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There were indigenous African religions, Christianity, and some ancient Nubian beliefs in Sudan. Nowadays, the dominant religion in Sudan is Islam because of a combination of historical, cultural, and social factors that began as early as the 7th century and continued over the subsequent centuries, while about 5 per cent of the population are still Christians. Both religions focus on honouring ancestors, respecting spirits, and performing rituals connecting communities to their history and spirituality (Rift Valley Institute, 2011). Islam is now facing challenges related to interpretation, political use, and the association with extremism. However, it is not the reason we should have prejudice against them.

Ryle, J., Willis, J., Baldo, S. A., & Jok, J. M. (2012). The Sudan Handbook. The Rift Valley Institute.

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Sudanese traditional music is deeply rooted in its ethnic and social history, reflecting its cultural diversity. Key styles include Zār, which will heal those who were possessed by the spirits in healing rituals with intense drumming and dancing, and Haqiba, which blends Sufi poetry with local rhythms, creating a unique urban sound (Ryle et al., 2012). In recent years, Reggae, hip-hop, and Congolese music have become integral parts of the social life of the younger generations in Sudan (Ryle et al., 2012). Music in Sudan is not only entertainment but also maintains a connection to the past, making you think.

Ryle, J., Willis, J., Baldo, S. A., & Jok, J. M. (2012a). The Sudan Handbook. The Rift Valley Institute.

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Traditional medicine is still a part of the healthcare system in Sudan, especially in the rural areas. The flower Hibiscus is one of the most common herbs that people will dry its petals and blend with hot water to make this herbal tea called karkade. People in Sudan generally consume it to lower blood pressure, fight against bacteria, and help to reduce weight. Studies have shown the ingredient effectiveness of hibiscus tea in lowering blood pressure for adults who are prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive(McKay et al., 2010). However, consulting with the doctor before making medical decisions is necessary.

McKay, D. L., Chen, C.-Y. O., Saltzman, E., & Blumberg, J. B. (2010). Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Tea (tisane) lowers blood pressure in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults. The Journal of Nutrition, 140(2), 298–303. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.115097

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For me, the most meaningful aspect of Standard 1.1 from the framework is its focus on the considerations of culture, religion, and linguistics (MRWHP, 2019). I have upgraded my ability to apply this theory to my future practice because of the experiences in class. I gave instructions to a peer role-playing a patient with limited English without checking, leading to confusion and a disrupted care plan. Reflecting on this, I realised the importance of avoiding assumptions and customising my approach to each patient's background. This skill is essential in my future workplace, ensuring I provide respectful, effective, and personalised care. I will continue learning and reflecting to improve my future practice.

Migrant and Refugee Women’s Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally responsive clinical practice: Competency standards framework for clinicians. Australian Government Department of Health.

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Social inclusion and non-discrimination are two critical social determinants that the WHO list on its website (WHO, n.d.). Social inclusion improves physical health by increasing refugees' opportunities to access healthcare, health education, and other health programs actively or passively. It also positively impacts mental health by promoting a sense of belonging, which helps refugees reduce depression, stress, and anxiety (Khawaja et al., 2008). On the other hand, non-discrimination is essential for building trust between refugees and the healthcare system. This trust encourages refugees to seek help when needed, leading to better health outcomes instead of making the situation worse (Kelaher et al., 2014). Together, these social determinants play a crucial role in supporting the overall well-being of refugees.

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Social Determinants of Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

Khawaja, N. G., White, K. M., Schweitzer, R., & Greenslade, J. (2008). Difficulties and coping strategies of Sudanese refugees: A qualitative approach. Transcultural Psychiatry, 45(3), 489–512. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461508094678

Kelaher, M. A., Ferdinand, A. S., & Paradies, Y. (2014). Experiencing racism in health care: The Mental Health Impacts for Victorian Aboriginal communities. Medical Journal of Australia, 201(1), 44–47. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja13.10503

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Principle health issues that refugees face

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Principle health issues that refugees face

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Sudan is a country in Northeast Africa. The Sudanese Civil War caused the large-scale displacement of Sudanese people seeking new life in countries like Australia (Milner, 2009). Sudanese refugees always suffer from mental problems because of trauma, PTSD, and separations from families, as the Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide listed on its website. There is a significant possibility for them to have Somatization of psychological symptoms such as pain syndromes and other conditions (Australian Government Department of Health, n.d.). The key interventions include trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), which has been effective in addressing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and culturally adapted mental health services that consider the specific cultural and contextual needs of Sudanese refugees (Silove et al., 2017).

Quick navigation. Australian Refugee Health Quick Navigation Comments. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/

Milner, J. (2009). Refugees and the regional dynamics of peacebuilding. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 28(1), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdp015

Silove, D., Ventevogel, P., & Rees, S. (2017). The Contemporary Refugee Crisis: An overview of mental health challenges. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20438

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Sudanese cuisine is an essential part of the country’s communal culture; traditional foods play a crucial role in social gatherings and daily life (Embassy of the Republic of Sudan, n.d.). Kissra, a unique type of bread, is the main staple in the Sudanese diet and is consumed with all kinds of different stews, such as miris. It is made of sheep fat and vegetables like onions and potatoes. Hibiscus tea is also a popular beverage made of dried flower petals steeped in hot water to accompany the food. These dishes are not only food but also show the values of unity and hospitality of the Sudanese people (Embassy of the Republic of Sudan, n.d.).

Visit Sudan (Travel & Tourism) : Republic of sudan embassy,London. (n.d.). https://www.sudanembassy.org.uk/sudanese-food/

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Societies always start with simple, unsophisticated types of food and gradually with their growth and development, they begin to improvise and discover more tasteful and sophisticated dishes, each depending on the types of new animal and agricultural discoveries.

After having established their basic cuisine, they tend to the development of complementary foods e.g. appetizers, desert and other foods, which allows for the emergence of a distinct cuisine.

The external influences on people's dietary habits in Sudan could be mentioned here, for example, red pepper and other spices like garlic, pepper and others. They were brought to Sudan by the Syrian traders and Arab settlers from the Mediterranean who came to Sudan during the Turkish rule. They also introduced some dishes e.g. meatballs and pastries. Not only that, they also introduced some vegetables and fruits that were not known in Sudan.

It is of importance to note that the main staple of the Sudanese is a special type of bread called Kissra, which is made of durra or corn, Kissra is taken together with a stew and this has become the main dish in central and Sudan in general.

The main components of which these stews are made are dried meat, dried onions, spices and peanut butter. Other substances could be added like milk and yoghurt. These are used in preparing two well- known stews; Ni'aimiya and dried ocra is used in preparing other stews like Waika, Bussaara and Sabaroag. Miris is a stew that is made from sheep's fat, onions and dried okra. Other vegetables like potatoes, eggplants and others are used in preparing their stews meat, onions and spices.

These stews are accompanied with porridge (Asseeda), which is made with wheat flour or corn. Other times Kissra is used. As for the popular appetizers in Sudan, there is (Elmaraara) and (Umfitit) that are made of parts of sheep like the lungs, liver and stomach. To these are added onions, peanut butter and salt, it is eaten raw.

Also other types of porridges are popular in Sudan which are made of wheat, Dhukhun and dates. They are taken together with milk, sugar and margarine. Soups are an important component of the Sudanese food, the most popular are Kawari', which is made of cattle's or sheep's hoofs in addition to vegetables and spices. Also there is Elmussalammiya, which is made with liver, flour, dates and spices.

In spite of the fact that in the present, Northern Sudan is known for its simple cuisine, yet it could be of significance that historical evidence has proven that ancient Nubians were the first to discover wheat and from them, the world got to know about it. This explains the fact that wheat flour has still remained the staple food for the people of the north who use it in making their main dish (Gourrassa). It is made of wheat and baked in a circular shape, its thickness and size change according the needs.

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Visit Sudan (Travel & Tourism) : Republic of Sudan Embassy,London

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Societies always start with simple, unsophisticated types of food and gradually with their growth and development, they begin to improvise and discover more tasteful and sophisticated dishes, each depending on the types of new animal and agricultural discoveries. After having established their basic cuisine, they tend to the development of complementary foods e.g.