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1. First of all, I learnt what sustainable development is. Basically, sustainable development refers to a model of economic growth that focuses on long-term development and aims to ensure the harmonious development of society, the economy, population, resources and the environment without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Moreover, I've learnt that climate change is closely linked to sustainable development, and addressing climate change is a key factor in achieving sustainable development. Lastly, the group of us discuss what IPCC is.

2. Today's learning activities were useful for my learning. There were questions that I missed while reading the lecture by myself that I didn't quite understand, and after a group discussion I got the answers. As the time past fast, I still got some questions which I am confused about.

3. The targets of IPCC.

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1. Firstly, I've learnt SDGs are the 17 global development goals (GDGs) established by the United Nations to continue to guide global development efforts for 2015-2030 after the expiration of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for 2000-2015. Moreover, the group of us discussed the high level political forum. UNDESA leads the preparation and implementation of the annual UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) and is constantly exploring new ways to improve the Forum and its effectiveness in supporting countries to achieve the SDGs. Its purpose is to provide political leadership and guidance to the sustainable development process and to recommend work accordingly; to follow up and review progress in the implementation of the sustainable development goals, and to play a central role in overseeing global follow-up and assessment. Thirdly, I recognized the climate change governance, which refers to the full range of policies, measures and actions taken to address climate change and its impacts. These governance measures are aimed at mitigating the process of climate change, adapting to its impacts and promoting sustainable development. Climate change governance has multiple dimensions, including cooperation and action at the international, national and local levels.

2. Today's activities were useful for my learning.

3. I'm still quite unclear on the key features of HLPF.

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1. In today's tutorial, I've learnt what climate Justice & ginancing of SDGs. Firstly, climate justice is a man-made concept, the essence of which is to distinguish between those who are mainly responsible for and those who are mainly victims of the current climate change, that is to say, it is necessary to recognise how to divide the responsibility for the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve real fairness. Climate justice emphasises the unequal impacts of climate change on different groups, countries and regions, especially the negative impacts on vulnerable groups and developing countries. Funding in this area is mainly used for, for example, climate adaptation, mitigation measures and loss and damage. Moreover, financing of the sustainable development goals could include official development assistance, such as financial support for sustainable development projects through budgetary allocations, taxes and fund creation by Governments. In addition, international organisations such as the United Nations and the World Bank can provide financial support in the form of loans, grants and technical assistance. Lastly, the group of us talked about the Loss and Damage. This is the consequences of climate change when it exceeds the limits of human adaptation or when communities lack the resources to cope with the change. They can be divided into two categories: economic loss and non-economic damage.

2. Today's learning is useful for me. I think there is only one thing that should be improved, which is I need to improve on in today's lesson is that I was too slow in reading the material. The material given was not read through, which led to a bit of a lack of speed during the group discussion.

3. The unclear thing for me is that where how to ensure effective use of funds and transparency. Why are some funds used for mitigation and others for adaptation, loss and damage? How can funding be balanced between these areas?

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1. I've learnt, firstly, nature-based solutions (NbS) is a new concept introduced by the international community in the 21st century, and has gained acceptance in most countries in a relatively short period of time, with a tendency to be rapidly mainstreamed.The IUCN defines NbS as ‘actions that effectively and adaptively respond to societal challenges and bring benefits to human well-being and biodiversity through the conservation, sustainable management and restoration of natural or man-made ecosystems’. well-being and biodiversity’. Secondly, I mastered the role of NbS in climate action. This includes climate change mitigation, where NbS can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions by protecting and restoring ecosystems. Conservation of biodiversity, in protecting and restoring ecosystems helps to preserve biodiversity. As well as adaptation to climate change, where NbS not only mitigates climate change, but also helps ecosystems adapt to climate change that is already occurring. Lastly is the challenges of NbS, such as lack of policy support and regulatory guarantees and provision of multifaceted financial support.

2. Today's class is useful for me. The thing that I think can be improved is that the integration of knowledge across disciplines. For example, research into NbS requires not only ecological knowledge, but also an understanding of social factors such as social justice and economic incentives. Sustainable development requires a balance between environmental protection, economic growth and social justice, and understanding these concepts can be useful for designing more effective NbS projects.

3. For me still a point of confusion is how to assess the effectiveness of NbS. How to scientifically assess a NbS project's carbon sink, climate resilience and its contribution to biodiversity? What are the common criteria or indicators?

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1. First of all, I've learnt SIDS are a number of small coastal states. These countries typically face challenges related to sustainable development, including small territories, growing populations, limited financial resources, low resilience to natural disasters and overdependence on international trade. Secondly, the risks that SIDS might face contain that sea-level rise caused by climate change poses a serious threat to small island states. Small island states, widely spread across the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Caribbean and the Mediterranean, are characterised by small land areas, limited natural resources, relative geographic isolation, minimal economic openness, high vulnerability to natural disasters and other extreme events, as well as rapidly increasing population density, poor infrastructure, limited financial and human resources and technological capacity, all of which contribute to increasing their vulnerability to climate change adaptation. Increased vulnerability to climate change. Moreover, the group of us talked about the approaches and challenges of Fiji and Kiribati. The approaches of Fiji are, for example, Climate adaptation policies and climate transport, and climate finance and international assistance. For Kiribati, the approach is like active voice in international climate negotiations. The challenges for both of them are funding gaps and technical constraints.

2. Today's class is useful for me. One thing that I think could be improved is maybe there can be more time for the group discussion.

3. I am a bit confused about the role of the international community in helping small developing countries to deal with climate change. For example, what is the responsibility of developed countries and international organisations towards SIDS, and why is shared responsibility a key issue?

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1. In today's lesson, I've learnt that what climate crisis refers to. It is the phenomena and crises brought about by changes in the Earth's climate, especially global warming. Around this topic, scientists from all over the world have jointly issued a statement to warn all mankind that the speed of climate crisis has accelerated beyond the expectation of scientists, the earth is entering a state of climate emergency, global warming will bring ‘endless suffering’ to mankind, and the whole mankind must cherish time and take effective measures to deal with the problems brought about by global warming with all our strength. All mankind must cherish time and take effective measures to deal with the problems brought about by global warming. The impact of climate change on international security is mainly reflected in the increase in natural disasters and the resulting security problems. Other than that, I've also learnt that The impacts of the climate crisis on national and international security include loss of living space, resource crises, natural disasters, outbreaks of infectious diseases, food insecurity and geopolitical tensions. Lastly, I learnt that solving international or national problems requires a combination of instruments, such as strengthening international cooperation, promoting global efforts to reduce emissions, implementing measures to adapt to climate change and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

2. Today's learning is useful for me. I thought I should keep an eye on policy changes and technological advances to improve the learning of this topic.

3. I don't have much confusion in today's learning.

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1. I have grasped that the challenges and barriers to climate action and activism include, among others, insufficient international co-operation, insufficient technological innovation and insufficient funding. Despite the positive progress made by major economies in energy transition and green finance, common action against climate change is still fraught with uncertainty. Moreover, achieving the SDGs and responding to the changing climate will require a range of policy measures in terms of policy design, resource allocation and social mobilisation. Effective measures could include strengthening the Fund and enhancing international cooperation. Lastly, the role of social movements and political action in transforming the governance of the SDGs and climate action includes promoting equity and social justice, such as addressing inequality politics, social movements exposing inequitable policies and practices and promoting more equitable and inclusive governance.

2. Today's class is useful for me. As the group of us talked about what democracy means to everyone. In my point of view, democracy means self-government. Self-government is the ideal state of human life and implies the full realisation of individual autonomy. I also believe that there is a reciprocal relationship between democracy and climate change. Democracy can respond effectively to climate change by increasing transparency, promoting public participation, focusing on social justice and encouraging political innovation. But climate change itself is a challenge for democratic systems, not least because of the urgency and complexity of decision-making. Ensuring the effectiveness and resilience of democratic systems is therefore an important foundation for effective climate governance.

3. I think I don't have much confusion in today's tutorial.

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The United Nations Climate Action Summit (UNCAS) is a climate action summit organised by the United Nations to support efforts to implement the Paris Agreement, strengthen resolve and improve climate action. The effects of climate change are felt throughout the world, with real consequences for people's lives. Climate change is undermining national economies and imposing high costs on us today and even greater costs in the future. However, there is increasing awareness that we can all move toward cleaner, more sustainable environments with the support of scalable, reasonably priced solutions. The Global Climate Movement Summit would normally take place at the United Nations. The main modalities include, firstly, round tables and panel discussions. A round table is a consultative meeting of equals and dialogue. They are set up in summits with different stakeholders to facilitate in-depth discussions on specific challenges, modes of cooperation, and technological innovations in climate action. Moreover, the participation of leaders in speeches is also one of the ways in which it is carried out. Three lessons that I’ve learnt include, teamwork, international cooperation and policy support. In global climate governance, all countries should be united in forming a new situation of cooperation and win-win climate governance. The worldwide community should collaborate in the field of international cooperation with previously unheard-of zeal and activity in order to create a community of life between humans and the natural world. Lastly, the political support is reflected in the fact that developed economies such as the EU are leading the world in terms of climate legislation, energy structure, low-carbon technology and green finance, and are a model for other countries looking to achieve maximum carbon compliance and carbon neutrality.

Global climate change has garnered significant attention in recent years, and the occurrence of extreme weather events has had a significant impact on people's lives and productivity. There are several obstacles to managing climate change and coming to an international accord, including competing national interests, unequal resource distribution, a lack of money, and unstable political environments. These challenges not only impede the achievement of climate change goals, but also test the ability of the international community to cooperate and take responsibility for solving global problems. There are some difficulties in reaching an international agreement on climate action. First one is the financial gaps in climate finance. According to Musa (2022), By 2030, the United Nations predicts that developing nations will require $340 billion annually to fight climate change, more than ten times the current level of assistance. Despite a national consensus on climate action, there is a serious lack of climate finance. To make the shift to green and low-carbon technology, developing nations require significant financial and technological assistance, which the current climate finance institutions cannot provide. The gap between promises and actual availability of funds not only hinders the implementation of the agreement, but also weakens the credibility of international climate policy. Another difficulty is the difficulty of implementing emission reduction targets. Years after the signing of the Paris Agreement, the outlook for global climate negotiations remains difficult. As Hermine, Mathieu, and Thijs mentioned in 2023, countries confront significant obstacles in meeting carbon reduction targets, even in the face of widespread agreement on climate action. Before COP26, many nations made "net-zero" commitments, but very few actually had strategies to cut emissions. Enhancing the transparency of emission reduction targets and putting in place monitoring and accountability systems are necessary at the national level to address this problem and make sure that internal or external pressures don't cause targets to be changed or withdrawn.

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My use of ChatGPT consisted of small group discussions in class, where ChatGPT was used to identify the general direction we needed to research.

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I also used ChatGPT when I have confusions in the tutorioal.

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Ajiya, M. (2022). Breaking the Jinx of Climate Change Debacle: Can the Conference of the Parties (COPs) Meetings Measure up? SSRN Electronic Journal, 12.

Van Coppenolle, H., Blondeel, M. and Van de Graaf, T. (2022b). Reframing the climate debate: The origins and diffusion of net zero pledges. Global Policy, 14(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13161.