Against Abortion Rights-2022

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After Roe Vs Wade was overturned many women began to take a stand against abortion and fight for the babies rights. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/03/us/pro-life-young-women-roe-abortion.html

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TAKING A STAND IN MODERN TIMES: ‘Ukrainian People Don’t Give Up Hope’: U.S. Rallies Express Solidarity-2022

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TAKING A STAND IN MODERN TIMES: ‘Ukrainian People Don’t Give Up Hope’: U.S. Rallies Express Solidarity-2022

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Many people in Ukraine and the United States protested against the evil being done to Ukraine. These protests were peaceful and taking a stand against the violence. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/ukraine-rallies.html

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At events in Washington, Chicago, Boston and other cities on Sunday, demonstrators expressed their love for the country, anger at Vladimir Putin and hope for peace.

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Protesters at a peace march for Ukraine in Boston on Sunday. Credit... Vanessa Leroy for The New York Times

Madeleine Ngo, Robert Chiarito, Joel Wolfram, Matt Berg and

Bearing blue and yellow Ukrainian flags, singing patriotic songs and shouting chants against Russia's president, thousands of protesters gathered at rallies across the country on Sunday in a show of support for Ukraine.

In Washington, Chicago, Boston and other cities, the crowds varied in size, but the number of gatherings, which followed several others on Saturday and came days after President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia ordered troops to invade Ukraine, spoke to the level of concern in communities throughout the nation.

Many attendees expressed their love for their Ukrainian homeland. Some argued for more U.S. involvement in the conflict. Some vented their anger and called for harsher penalties against Mr. Putin. Other protesters wanted to make sure that the public's awareness of the war didn't fade.

Outside the White House on Sunday, a large crowd of people gathered to urge President Biden to escalate his punishment of Russia and to show more support for Ukraine.

Maryna Baydyuk, the president of United Help Ukraine, a group that helped set up the rally, said Sunday's event was the largest protest the organizers had seen since they started holding daily rallies after the Russian invasion.

The scene in Lafayette Square, a nearby park, was one of solidarity and resistance as many attendees said they were fearful for their relatives and friends in Ukraine but felt a renewed sense of hope as more countries have ramped up support for the country. Holding up Ukrainian flags, some chanted "Putin is a war criminal!" and "NATO close the skies," referring to a call to create a no-fly zone over Ukraine. Others wrapped themselves in the Ukrainian flag and carried signs that urged Mr. Biden that "you can still stop war."

Irene Griffin, a 47-year-old Ukrainian American who drove to the rally from Lorton, Va., with her husband and two children, stood in front of the White House fence holding small American and Ukrainian flags. She said she wanted the Biden administration to impose harsher sanctions against Russia and send more financial aid to Ukraine. Her grandparents fled Ukraine in 1945 during World War II before arriving in the United States three years later.

Although she said she was worried for her roughly 80 family members in Lviv, a city in western Ukraine, Ms. Griffin said she was excited to see other countries like Britain and France step up their support in recent days.

"I'm very hopeful," Ms. Griffin said. "Ukrainian people don't give up hope."

In Chicago, a large crowd gathered on Sunday afternoon on the steps of Saints Volodymyr and Olha Ukrainian Catholic Church, one of five Ukrainian churches within walking distance of one another in the city's Ukrainian Village neighborhood.

Liliya Galko, a 32-year-old registered nurse who was born in Ukraine, said she was "devastated."

"My family is out there. They're fighting, they don't want to evacuate," Ms. Galko said. "For us, it feels like there's nothing we can do. Right now, it's just raising awareness and donating money."

Throughout the rally, supporters often shouted "Glory to Ukraine" in Ukrainian. They also chanted "Save Ukraine," "U.S.A. help Ukraine" and "Stop Russian aggression."

Gov. J.B. Pritzker of Illinois and Mayor Lori Lightfoot of Chicago also addressed the crowd and voiced their support for Ukraine. They were joined by three members of Congress: Danny Davis, Mike Quigley and Raja Krishnamoorthi.

Mr. Davis, whose district includes the Ukrainian Village, told the crowd that he had studied Russian history and said that, "Freedom is hard won and every generation has to win it and win it again."

In Philadelphia, several hundred demonstrators gathered on Independence Mall. As a stiff, cold wind rippled the banners of huddled protesters, women sang patriotic songs next to Ukrainian clergymen wearing long black robes.

Borys Gudziak, archbishop metropolitan for the Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia, who recently returned from Ukraine, addressed the crowd and called on the governments of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania to supply military equipment to volunteer fighters in Ukraine.

Although the ranks of Ukrainian citizens fighting Russian forces were growing, he said, they were badly outnumbered and in need of resources. He urged the city and state to provide "10,000 helmets and 10,000 bulletproof vests for citizens who are coming out on the front line to defend Europe and the world."

Yuliya Stupen, 27, sang the Ukrainian national anthem. "It's something I think every Ukrainian learns as soon as they probably learned how to speak," she said. The title of the song translates to "Ukraine has not perished," she said. "I saw the tears in people's eyes as I was singing."

Diana Zlotnikova, a senior at Northeastern University, organized a peace march in Boston that began in the Boston Public Garden. It was initially supposed to include only local college students. But as the conflict in Ukraine continued to rage, the number of people who expressed interest grew exponentially, she said. Sunday's attendance was believed to be at least several hundred.

In the past two days, Ms. Zlotnikova said, she spoke to more Ukrainian people in Boston than she ever has before.

"The whole point of the march is to feel union and show union, demonstrate that we're strong, we're together, that we're going to be OK," she said before the rally.

In the morning, she was on the phone with her mother in Ukraine, overhearing the sound of air-raid sirens. It was time for her mother and father, along with the dozens of fellow Ukrainians they were hosting at their home outside Kyiv, to seek safety in a shelter. "We have no idea what's going to happen," Ms. Zlotnikova said.

During the event, during which dozens of people held sunflowers, Ukraine's national flower, organizers spoke out for compassion and peace despite what they said was a cruel, inhumane attack from Russia.

"The evil hearts of those who initiated this are poisoned with hatred," one organizer said. "But hate will always lose to love."

On a warm, sunny day in Apopka, Fla., a community outside Orlando, what was originally planned as a gleeful weekend festival celebrating the culture of Ukraine became something far different.

There were the usual hallmarks of a happy gathering: a bandura player plucked at his instrument on an amphitheater stage. Pierogies and holopchi sold under a makeshift tent. Families dressed in yellow and blue. But instead of joy, there were red-rimmed eyes, deep sighs, fatigue and fear.

"All of my friends and family are in Ukraine," said Myroslava Semerey, 58, tears dripping down her face. She came from Washington, D.C., to sell clothes and baubles at the festival, but by the time she arrived, the three-day event had turned into part rally, part vigil.

Weariness showed on almost every face. Pavel Kolomiyets, 37, who attended with his wife and two little girls, said he took two Excedrin that morning simply to deal with the dull pain in his head.

His grandmother's sister was in Kyiv, taking shelter in the subway. She's nearly 90 years old.

"Hard to concentrate on anything else," he said.

Still, his daughters ran around and ate snacks as music played. The Ukrainian community in the area is small but vibrant, dating back decades. So the event felt familiar, if not anywhere near normal.

"It's great to have our own people here, just to talk, come together," Mr. Kolomiyets said, "for solidarity's sake."

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'Ukrainian People Don't Give Up Hope': U.S. Rallies Express Solidarity

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At events in Washington, Chicago, Boston and other cities on Sunday, demonstrators expressed their love for the country, anger at Vladimir Putin and hope for peace. Send any friend a story As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Anyone can read what you share.

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He did not believe that Shakespeare wrote his plays.
Whitman started to work when he was only 11 years old.
He was also a nurse during the Civil War.
Whitman also wrote the book "Leaves of Grass."
https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/nine-interesting-facts-about-walt-whitman

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Walt Whitman is generally considered, along with Emily Dickinson, to be one of the most important American Poets. His most famous work, Leaves of Grass (1855), which was conceived of as a sort of American epic in the tradition of Homer and Dante, remains one of the most well-known, well-loved, and enduring works of poetry in the canon. Here are nine interesting facts about Whitman and his magnum opus.

1. He Didn't Believe That Shakespeare Wrote His Plays

Questions about Shakespeare authorship have circulated for hundreds of years and will no doubt continue to do so for some time, but that doesn't make Whitman's views any less ironic. Despite having left school at age 11 only to go on to become one of the nation's greatest poets, Whitman didn't believe that an uneducated Englishman of non-noble birth could have created such estimable plays.

2. 'Leaves of Grass' Doesn't Mean What You Think

While for many the title is so strongly associated with the work that it's hard to think about the words themselves at all, Leaves of Grass is actually an artifact of Whitman's self-deprecating word play. 'Leaves' referred to sheets of paper in a book. 'Grass' was used to denote things that weren't of much value. Thus, Leaves of Grass was intended to mean, more or less, "Pages of Crap."

3. The First Edition of 'Leaves of Grass' Was Only 12 Poems

Another easy misconception about Whitman's most enduring work lies in thinking that the thick tome we call Leaves of Grass today was what was released upon the volume's initial publication. In fact, the first edition (seen here) contained only 12 poems, but its success (due in part to the praise of earlier transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson) led Whitman to continue adding poems to each of many new editions until the final count of his 'deathbed edition' reached over 400.

4. Leaves of Grass Also Provoked Quite a Scandal
Because of its frank use of sexual imagery, Whitman's book was almost abandoned by its publisher. When it was released, many considered it to be obscene, which led, on more than one occasion, to Whitman being denied or fired from the other jobs he worked to support his poetry.
5. He Wrote a Temperance Novel
During the temperance movement of the 19th century, it was apparently not uncommon for novels to be printed with explicit themes of temperance as their raison-d'etre. One such novel was forthcoming from Whitman. Franklin Evans (1842) followed the title character's attempt to give up drinking, and would ultimately be a source of moderate embarrassment for the esteemed poet.
6. General Lafayette Picked Him Up and Kissed Him as a Child

Yes, Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de Lafayette was still alive during Walt Whitman 's childhood. One of Whitman's fondest childhood memories was of a town celebration on his native Long Island in which the famous revolutionary picked him up and kissed him on the cheek.

7. Whitman Was the Basis for Dracula
Unlikely as it may seem, Bram Stoker and Walt Whitman corresponded throughout their lives, and it was in Whitman's quintessential masculinity that Stoker claims to have found the basis for one of literature's most iconic monsters.
8. He Once Met (and Maybe Kissed) Oscar Wilde
That the Irish wit and playwright visited with the then-infirm Whitman at his house in New Jersey may not be, in itself, terribly remarkable. Following the meeting, however, Oscar Wilde's remark that "I have the kiss of Walt Whitman still on my lips," helped to further fuel the ongoing discussion around Whitman's sexuality. Whether he meant it literally or figuratively we may never know.
9. President Bill Clinton Was a Big Fan

Scores of writers, politicians, and celebrities have been avowed admirers of Whitman and Leaves of Grass, from Emerson and Henry David Thoreau to Iggy Pop and Allen Ginsberg. What makes Bill Clinton's fandom notable, however, is that he was so fond of the multitudinous poet that he gifted a copy of Leaves of Grass to Monica Lewinsky just prior to the start of their affair.

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Nine Interesting Facts about Walt Whitman

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Walt Whitman is generally considered, along with Emily Dickinson, to be one of the most important American Poets. His most famous work, Leaves of Grass (1855), which was conceived of as a sort of American epic in the tradition of Homer and Dante, remains one of the most well-known, well-loved, and enduring works of poetry in the canon.

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Anne used the style of poetry called enduring verse when she wrote.
She wrote in an Renaissance literary style.
Anne wrote the volume of poetry called The Tenth Muse.
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/anne-bradstreet

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Anne Bradstreet was the first woman to be recognized as an accomplished New World Poet. Her volume of poetry , , Hobbes, Joshua Sylvester's 1605 translation of Guillaume du Bartas's The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ... received considerable favorable attention when it was first published in London in 1650. Eight years after it appeared it was listed by William London in his Plutarch, Livy, Pliny, Suetonius, Divine Weeks and Workes, and the Geneva version of the Bible. In general, she benefited from the Elizabethan tradition that valued female education. In about 1628-the date is not certain-Anne Dudley married Simon Bradstreet, who assisted her father with the management of the Earl's estate in Sempringham. She remained married to him until her death on September 16, 1672. Bradstreet immigrated to the new world with her husband and parents in 1630; in 1633 the first of her children, Samuel, was born, and her seven other children were born between 1635 and 1652: Dorothy (1635), Sarah (1638), Simon (1640), Hannah (1642), Mercy (1645), Dudley (1648), and John (1652).

Although Bradstreet was not happy to exchange the comforts of the aristocratic life of the Earl's manor house for the privations of the New England wilderness, she dutifully joined her father and husband and their families on the Puritan errand into the wilderness. After a difficult three-month crossing, their ship, the Arbella, docked at Salem, Massachusetts, on July 22, 1630. Distressed by the sickness, scarcity of food, and primitive living conditions of the New England outpost, Bradstreet admitted that her "heart rose" in protest against the "new world and new manners." Although she ostensibly reconciled herself to the Puritan mission-she wrote that she "submitted to it and joined the Church at Boston"-Bradstreet remained ambivalent about the issues of salvation and redemption for most of her life.

Once in New England the passengers of the Arbella fleet were dismayed by the sickness and suffering of those colonists who had preceded them. Thomas Dudley observed in a letter to the Countess of Lincoln, who had remained in England: "We found the Colony in a sad and unexpected condition, above eighty of them being dead the winter before; and many of those alive weak and sick; all the corn and bread amongst them all hardly sufficient to feed them a fortnight." In addition to fevers, malnutrition, and inadequate food supplies, the colonists also had to contend with attacks by Native Americans who originally occupied the colonized land. The Bradstreets and Dudleys shared a house in Salem for many months and lived in spartan style; Thomas Dudley complained that there was not even a table on which to eat or work. In the winter the two families were confined to the one room in which there was a fireplace. The situation was tense as well as uncomfortable, and Anne Bradstreet and her family moved several times in an effort to improve their worldly estates. From Salem they moved to Charlestown, then to Newtown (later called Cambridge), then to Ipswich, and finally to Andover in 1645.

Although Bradstreet had eight children between the years 1633 and 1652, which meant that her domestic responsibilities were extremely demanding, she wrote poetry which expressed her commitment to the craft of writing. In addition, her work reflects the religious and emotional conflicts she experienced as a woman writer and as a Puritan. Throughout her life Bradstreet was concerned with the issues of sin and redemption, physical and emotional frailty, death and immortality. Much of her work indicates that she had a difficult time resolving the conflict she experienced between the pleasures of sensory and familial experience and the promises of heaven. As a Puritan she struggled to subdue her attachment to the world, but as a woman she sometimes felt more strongly connected to her husband, children, and community than to God.

Bradstreet's earliest extant poem, "Upon a Fit of Sickness, Anno. 1632," written in Newtown when she was 19, outlines the traditional concerns of the Puritan-the brevity of life, the certainty of death, and the hope for salvation: Homer, Hesiod, Ovid, Seneca, and Thucydides as well as Spenser, Sidney, Milton, Catalogue of the Most Vendible Books in England, and George III is reported to have had the volume in his library. Bradstreet's work has endured, and she is still considered to be one of the most important early American poets.

Although Anne Dudley Bradstreet did not attend school, she received an excellent education from her father, who was widely read- Cotton Mather described Thomas Dudley as a "devourer of books"-and from her extensive reading in the well-stocked library of the estate of the Earl of Lincoln, where she lived while her father was steward from 1619 to 1630. There the young Anne Dudley read

O Bubble blast, how long can'st last?
That always art a breaking,
No sooner blown, but dead and gone,
Ev'n as a word that's speaking.
O whil'st I live, this grace me give,
I doing good may be,
Then death's arrest I shall count best,
because it's thy decree.

Artfully composed in a ballad meter, this poem presents a formulaic account of the transience of earthly experience which underscores the divine imperative to carry out God's will. Although this poem is an exercise in piety, it is not without ambivalence or tension between the flesh and the spirit-tensions which grow more intense as Bradstreet matures.

The complexity of her struggle between love of the world and desire for eternal life is expressed in " Contemplations ," a late poem which many critics consider her best:

Then higher on the glistering Sun I gaz'd
Whose beams was shaded by the leavie Tree,
The more I look'd, the more I grew amaz'd
And softly said, what glory's like to thee?
Soul of this world, this Universes Eye,
No wonder, some made thee a Deity:
Had I not better known, (alas) the same had I

Although this lyrical, exquisitely crafted poem concludes with Bradstreet's statement of faith in an afterlife, her faith is paradoxically achieved by immersing herself in the pleasures of earthly life. This poem and others make it clear that Bradstreet committed herself to the religious concept of salvation because she loved life on earth. Her hope for heaven was an expression of her desire to live forever rather than a wish to transcend worldly concerns. For her, heaven promised the prolongation of earthly joys, rather than a renunciation of those pleasures she enjoyed in life.

Bradstreet wrote many of the poems that appeared in the first edition of ," and "The Four Seasons." Each poem consists of a series of orations; the first by earth, air, fire, and water; the second by choler, blood, melancholy, and flegme; the third by childhood, youth, middle age, and old age; the fourth by spring, summer, fall, and winter. In these quaternions Bradstreet demonstrates a mastery of physiology, anatomy, astronomy, Greek metaphysics, and the concepts of medieval and Renaissance cosmology. Although she draws heavily on Sylvester's translation of du Bartas and Helkiah Crooke's anatomical treatise The Tenth Muse ... during the years 1635 to 1645 while she lived in the frontier town of Ipswich, approximately thirty miles from Boston. In her dedication to the volume written in 1642 to her father, Thomas Dudley, who educated her, encouraged her to read, and evidently appreciated his daughter's intelligence, Bradstreet pays "homage" to him. Many of the poems in this volume tend to be dutiful exercises intended to prove her artistic worth to him. However, much of her work, especially her later poems, demonstrates impressive intelligence and mastery of poetic form.
Microcosmographia (1615), Bradstreet's interpretation of their images is often strikingly dramatic. Sometimes she uses material from her own life in these historical and philosophical discourses. For example, in her description of the earliest age of man, infancy, she forcefully describes the illnesses that assailed her and her children:
The first section of The Tenth Muse ... includes four long poems, known as the quaternions, or "The Four Elements," "The Four Humors of Man," " The Four Ages of Man

What gripes of wind my infancy did pain,
What tortures I in breeding teeth sustain?
What crudityes my stomach cold has bred,
Whence vomits, flux, and worms have issued?

Like the quaternions, the poems in the next section of
The Tenth Muse-"The Four Monarchies" (Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman)-are poems of commanding historical breadth. Bradstreet's poetic version of the rise and fall of these great empires draws largely from Sir Walter Raleigh's History of the World (1614). The dissolution of these civilizations is presented as evidence of God's divine plan for the world. Although Bradstreet demonstrates considerable erudition in both the quaternions and monarchies, the rhymed couplets of the poems tend to be plodding and dull; she even calls them "lanke" and "weary" herself. Perhaps she grew tired of the task she set for herself because she did not attempt to complete the fourth section on the "Roman Monarchy" after the incomplete portion was lost in a fire that destroyed the Bradstreet home in 1666.

" Dialogue between Old England and New," also in the 1650 edition of The Tenth Muse ... expresses Bradstreet's concerns with the social and religious turmoil in England that impelled the Puritans to leave their country. The poem is a conversation between mother England and her daughter, New England. The sympathetic tone reveals how deeply attached Bradstreet was to her native land and how disturbed she was by the waste and loss of life caused by the political upheaval. As Old England's lament indicates, the destructive impact of the civil strife on human life was more disturbing to Bradstreet than the substance of the conflict:

O pity me in this sad perturbation,
My plundered Towers, my houses devastation,
My weeping Virgins and my young men slain;
My wealthy trading fall'n, my dearth of grain

In this poem, Bradstreet's voices her own values. There is less imitation of traditional male models and more direct statement of the poet's feelings. As Bradstreet gained experience, she depended less on poetic mentors and relied more on her own perceptions.

Another poem in the first edition of The Tenth Muse ... that reveals Bradstreet's personal feelings is " In Honor of that High and Mighty Princess Queen Elizabeth of Happy Memory," written in 1643, in which she praises the Queen as a paragon of female prowess. Chiding her male readers for trivializing women, Bradstreet refers to the Queen's outstanding leadership and historical prominence. In a personal caveat underscoring her own dislike of patriarchal arrogance, Bradstreet points out that women were not always devalued:

Nay Masculines, you have thus taxt us long,
But she, though dead, will vindicate our wrong,
Let such as say our Sex is void of Reason,
Know tis a Slander now, but once was Treason.

These assertive lines mark a dramatic shift from the self-effacing stanzas of "The Prologue" to the volume in which Bradstreet attempted to diminish her stature to prevent her writing from being attacked as an indecorous female activity. In an ironic and often-quoted passage of "The Prologue," she asks for the domestic herbs "Thyme or Parsley wreath," instead of the traditional laurel, thereby appearing to subordinate herself to male writers and critics:

Let Greeks be Greeks, and women what they are
Men have precedency and still excell,
It is but vain unjustly to wage warre;
Men can do best, and women know it well
Preheminence in all and each is yours;
Yet grant some small acknowledgement of ours.

In contrast, her portrait of Elizabeth does not attempt to conceal her confidence in the abilities of women:

Who was so good, so just, so learned so wise,
From all the Kings on earth she won the prize.
Nor say I more then duly is her due,
Millions will testifie that this is true.
She has wip'd off th' aspersion of her Sex,
That women wisdome lack to play the Rex

This praise for Queen Elizabeth expresses Bradstreet's conviction that women should not be subordinated to men-certainly it was less stressful to make this statement in a historic context than it would have been to confidently proclaim the worth of her own work.

The first edition of The Tenth Muse ... also contains an elegy to Sir Philip Sidney and a poem honoring du Bartas. Acknowledging her debt to these poetic mentors, she depicts herself as insignificant in contrast to their greatness. They live on the peak of Parnassus while she grovels at the bottom of the mountain. Again, her modest pose represents an effort to ward off potential attackers, but its ironic undercurrents indicate that Bradstreet was angered by the cultural bias against women writers:

Fain would I shew how he same paths did tread,
But now into such Lab'rinths I am lead,
With endless turnes, the way I find not out,
How to persist my Muse is more in doubt;
Which makes me now with Silvester confess,
But Sidney's Muse can sing his worthiness.

Although the ostensible meaning of this passage is that Sidney's work is too complex and intricate for her to follow, it also indicates that Bradstreet felt his labyrinthine lines to represent excessive artifice and lack of connection to life.," "The Flesh and the Spirit," the address by "

The second edition of The Author to her Book," several poems about her various illnesses, love poems to her husband, and elegies of her deceased grandchildren and daughter-in-law. These poems added to the second edition were probably written after the move to Andover, where Anne Bradstreet lived with her family in a spacious three-story house until her death in 1672. Far superior to her early work, the poems in the 1678 edition demonstrate a command over subject matter and a mastery of poetic craft. These later poems are considerably more candid about her spiritual crises and her strong attachment to her family than her earlier work. For example, in a poem to her husband, " Before the Birth of one of her Children," Bradstreet confesses that she is afraid of dying in childbirth-a realistic fear in the 17th century-and begs him to continue to love her after her death. She also implores him to take good care of their children and to protect them from a potential stepmother's cruelty: The Tenth Muse ..., published in Boston in 1678 as Several Poems ..., contains the author's corrections as well as previously unpublished poems: epitaphs to her father and mother, " Contemplations

And when thou feel'st no grief, as I no harms,
Yet love thy dead, who long lay in thine arms:
And when thy loss shall be repaid with gains
Look to my little babes my dear remains.
And if thou love thy self, or love'st me
These O protect from step Dames injury.

Not only is this candid domestic portrait artistically superior to of "The Four Monarchies," it gives a more accurate sense of Bradstreet's true concerns.

In her address to her book, Bradstreet repeats her apology for the defects of her poems, likening them to children dressed in "home-spun." But what she identifies as weakness is actually their strength. Because they are centered in the poet's actual experience as a Puritan and as a woman, the poems are less figurative and contain fewer analogies to well-known male poets than her earlier work. In place of self-conscious imagery is extraordinarily evocative and lyrical language. In some of these poems Bradstreet openly grieves over the loss of her loved ones-her parents, her grandchildren, her sister-in-law-and she barely conceals resentment that God has taken their innocent lives. Although she ultimately capitulates to a supreme being-He knows it is the best for thee and me"-it is the tension between her desire for earthly happiness and her effort to accept God's will that makes these poems especially powerful.

Bradstreet's poems to her husband are often singled out for praise by critics. Simon Bradstreet's responsibilities as a magistrate of the colony frequently took him away from home, and he was very much missed by his wife. Modeled on Elizabethan sonnets, Bradstreet's love poems make it clear that she was deeply attached to her husband:

If ever two were one, then surely we
If ever man were lov'd by wife, then thee;
If ever wife was happy in a man
Compare with me ye women if you can

Marriage was important to the Puritans, who felt that the procreation and proper training of children were necessary for building God's commonwealth. However, the love between wife and husband was not supposed to distract from devotion to God. In Bradstreet's sonnets, her erotic attraction to her husband is central, and these poems are more secular than religious:

My chilled limbs now nummed lye forlorn;
Return, return sweet Sol from Capricorn;
In this dead time, alas, what can I more
Than view those fruits which through thy heat I bore?

Anne Bradstreet's brother-in-law, John Woodbridge, was responsible for the publication of the first edition of
The Tenth Muse.... The title page reads "By a Gentlewoman in those parts"-and Woodbridge assures readers that the volume "is the work of a Woman, honored and esteemed where she lives." After praising the author's piety, courtesy, and diligence, he explains that she did not shirk her domestic responsibilities in order to write poetry: "these poems are the fruit but of some few hours, curtailed from sleep and other refreshments." Also prefacing the volume are statements of praise for Bradstreet by Nathaniel Ward, the author of The Simple Cobler of Aggawam (1647), and Reverend Benjamin Woodbridge, brother of John Woodbridge. In order to defend her from attacks from reviewers at home and abroad who might be shocked by the impropriety of a female author, these encomiums of the poet stress that she is a virtuous woman.

In 1867, John Harvard Ellis published Bradstreet's complete works, including materials from both editions of The Tenth Muse ... as well as "Religious Experiences and Occasional Pieces" and "Meditations Divine and Morall" that had been in the possession of her son Simon Bradstreet, to whom the meditations had been dedicated on March 20, 1664. Bradstreet's accounts of her religious experience provide insight into the Puritan views of salvation and redemption. Bradstreet describes herself as having been frequently chastened by God through her illnesses and her domestic travails: "Among all my experiences of God's gractious Dealings with me I have constantly observed this, that he has never suffered me long to sit loose from him, but by one affliction or other hath made me look home, and search what was amiss." Puritans perceived suffering as a means of preparing the heart to receive God's grace. Bradstreet writes that she made every effort to submit willingly to God's afflictions which were necessary to her "straying soul which in prosperity is too much in love with the world." These occasional pieces in the Ellis edition also include poems of gratitude to God for protecting her loved ones from illness ("Upon my Daughter Hannah Wiggin her recovering from a dangerous fever") and for her husband's safe return from England. However, these poems do not have the force or power of those published in the second edition of The Tenth Muse ... and seem to be exercises in piety and submission rather than a complex rendering of her experience.

The aphoristic prose paragraphs of "Meditations Divine and Morall" have remarkable vitality, primarily because they are based on her own observations and experiences. While the Bible and the Bay Psalm Book are the source of many of Bradstreet's metaphors, they are reworked to confirm her perceptions: "The spring is a lively emblem of the resurrection, after a long winter we see the leaveless trees and dry stocks (at the approach of the sun) to resume their former vigor and beauty in a more ample manner than when they lost in the Autumn; so shall it be at that great day after a long vacation, when the Sun of righteousness shall appear, those dry bones shall arise in far more glory then that which they lost at their creation, and in this transcends the spring, that their lease shall never fail, nor their sap decline" (40)

Perhaps the most important aspect of Anne Bradstreet's poetic evolution is her increasing confidence in the validity of her personal experience as a source and subject of poetry. Much of the work in the 1650 edition of The Tenth Muse ... suffers from being imitative and strained. The forced rhymes reveal Bradstreet's grim determination to prove that she could write in the lofty style of the established male poets. But her deeper emotions were obviously not engaged in the project. The publication of her first volume of poetry seems to have given her confidence and enabled her to express herself more freely. As she began to write of her ambivalence about the religious issues of faith, grace, and salvation, her poetry became more accomplished.

Bradstreet's recent biographers, Elizabeth Wade White and Ann Stanford, have both observed that Bradstreet was sometimes distressed by the conflicting demands of piety and poetry and was as daring as she could be and still retain respectability in a society that exiled Anne Hutchinson. Bradstreet's poetry reflects the tensions of a woman who wished to express her individuality in a culture that was hostile to personal autonomy and valued poetry only if it praised God. Although Bradstreet never renounced her religious belief, her poetry makes it clear that if it were not for the fact of dissolution and decay, she would not seek eternal life: "for were earthly comforts permanent, who would look for heavenly?"

In a statement of extravagant praise Cotton Mather compared Anne Bradstreet to such famous women as Hippatia, Sarocchia, the three Corinnes, and Empress Eudocia and concluded that her poems have "afforded a grateful Entertainment unto the Ingenious, and a Monument for her Memory beyond the stateliest Marbles." Certainly, Anne Bradstreet's poetry has continued to receive a positive response for more than three centuries, and she has earned her place as one of the most important American women poets.

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Anne Bradstreet was the first woman to be recognized as an accomplished New World Poet. Her volume of poetry The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ... received considerable favorable attention when it was first published in London in 1650. Eight years after it appeared it was listed by William...

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Before World War II, Geisel made political cartoons and created war propaganda.
His poem, Green Eggs and Ham, was made because of a bet.
Some of the words in the Oxford English Dictionary are there because of him.
https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/6-facts-about-dr-seuss-on-what-would-have-been-his-113th-birthday

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Realism 1850-1900	

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Realism 1850-1900	

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This time in history was meant to depict real life in art. People did not want an art that did not depict real life, so artists started creating realistic art.
https://study.com/learn/lesson/realism-art-movement-examples.html

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Realism had three emphasises in the art style. The three were detachment, objectivity, and accurate observation.
https://www.britannica.com/art/realism-art

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realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different civilizations. In the visual arts, for example, realism can be found in ancient Hellenistic Greek sculptures accurately portraying boxers and decrepit old women. The works of such 17th-century painters as Caravaggio, the Dutch genre painters, the Spanish painters José de Ribera, Diego Velázquez, and Francisco de Zurbarán, and the Le Nain brothers in France are realist in approach. The works of the 18th-century English novelists Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett may also be called realistic.

Realism was not consciously adopted as an aesthetic program until the mid-19th century in France, however. Indeed, realism may be viewed as a major trend in French novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880. One of the first appearances of the term realism was in the Mercure français du XIX siècle in 1826, in which the word is used to describe a doctrine based not upon imitating past artistic achievements but upon the truthful and accurate depiction of the models that nature and contemporary life offer the artist. The French proponents of realism were agreed in their rejection of the artificiality of both the Classicism and Romanticism of the academies and on the necessity for contemporaneity in an effective work of art. They attempted to portray the lives, appearances, problems, customs, and mores of the middle and lower classes, of the unexceptional, the ordinary, the humble, and the unadorned. Indeed, they conscientiously set themselves to reproducing all the hitherto-ignored aspects of contemporary life and society-its mental attitudes, physical settings, and material conditions.

Realism was stimulated by several intellectual developments in the first half of the 19th century. Among these were the anti-Romantic movement in Germany, with its emphasis on the common man as an artistic subject; Auguste Comte's Positivist philosophy, in which sociology's importance as the scientific study of society was emphasized; the rise of professional journalism, with its accurate and dispassionate recording of current events; and the development of photography, with its capability of mechanically reproducing visual appearances with extreme accuracy. All these developments stimulated interest in accurately recording contemporary life and society.

Gustave Courbet was the first artist to self-consciously proclaim and practice the realist aesthetic. After his huge canvas The Studio (1854-55) was rejected by the Exposition Universelle of 1855, the artist displayed it and other works under the label "Realism, G. Courbet" in a specially constructed pavilion. Courbet was strongly opposed to idealization in his art, and he urged other artists to instead make the commonplace and contemporary the focus of their art. He viewed the frank portrayal of scenes from everyday life as a truly democratic art. Such paintings as his Burial at Ornans (1849) and the Stone Breakers (1849), which he had exhibited in the Salon of 1850-51, had already shocked the public and critics by the frank and unadorned factuality with which they depicted humble peasants and labourers. The fact that Courbet did not glorify his peasants but presented them boldly and starkly created a violent reaction in the art world.

The style and subject matter of Courbet's work were built on ground already broken by the painters of the Barbizon School. Théodore Rousseau, Charles-François Daubigny, Jean-François Millet, and others in the early 1830s settled in the French village of Barbizon with the aim of faithfully reproducing the local character of the landscape. Though each Barbizon painter had his own style and specific interests, they all emphasized in their works the simple and ordinary rather than the grandiose and monumental aspects of nature. They turned away from melodramatic picturesqueness and painted solid, detailed forms that were the result of close observation. In such works as The Winnower (1848), Millet was one of the first artists to portray peasant labourers with a grandeur and monumentality hitherto reserved for more important persons.

Another major French artist often associated with the realist tradition, Honoré Daumier, drew satirical caricatures of French society and politics. He found his working-class heroes and heroines and his villainous lawyers and politicians in the slums and streets of Paris. Like Courbet, he was an ardent democrat, and he used his skill as a caricaturist directly in the service of political aims. Daumier used energetic linear style, boldly accentuated realistic detail, and an almost sculptural treatment of form to criticize the immorality and ugliness he saw in French society.

Pictorial realism outside of France was perhaps best represented in the 19th century in the United States. There, Winslow Homer's powerful and expressive paintings of marine subjects and Thomas Eakins 's portraits, boating scenes, and other works are frank, unsentimental, and acutely observed records of contemporary life.

Realism was a distinct current in 20th-century art and usually stemmed either from artists' desire to present more honest, searching, and unidealized views of everyday life or from their attempts to use art as a vehicle for social and political criticism. The rough, sketchy, almost journalistic scenes of seamy urban life by the group of American painters known as The Eight fall into the former category. The German art movement known as the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), on the other hand, worked in a realist style to express the cynicism and disillusionment of the post- World War I period in Germany. The Depression-era movement known as Social Realism adopted a similarly harsh and direct realism in its depictions of the injustices and evils of American society during that period.

Socialist Realism, which was the officially sponsored Marxist aesthetic in the Soviet Union from the early 1930s until that country's dissolution in 1991, actually had little to do with realism, though it purported to be a faithful and objective mirror of life. Its "truthfulness" was required to serve the ideology and the propagandistic needs of the state. Socialist Realism generally used techniques of naturalistic idealization to create portraits of dauntless workers and engineers who were strikingly alike in both their heroic positivism and their lack of lifelike credibility.

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Realism | History, Definition, & Characteristics

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Realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism was a major trend in French novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880. Highlights included Gustave Courbet's painting Burial at Ornans (1849) and Gustave Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary (1857).

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Modernism-1900-1950	

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Modernism-1900-1950	

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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Modernism was made of individualism, experimentation, absurdity, symbolism, and formalism.
https://penandthepad.com/main-characteristics-modernist-literature-8451197.html

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The period of Modernism is about exploring the different forms of art through different techniques. It also shows that there is no one form for art.
https://kids.kiddle.co/Modernism

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The 1920's was known as the "Roaring 20's" or the "Jazz Age." This time was full of prosperity and fun. Most people enjoyed their time and tried to have fun because of how good these times were.
https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/roaring-twenties-myth-britain-british-history-1920s-interwar-why-important/

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The American Dream for some people was for jazz to be born. Jazz was born in the 1920's, and this was a dream that some Americans had.
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/1920s-america/a/jazz-and-the-lost-generation

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The American Dream for fashion in the 30's consisted of costume jewelry, gloves, silk scarves, and furs. Women dreamed of owning these fashion materials for themselves.
https://www.familysearch.org/en/blog/1930s-fashion-women-men-clothing#:~:text=Women%20often%20accessorized%20with%20inexpensive,were%20the%20shoes%20of%20choice.

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The Great Depression and World War II bookended the 1930s, but fashion flourished anyway during this decade. Glamorous Hollywood screen stars inspired new looks for women, men, and even children. Inexpensive fabrics, affordable catalog clothing, and homespun ingenuity let anyone copy styles previously worn by the wealthy. Here's a quick look at 1930s fashion.

1930s Fashion for Women

The young, boyish silhouette of 1920s women evolved into a conservative, sophisticated shape in the 1930s. The ideal, popular profile was tall and thin, with strong shoulders and slim hips.

Women's Dresses

At home or in public, women most commonly wore dresses with wide shoulders; puffy sleeves; modest necklines; higher, belted waistlines; and mid-calf flared hemlines. Frilly bows, ruffles, buttons, and other details often decorated dresses.

Housewives wore practical house dresses at home, often homemade from colorful printed cotton (including flour and feed sack fabric). A clever version was the " Hooverette" house dress, a reversible wrap style. Day dresses for wearing in public were more tailored and elegant, often made from silk or rayon crepe. Some women wore blouses with skirts.

Formal dresses most dramatically displayed the decade's willowy, elegant silhouette. Evening gowns in fluid fabrics were cut on the bias to create flowing, figure-hugging lines that reached the floor. Popular fabrics included satin, rayon, and chiffon.

Women's Trousers and Active Wear

Hollywood screen stars Katherine Hepburn and Marlene Dietrich helped introduce women's trousers for sports and leisure. These trousers were wide-legged and high-waisted, often styled like sailors' pants. Women wore baggier, casual lounge pants on vacation and at the beach. The modern swimsuit came of age during the 1930s, as lighter-weight, rubberized fabrics replaced heavier wool suits.

Women's Hairstyles and Accessories

In the 1930s, women copied the hairstyles and accessories they saw on popular, glamorous film stars. Short, curly styles dominated, such as the sleek Marcel wave (first popularized in the 1920s). Toward the end of the decade, the more classic 1940s medium-length "middy" style started coming into fashion.

Women often accessorized with inexpensive costume jewelry, gloves, silk scarves, and furs. Smaller hats were popular, such as berets, Greta Garbo-style slouch hats, or knit caps. Turbans topped fancier looks. Two-tone oxford shoes and strappy dress shoes with high, chunky heels were the shoes of choice. It was common to match accessories such as shoes, handbag, and hat.

1930s Fashion for Men

The male silhouette had wide, padded shoulders, a broad chest, defined waist, and straight legs. The overall trend was looser and a little more casual.

Men's Suits

Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, was a famous 1930s fashion icon. He popularized the English drape suit, which became popular all over the world. In contrast to the rigid, militaristic cut of men's suits of his day, Edward wore jackets that were softer in the shoulder, with a vertical drape over a fuller chest. Other trendsetters included film stars Clark Gable and Gary Cooper.

Suits of the 1930s typically had high waists and slightly tapered, creased trousers with turned-up cuffs. Younger men preferred baggier trousers and longer jackets. Suits were darker blue, brown, or gray for cooler weather, with lighter tones for warm weather. Bold patterns included stripes, checks, and plaids.

A vest, pocket handkerchief, shorter tie, hat (such as a fedora or bowler), and dark or two-toned leather dress shoes completed the look.

Men's Work and Leisure Clothing

Daily wardrobes of laboring men paid little heed to fashion trends. They often wore bib overalls or coveralls of sturdy denim or duck cloth. Work shirts were loose-fitting and long-sleeved. Work uniforms often paired lighter-weight, colored shirts with matching trousers. Heavy leather work boots protected the feet.

Some men wore sports jackets for leisure; in the United States, men also wore them to work. Knitted sweaters, soft-collared shirts, and flannel trousers were also donned for sports and relaxation. Men typically wore one-piece wool swimsuits, but the 30s decade also saw the first men's swimming trunks.

What Did Children Wear in the 1930s?

Many children wore homemade clothing or items purchased from mail-order catalogs. During the Great Depression, mothers often remade children's clothing from other items, including flour and feed sacks. These items would have been unique and perhaps well-worn, but many were styled after prevailing trends.

The frilly dresses worn by young, popular film star Shirley Temple and Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret in the United Kingdom set the tone for girls' clothing. Embellished, puffy-sleeved dresses sported rounded Peter Pan collars. Hemlines were high for younger girls and dropped below the knee for older girls. Dark "Mary Jane" dress shoes topped ankle-high white socks.

Boys' trouser hemlines also dropped as they got older. Younger boys donned sailor suits or " buster suits," which paired shorts with long-sleeve, button-down shirts. Older boys wore trousers or flannel suits with button-down shirts and ties, sometimes with a knitted sweater or sweater vest.

Fashion in Your Family History

What did your relatives wear in the 1930s? Look for photos of them in the free, crowdsourced collections of FamilySearch Memories. Or upload your own family photos to share memories of your loved ones-and of what they wore.

Related Articles

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1930s Fashion: Women's, Men's, and Children's Clothing * FamilySearch

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The Great Depression and World War II bookended the 1930s, but fashion flourished anyway during this decade. Glamorous Hollywood screen stars inspired new looks for women, men, and even children. Inexpensive fabrics, affordable catalog clothing, and homespun ingenuity let anyone copy styles previously worn by the wealthy.

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Since the Great Depression was going on during these time frames, some of the hobbies that came from this time were stamp collecting, musical instruments, woodworking, and birdwatching. Although, the American Dream was blurred due to the depression, people still found a way to make a dream.
https://www.sechistorical.org/museum/timeline/1930-timeline.php

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The American Dream in the 50's thought that every family should have a television, cars, and radios in their home. https://express.adobe.com/page/l5MV4/#:~:text=In%20the%201950s%2C%20the%20American,wealth%2C%20freedom%2C%20and%20equality.

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Women were thought to be stay at home mothers and home keepers. The men went to their jobs everyday and came home to a clean home with a hot meal. https://sites.psu.edu/rtsdiscussionblog/2017/10/20/the-shifting-feasibility-of-the-american-dream-as-seen-through-television/

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Harlem Renaissance: 1920-1940 

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PERIOD NAME AND DATE: Harlem Renaissance: 1920-1940 

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"The Jazz Age"
"The Roaring 20s"

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This time was the time that was the most influential movement in African American history. It was a very musical and theatrical time. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Harlem-Renaissance-Key-Facts#:~:text=The%20Harlem%20Renaissance%20(c.,civil%20rights%20and%20reform%20organizations.

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Beginning about 1916, a large number of African Americans moved from the rural American South and settled in the urban North and West. One of the communities where African Americans settled during this Great Migration was Harlem, in New York, New York.

After World War I Harlem became a thriving center of African American culture. The Harlem Renaissance (c. 1918-37) was the most influential movement in African American literary history. The movement also included musical, theatrical, and visual arts.

The Harlem Renaissance was unusual among literary and artistic movements for its close relationship to civil rights and reform organizations. During this time Black artists began to take control of how Black culture was being represented.

Sociologist, activist, editor, and author W.E.B Du Bois's book The Souls of Black Folk (1903) had a profound effect on an entire generation that formed the core of the Harlem Renaissance. Booker T. Washington had urged Blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and elevate themselves through hard work and economic gain, thus winning the respect of whites. Du Bois argued that Washington's strategy, rather than freeing Blacks from oppression, would serve only to perpetuate it.

Claude McKay is generally considered the first major poet of the Harlem Renaissance. His militant poem "If We Must Die" (1919) is one of the most-quoted works of African American literature of this time period.

The movement was popularized by African American philosopher Alain Locke in The New Negro (1925), an anthology of fiction, poetry, drama, and essays.

Out of the blues came jazz, migrating to Northern urban centers, such as Chicago, Illinois, and New York, New York, during and after World War I. Great musicians, such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington, emerged. The popularity of jazz among whites helped bring attention to the Harlem Renaissance.

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List of important facts regarding the Harlem Renaissance (c. 1918-37). Infused with a belief in the power of art as an agent of change, a talented group of writers, artists, and musicians made Harlem-a predominantly Black area of New York, New York-the home of a landmark African American cultural movement.

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Poetry and jazz were also very popular during this time. Culture and history were prominent during this time as well. https://tewelteam.com/blog/3-historical-facts-you-didnt-know-about-harlem#:~:text=Considered%20the%20birthplace%20of%20jazz,%2Drooted%20African%2DAmerican%20heritage.

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A main right for African Americans during the 60's was having the same rights as white Americans during this time. There was a lot of racial discrimination, and they just wanted to be viewed as equal. https://www.ipl.org/essay/The-American-Dream-In-The-1960s-FJ7ANZCTZT

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The main dream of Americans during the 70's was to have a peaceful and happy life. There was a lot of hippies during this time and they promoted family, peace, and music.
https://prezi.com/xdiv7xjqcz4a/the-american-dream-in-the-1970s/#:~:text=The%20American%20Dream%20in%20the%201970s%20was%20to%20live%20a,what%20was%20essential%20to%20live.

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Sadly, during this time the president was almost killed, celebrities were dying from different diseases, and there was a lot of unrest. So people thought of the American Dream as wanting health and a strong family. https://www.bartleby.com/essay/The-American-Dream-In-The-1980s-PJ9ZFM8K8DT

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Another thing that shaped the American Dream was technology. This was very new and people were interested in what this meant. Music was also prominent, and people hung out with their friends to have fun!

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The main dream in the 90's was to have money, power, or status. It was a dream to become rich by investing in the right areas.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-american-dream-is-real-for-my-family-11581617968

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The American Dream was centered around being rich and having the new technology that was coming out. Technology was important in this culture's time and people wanted to own it for themselves. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/american-dreams/408535/

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The main characteristic of this time period was anti-authorities. This means that this time period did not claim any one style, but instead invited all of them. https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/postmodernism#:~:text=Its%20main%20characteristics%20include%20anti,between%20art%20and%20everyday%20life.

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In art, postmodernism refers to a reaction against modernism. It is less a cohesive movement than an approach and attitude toward art, culture, and society. Its main characteristics include anti-authoritarianism, or refusal to recognize the authority of any single style or definition of what art sho…

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Since there was a lack of "rules" for art in this time, the works and authors came from all over the world and created anything they wanted.
https://artincontext.org/postmodern-art/

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To The Test of Time: "A Little Life" by by Hanya Yanagihara

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To The Test of Time: "A Little Life" by by Hanya Yanagihara

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This book is about trauma and chronic pain. Dr. Taylor experiences a serious spinal injury due to a car accident. This injury then followed him for the rest of his life.
https://www.goodreads.com/shelf/show/21st-century-american-literature

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Fact #1: Susan Glaspell worked as a journalist in Iowa before she started her career.
Fact #2: Susan Glaspell won a prize called the Pulitzer Prize for a play she wrote called Alison's House.
Fact #3: Glaspell went to college at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa.
https://www.enotes.com/topics/susan-glaspell

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Fact #1: Mark Twain is a pen name, his real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens.
Fact #2: After Twain's father's death, he dropped out of school to work.
Fact #3: Mark Twain loved to travel anywhere and everywhere.
https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/united-states/top-10-facts-about-mark-twain/

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Top 10 Facts about Mark Twain

His given name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens, but he chose Mark Twain as his pen name.

Twain went to be one of the greatest American authors and humorists of the late 19 th and early 20 th century.

Many people are familiar with his work and loved his stories but few know the details of his personal life.

One of his most popular works is the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. His quotes are also famous and have been retold over the centuries.

Twain wrote more than a dozen novels and several short stories as well as essays. Other than writing, Twain loved his cats, was innovative, among many other things.

Mark Twain is popularly considered to be the father of American literature. Here are the top 10 facts about Mark Twain.

1. He was born in the town of Florida, Missouri

Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835, in tiny Florida, Missouri. He was a preterm baby and was sickly until his 7 th birthday.

Twain had seven siblings; he was the second last child. Sadly, only three of them survived to adulthood.

His father was a self-educated lawyer who also owned a general store. When Twain was about 5 years old, they moved to Hannibal, Missouri for better opportunities.

A few years later, his father died of pneumonia at 49 years.

2. Just like a cat, Mark Twain had nine lives

One obvious thing is that Twain loved cats. One time, he hired two cats to keep him company as he worked on his writing.

His father moved the family to Hannibal, Missouri, a town by the Mississippi River. Twain loved to play in the water but did not know how to swim.

He was saved from drowning in the Mississippi River nine times. Interestingly, his family had 19 cats at one time during Twain's childhood.

3. Mark Twain dropped out of school

The death of his father meant that his education was cut short. He took up a job as a printer's apprentice at the Hannibal Journal.

This did not cut his dream of getting an education. He spent most of his free time at the library in the evening self-educating.

In 1851, Twain moved to a typesetting job at a local newspaper owned by his older brother Orion. While working here, he wrote a couple of satirical items for the publication.

Twain lived in several other cities such as New York, Philadelphia and Keokuk, working as a printer.

Other than being a printer, he wanted to be a steamboat pilot. He was trained by Horace Bixby on the Mississippi River.

4. Mark Twain loved to self-educate

Since Mark Twain got very little formal education, he took up self-educating. He spent his free time at the public library burrowing through books.

This allowed him to see things from a different perspective. He valued education and saw it as a vital part of the growth of a human being.

Twain was critical of the education system in the United State during his time. He believed learning and education were two different things.

5. He got the name Mark Twain from a steamboat

You might be wondering how the name Mark Twain came about. Well, before going by his pen name, Samuel Clemens worked as a steamboat pilot.

As a pilot, the term twain is used instead of two. When a leadsman would call "by the mark twain" they would mean the river depth was safe for the steamboat.

Twain had always dreamt of becoming a steamboat pilot since he was a young boy. It was one of the most prestigious jobs at that time. He got his licence after two years of training.

As his writing career was taking off, he opted to use an alias. After trying out several names such as Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass and Sergeant Fathom, he settled on Mark Twain.

6. Mark Twain worked as a miner too

Twain was not afraid to try out different jobs, as long as it got him the money he needed. He took up a job in Virginia City, Nevada as a miner.

Together with his brother, they did not want to fight in the Civil War. They had briefly enlisted in a confederate local unit for a few weeks.

Unfortunately, this job turned out to be hard and dismal. The war greatly affected the mining trade.

Luckily, he did not have to work here for long. Twain got a writing job at Virginia City's newspaper. He wrote about crime, politics, mining and culture.

7. He first used his pen name while working as a journalist

While working at the Territorial Enterprise, a Virginia City newspaper, he used Mark Twain as his pen name for the first time.

His first literary work that was greatly celebrated as "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." This article appeared in the New York Saturday Press in 1865.

The article, which was a success, paved the way to a new opportunity at the Sacramento Union. He was sent on assignment to Hawaii to write a series of travelogues.

8. Mark Twain loved to travel

His new job at the Sacramento Union afforded him opportunities to travel the world. He travelled to the Mediterranean, Europe and the Middle East.

During one of his trips, he met his wife through her brother. He showed Twain a photo of Olivia and Twain said it was love at first sight. The two got married a few years later.

While in Switzerland, he visited the Lion monument and was quoted saying that "it is the most mournful and most moving piece of stone in the world".

Twain has lived in Dublin, New Hampshire, and San Francisco.

9. It took him seven years to complete the Adventures of Huckleberry

Twain started writing the sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in 1876, but he wasn't pleased with his progress. He picked it up again and finished writing in 1883.

His famous book, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, was considered to be controversial. It was banned for its alleged crude language and lack of moral tone.

Book critics also condemned the book terming it as being racist and it was removed from some school reading list.

10. Mark Twain's bad luck: bad investments and bankruptcy

After becoming a successful writer, Twain put his money into several bad investments. None of his investments was profitable and was soon bankrupt.

He invested in one of his inventions, a self-pasting scrapbook which sold well. His investment in an automatic typesetting machine was a flop. It cost him more than $200,000.

He recovered financially after a successful lecture tour around the world. He paid all his creditors in full.

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Top 10 Facts about Mark Twain His given name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens, but he chose Mark Twain as his pen name. Twain went to be one of the greatest American authors and humorists of the late 19th and early 20th century. Many people are familiar with his work and loved his stories but few [...]

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Adding more slides on my Timeline has been a good exercise for me to have perseverance. By connecting history to literature has been interesting. I like to see how they are connected and influence each other. My Timeline has been a good addition to this course and has challenged my thinking.