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this article is about a report by the United Nations that talks about the potential impacts of global warming on human life. the article talks about how global warming will significantly change the way humans live. This source is useful because it discussed the ways that global warming will affect human life.

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Up to 3.6 billion people are highly vulnerable to climate change, a new UN report says.

Warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius or more could drastically alter our physical health, the places we live, and the survival of animal species.

If temperatures rise above 2 degrees of warming, some coastal cities may become uninhabitable.

Rising global temperatures bring dire threats, such as floods, heat-related injuries, water scarcity, and hunger, making up to 3.6 billion people - nearly half of the world's population - highly vulnerable to climate change.

That's according to a major report, released Monday, from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - a UN body that recruits hundreds of scientists from across the globe to summarize years of research on the climate crisis.

"We are in an emergency headed for a disaster," Inger Andersen, executive director of the United Nations Environment Program, said at a Monday press conference.

"Climate change isn't lurking around the corner ready to pounce," she said, adding, "It's already upon us, raining down blows on billions of people."

Human-caused emissions have already led the planet to warm by 1.1 degrees Celsius in the last 170 years. The report drills down on how 1.5 degrees of warming or more could drastically alter our physical health, food and water supply, the availability of safe places to live, and the survival of animal species.

Here are some of the report's main takeaways:

By 2050, more than 1 billion people in low-lying coastal cities and small islands will be at risk of climate hazards from sea-level rise.

Under 1.5 degrees of global warming, children ages 10 and younger as of 2020 could experience a nearly four-fold increase in extreme weather events by 2100.

The percentage of people exposed to deadly heat stress (i.e., heat stroke) could increase from 30% today to 76% by the end of the century.

Under 2 degrees of global warming, between 800 million and 3 billion people could experience chronic water scarcity due to droughts. That figure could climb to 4 billion people if global temperatures rise 4 degrees.

Eight million to 80 million people will suffer from hunger by 2050. Under a high-warming scenario, up to 183 million additional people in low-income countries could become undernourished due to climate change.

Under 2 degrees of warming, up to 18% of all land species will be at high risk of going extinct by 2100. Under 4 degrees of warming, half of our plant and animal species could be threatened.

Monday's release is the second portion of the IPCC's sixth assessment. The first portion, released last year, focused on physical changes to the planet. The new report assesses how those changes will impact humans and ecosystems.

While some climate outcomes are preventable, others set in stone. Last year's portion of the IPCC report found that glaciers will continue melting and seas will continue to rise for hundreds or thousands of years.

"The world we live in today is not going to be the world we live in five years, 10 years, or even 20 years from now," Debra Roberts, the co-chair of the IPCC report, said at the press conference. "We have to be much more vigilant about our actions."

How can the world adapt?

Governments and industries have taken some measures to adapt to their new climates and prepare for impacts to come. The agricultural sector, for example, is broadly improving irrigation practices to prepare for water scarcity across the globe. And in some regions like West Africa, farmers are planting more drought-tolerant crops.

But the IPCC report concludes that these adaptations are not enough to protect ecosystems and humans from the onslaught of extreme weather, rising oceans, and food and water shortages.

The report recommends restoring wetlands along flood plains to absorb floodwaters, and planting trees along rivers to create shade and prevent them from drying up. Farmers may also consider diversifying their crops and livestock so they aren't dependent on a single food source. Adding green space to rooftops and walls in cities can help cool temperatures and reduce stormwater runoff. Parks and ponds can help mitigate extreme heat in urban areas. And a diverse array of renewable-energy sources, like wind, solar, and hydroelectric power, can support rural populations in the face of extreme weather.

"The tricky thing is that there is no silver bullet. There is no one action that's going to solve everything," David Dodman, a lead author of the report and director of human settlements at the International Institute for Environment and Development, told Insider.

Since every half-degree of global temperature rise carries major consequences, governments and industries can significantly reduce future human suffering and ecosystem collapse by cutting their greenhouse-gas emissions now.

But that also means there's little time to waste.

"The world is currently underprepared for the coming climate change impacts, particularly beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius," the IPCC authors wrote, adding, "At higher levels of warming, the effectiveness of most land- and water-based adaptation options starts declining, and the extent of residual risks increases, as do the chances of future unintended consequences."

Rising temperatures could displace millions of people

If global temperatures exceed 2 degrees of warming, low-lying coastal cities and certain mountain areas or polar regions may have difficulty supporting human life.

Changes in temperature, sea level, and food or water supply are already forcing people to relocate on every continent.

For example, more people move from Mexico's rural areas into cities during droughts. Some communities in Alaska are making relocation plans as flooding encroaches on their homes. Droughts are also driving migration in sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South Asia, and South America, according to the report.

The IPCC authors expect more Arctic communities, particularly indigenous peoples, to migrate as ice melt interferes with their ability to live and hunt.

The report also predicts that hundreds of millions of people will be at risk of climate-related displacement by the second half of the 21st century.Eventually, people may pay a premium to live in climate-safe locations.

"There's concern over climate gentrification, where safer locations that formerly were home to lower-income groups in cities become more desirable, because of their perceived safety from climate risks and therefore the regional inhabitants begin to be priced out," Dodman said, adding, "I think that's a legitimate concern for the future."

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Unlivable cities, refugees, extinct animals: UN climate report warns of drastic changes in coming decades

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Up to 3.6 billion people are highly vulnerable to climate change, a new UN report says. Warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius or more could drastically alter our physical health, the places we live, and the survival of animal species. If temperatures rise above 2 degrees of warming, some coastal cities may become uninhabitable.

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Global warming is the rising of earths average temperature. Global warming is caused by human activities like the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. these activities release greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere and trap the heat from the sun, causing the earth to get warmer.

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This article highlights the lack of public awareness of global warming. Only 2/3 of Americans are confident that global warming is happening, and a small amount of people acknowledge that it is caused by humans.

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Only two-thirds of Americans are confident in the knowledge that global warming is happening, and a bare majority understand that it's mostly caused by human activities. One-third of Americans continue to believe that global warming is mostly natural. In reality, the scientific evidence demonstrating that global warming is happening and human-caused is overwhelming, which is why there is a 90 to 100 percent expert consensus on human-caused global warming.

Keywords: Climate change; global warming; climate consensus; climate crisis

The American public is poorly informed about the existence and primary cause of global warming. Just 67 percent of Americans are confident in the knowledge that global warming is happening, and a mere 53 percent understand that it's mostly caused by human activities, while 33 percent of Americans continue to believe that global warming is mostly natural (Marlon et al. [19]). Of the latter, 13 percent believe that humans are not at all responsible for climate change, and a further 5 percent say the climate is not changing; this level of misconception is worse in the United States than any other developed country (Milman and Harvey [22]).

The situation is dramatically different among those who make a career of studying climate change; numerous studies using a variety of survey methods have found that there is a 90-to-100 percent expert consensus on human-caused global warming (Cook et al. [ 5]). This raises an oft-heard question, which can be loosely phrased as: How do the experts know that global warming is happening, and that humans are the cause? Herein is a summary of the evidence underlying what has been described as a "knowledge-based consensus" (Jacobs, Cook, and Huertas [13]).

We know that the planet is warming because of the data that has come in from a wide range of instrumental and natural thermometers over time.

Of these, the information that tends to be of most interest to humanity is the temperature of the air at the Earth's surface, where people reside. In fact, thermometers have been used to measure local air temperatures since at least 1714, when German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first accurate modern mercury thermometer. (His device - and the standardized scale of measurement that he devised to go with it - proved so popular that it led to the convention of temperatures being recorded in degrees Fahrenheit until the scientist Anders Celsius came along.)

As the saying goes, to someone with a hammer, everything is a nail - and the same could be said of those wielding a thermometer. As a result, there was an explosion in the collection of data regarding temperature, which drove 18th-century scientists such as geologist/physicist/mountaineer Horace Bénédict de Saussure to lead one of the first successful ascents of the tallest mountain in the Alps while equipped with a huge array of thermometers, altimeters, anemometers, magnetometers, barometers, microscopes, and all other manner of measuring devices. And it is important to note that these early scientists, just like their modern inheritors, did not go out into the field with the explicit goal of finding that the Earth was warming up. Rather, they had a passion for collecting data of all kinds, and let the information take them where it would.

This interest in measuring all the facets of our planet, over as long a span of time as possible, continues to this day; numerous scientific teams have used the available thermometer data to reconstruct average global surface temperatures (Lenssen et al. [17]; Morice et al. [23]; Vose et al. [32]; Cowtan and Way [ 6]) with the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature team creating the longest such record, beginning in the year 1753 (Rohde et al. [28]). The records from all of these groups yield similar results: approximately 1 degree Celsius of average global surface temperature warming from the late-19th century through 2019.

But air temperatures represent a small fraction of the overall warming of Earth, over 90 percent of which is absorbed by the oceans.

Ocean temperatures have historically been measured from buckets on ships and recorded in naval logbooks (Drollette [ 9]), from instruments called bathythermographs, and since the early 21st century from a network of thousands of Argo floats (battery-powered autonomous floating devices that transmit ocean measurement data to satellites). These data indicate that Earth's oceans have accumulated approximately 10 zettajoules of heat per year over the past 25 years (Cheng et al. [ 3]). This is equivalent to the amount of energy that would be released by detonating five Hiroshima atomic bombs per second (Nuccitelli [25]).

Climate scientists also monitor a variety of what are referred to as natural thermometers. For example, sea level rise is a consequence of both ocean warming (due to the thermal expansion of warmer water) and melting land ice. Global average sea level rise has been accelerating (Nerem et al. [24]) 2.5 times faster during 2006-2015 (about 3.6 millimeters per year) than 1901-1990 (1.4 millimeters per year). Half of recent sea level rise is due to melting land ice and 40 percent due to thermal expansion.

The accelerating rate is due to faster melt of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. For the decade of 2007-2016, Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet loss doubled and tripled, respectively, compared to the prior decade (Oppenheimer et al. [26]). The melting of ice and the rising of sea levels are therefore both clear natural indicators, or natural thermometers, of global warming.

Although Arctic sea ice does not contribute to sea level rise (because unlike land ice, sea ice is already in the ocean), it has declined rapidly in recent decades. Primarily as a result of rising temperatures (Day et al. [ 7]), approximately 75 percent of the total quantity of summer Arctic sea ice has melted over the past 40 years. Shifts in the timing of the seasons (for example, spring beginning earlier) and changes in species migration patterns are both natural indicators and consequences of global warming (Bell et al. [ 2]; Diehl [ 8]).

With these several independent observational lines of evidence, we come to the incontrovertible conclusion that the Earth is warming. Although a significant proportion of the American public remains unconvinced, nearly all climate science experts agree that this warming is predominantly human-caused (Cook et al. [ 5]). In its Fifth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded with 95 percent confidence that humans are responsible for most of the global warming since 1950, and are most likely responsible for all of it (IPCC [12]). (This last part bears repeating: The report found that human beings are most likely responsible for all global warming since 1950.) As with the existence of global warming, its human cause has been established by multiple independent lines of evidence.

There are numerous fingerprints of the human-cause of global warming - such as changes in Earth's climate that we expect to see as a consequence of the increased greenhouse effect, which has resulted from the emission of greenhouse gases, predominantly from the human burning of fossil fuels.

For example, because greenhouse gases are mostly present in the lower layer of the atmosphere (the troposphere) and trap outgoing heat at that elevation, climate scientists predicted over 50 years ago (Manabe and Wetherald [18]) that an increased greenhouse effect would result in a cooling of the higher layers of the atmosphere (that is, the stratosphere), which is indeed what was subsequently observed.

Long-term trends (either warming or cooling) in global temperatures are indicative of a global energy imbalance. A rise in temperatures over several decades is a result of more incoming than outgoing energy in Earth's climate system, while falling temperatures are a consequence of more outgoing energy. An increased greenhouse effect will result in more trapped heat and consequently less outgoing energy from Earth, which has been confirmed by satellite observations.

Scientists have also used climate models to run "detection and attribution studies," which seek to determine what physical causes can explain the observed global warming. In every case, these studies have concluded that human activity is responsible for approximately all of the warming observed since 1950 (Tett et al. [31]; Meehl et al. [21]; Stone et al. [30]; Lean and Rind [16]; Huber and Knutti [11]; Gillett et al. [10]; Wigley and Santer [33]; Jones, Stott, and Christidis [14]; Ribes et al. [27]).

Ultimately, the attribution of global warming to human activities boils down to basic physics. We know that humans are responsible for the rapid increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (carbon dioxide levels have risen nearly 50 percent since pre-industrial times). This has been established by examining isotope ratios - plants prefer lighter carbon-12 to the heavier carbon-13, and fossil fuels are derived from ancient plants, so the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in the atmosphere has declined as more fossil fuel carbon has been added. It has also been established by simple accounting (Starr [29]) - scientists track the amount carbon released by the fossil fuels humans burn, and that carbon has to go somewhere. The increase of carbon in the oceans and biosphere and atmosphere is consistent with the amount humans are releasing from fossil fuels. And we've known for over a century that greenhouse gases trap heat and cause Earth to warm (Arrhenius [ 1]).

The rate of warming over the past century has also been much more rapid than historical natural climate changes. For example, during the transition 12,000 years ago from the last ice age to the current warm interglacial period, global temperatures warmed about 4-to-6 degrees Celsius over a period of about 10,000 years. In contrast, humans have caused 1 degree Celsius of warming over the past 100 years, and could trigger anywhere from another 1-to-4 degrees Celsius warming over the next 80 years (Clark et al. [ 4]). In short, the warming to date is already about 20 times faster than one of Earth's fastest natural climate change events.

When seeking alternative explanations for the primary cause of global warming, the sun is most often cited. After all, nearly all the heat on Earth originates from the sun, so it would make sense for rising temperatures to be caused by an increase in solar activity. But observations of sunspots and from satellites have shown that total solar irradiance (the amount of energy from the sun reaching Earth) has remained flat since 1950 (Kopp et al. [15]; Wu et al. [34]). Moreover, solar warming would cause the temperature of all layers of Earth's atmosphere to rise, whereas as noted above, the upper atmospheric layers have cooled, inconsistent with a solar warming temperature profile, but consistent with an increased greenhouse effect.

Ocean cycles are another frequent suspect blamed for global warming. However, these cycles simply move heat back and forth between the oceans and atmosphere. Were ocean cycles to blame for rising air temperatures, heat would be transferred from the oceans to the atmosphere, and ocean temperatures would fall as a result. Instead, observations indicate that both the oceans and air are warming rapidly, which indicates that an influence creating a global energy imbalance must be responsible rather than an internal cycle.

Earth's orbital cycles (Milankovitch cycles) around the sun are another possible culprit for global warming. However, these orbital cycles act over long timeframes, causing global temperatures to slowly warm or cool over thousands of years - whereas temperatures have risen a full degree Celsius just over the past century. Moreover, Earth has been in a slow cooling phase of these orbital cycles for the past several thousand years (Marsicek et al. [20]).

The conclusions that climate scientists draw are elementary.

Multiple independent lines of evidence show that the Earth is warming. These include instrumental measurements of rising air and ocean temperatures, as well as so-called "natural thermometers" such as melting ice, rising sea levels, and the shifting of seasons and animal migration patterns. Similarly, multiple independent lines of evidence tell us that humans are responsible for approximately all the global warming over the past 70 years. We know this through the fingerprints that humanity has left on the planet, in the form of the warming of the oceans and the lower atmosphere as the upper atmosphere cools, for example. This observed warming can only be explained by climate models that use the well-understood physics of the greenhouse effect - an effect that can only be explained as the result of human intervention, in the form of greenhouse gases produced by the consumption of fossil fuels.

Conversely, no alternative cause has been proposed that can explain all of these observations. Solar activity has been flat for seven decades, and had solar output increased, it would have warmed the upper atmosphere - which has actually gone down in temperature. If ocean cycles were responsible for warming the lower atmosphere, ocean temperatures would be cooling rather than heating at a rate equivalent to the amount of energy that would be released by detonating five Hiroshima atomic bombs per second, or every person on Earth constantly running 35 microwave ovens. Earth's orbital cycles around the sun are in a gradual cooling phase, which in any case operate on much longer timescales than the abrupt global warming that has occurred over the past century.

Consequently, the scientific evidence clearly demonstrates that Earth is warming rapidly due to humans releasing tens of billions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year through the burning of fossil fuels.

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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By Dana Nuccitelli

Reported by Author

Dana Nuccitelli is an environmental scientist and author of Climatology versus Pseudoscience. He has published 10 papers related to climate change in peer-reviewed journals, including three studies on the expert climate consensus. Nuccitelli has written about climate science for SkepticalScience.com since 2010, for The Guardian since 2013, and for Yale Climate Connections since 2018.

Copyright of Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

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How we know the Earth is warming and humans are responsible

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Only two-thirds of Americans are confident in the knowledge that global warming is happening, and a bare majority understand that it's mostly caused by human activities. One-third of Americans continue to believe that global warming is mostly natural.

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The earths average temperature has been rising overtime, this is called global warming. the last 9 years have been among the 10 hottest on record, with 2021 ranking as the 6th warmest. natural causes play a small role in global warming, but industrialization and other human activities are what really cause the planets temperature rise. this source convinces people to care more about climate change because it explained how humans impact climate change, and it also gives solutions.

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About Gale In Context: Global Issues

Analyze important global issues and events through topic overviews, international viewpoints, news, and multimedia content.

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About Gale In Context: Global Issues Analyze important global issues and events through topic overviews, international viewpoints, news, and multimedia content. Don't know how to login? Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password.

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If people remain indifferent about global warming , there would be many consequences like rising sea levels, threats to human health, ecosystem disruption, and economic consequences. The solution that Could work the best would be to make policies and regulation to protect the environment, this could include setting emission reduction targets, promoting renewable energy, and supporting sustainable practices.