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https://www.facebook.com/KaLeodyDeGuzman/posts/pfbid02ioLuesqud9NKSxKECnwgSpjTjb6Fm5q5DXXhARx4KgAZkaTYhrJ4H6R52fsQY6dzl

TITLE: Ka Leody to use eco-friendly campaign materials, challenges others to follow suit

AUTHOR: Ka Leody De Guzman

DATE PUBLISHED: March 1, 2022

KEY INFO: Partido Lakas ng Masa (PLM) presidential bet Ka Leody de Guzman issued a "green challenge" to fellow aspirants for the presidency by avoiding the use of non-biodegradable materials and by lessening the carbon footprint of their campaign.(Facebook Page)

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Press Release
1 March 2022

Ka Leody to use eco-friendly campaign materials, challenges others to follow suit

Partido Lakas ng Masa (PLM) presidential bet Ka Leody de Guzman issued a "green...

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https://edgedavao.net/vantage-points/2022/05/14/think-on-these-is-davao-region-climate-change-ready/

TITLE: THINK ON THESE: Is Davao region climate change ready?

AUTHOR: Henrylito D. Tacio

DATE PUBLISHED: May 14, 2022

KEY INFO: A new report released by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is very alarming for Davao City and its neighboring areas. It may not happen in our time now but the next generation suffers from its consequences

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A new report released by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is very alarming for Davao City and its neighboring areas. It may not happen in our time now but the next generation suffers from its consequences.

According to the WMO, there is a 50:50 chance of average global temperature reaching 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels in the next five years, "and the likelihood is increasing with time."

The Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update stated that a 93% likelihood of at least one year between 2022 to 2026 becoming the warmest on record, thus knocking 2016 from the top spot. "The chance of the five-year average for this period being higher than the last five years (2017-2021) is also 93%," the report added.

"The 1.5°C figure is not some random statistic," said Petteri Taalas, the WMO Secretary-General, but "rather an indicator of the point at which climate impacts will become increasingly harmful for people and indeed the entire planet."

Taalas warned that "as long as countries continue to emit greenhouse gases, temperatures will continue to rise."

He added: "And alongside that, our oceans will continue to become warmer and more acidic, sea ice and glaciers will continue to melt, sea level will continue to rise and our weather will become more extreme."

Sea level rise and typhoons - these are the two consequences that are being felt now in Davao City. These used to be unheard of in Davao region but it could not be denied that both are now being experienced every now and then.

"My calculation is that (the sea level) has risen by one foot over a period of 20 years," said Atty. Jesus. G. Dureza, former press secretary who owns a beach resort in Punta Dumalag. "Hence, rain waters and floods no longer easily flow or empty out into the sea."

"On average, sea levels around the world rise 3.1 centimeters every ten years," the Canada-based International Development Research Center pointed out. In comparison, water levels in the Philippines "are projected to rise between 7.6 and 10.2 centimeters each decade."

In the near future, about 170,000 hectares of coastlands in 171 municipalities are expected to go underwater, particularly those low-rise island communities facing the Pacific Ocean. The cities of Davao, Mati, Panabo and Tagum and municipalities of Cateel, Malita, Santa Cruz and others are most vulnerable.

Perhaps, one of the super typhoons that hit Davao region in the 1970s was named Titang (international name: Kate). "Just before making landfall roughly 45 kilometers south of Davao City, Kate attained its peak winds of 240 kilometers per hour," Wikipedia reported.

Then, there was typhoon Pablo (Bopha). "(It) was the strongest tropical cyclone on record to ever affect the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, making landfall as a Category 5 super typhoon with winds of 280 kilometers per hour."

My question is: is Davao region in general and Davao City in particular ready for the effects of climate change? I know that local government units are doing their best to protect their constituents and their areas but are these enough?

There is no turning back when it comes to climate change. It is for real. During the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium which I attended in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Dr. Simon Donner of the University of British Columbia embarked on a metaphor for climate change.

"The climate is like this big ship," Dr. Donner told the participants. "We are all on this big ship and the problem is once you hit the brakes it takes a long time for the ship to actually slow down and stop.

"In our case, the ship is the Titanic and we are going to hit the iceberg," he continued. "It is going to be almost impossible for us not to hit the iceberg at this point. What we need to do is everything we can to put the brakes on, to slow the ship down and move the iceberg a little bit. The time for emission reductions isn't as much now as it was 20 years ago."

Our planet has been warming since prehistoric times, but man's tampering with the environment has made the temperature change faster. "Changes to the earth's temperature are global and - for all practical purposes - irreversible not only in our lifetime but in our children's and grandchildren's as well," said Dr. Christopher Flavin, author of Slowing Global Warming: A Worldwide Strategy.

It's not only the Davao region that needs to be prepared but the whole country. "The Philippines is the third most vulnerable country to weather-related extreme events, earthquakes and sea level rise," said the executive report from the World Bank's Getting a Grip on Climate Change in the Philippines.

"The country's exposure to extreme weather conditions adversely affects people's lives, especially those in high-risk urban and coastal areas," the bank report stated further.

There's more: "Food security is threatened as land and nursery areas for plants, trees, and fisheries are affected by climate change," World Bank said. "The livelihoods of poor communities that rely on natural resources are hampered and their lives and properties are further put at risk."

With absence of land barriers, the Philippines is exposed directly to multiple climate-related hazards such as typhoons (in the northern and eastern parts), floods (in central Luzon and southern Mindanao), landslides (based in terrain), and droughts, making the Philippines more vulnerable to climate risks than other countries in Southeast Asia.

Here's a startling fact: "By the end of this century, tropical cyclones are expected to intensify, with a projected increase in average instantaneous maximum wind velocity at the Philippine coast," the World Bank cautioned.

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THINK ON THESE: Is Davao region climate change ready?

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A new report released by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is very alarming for Davao City and its neighboring areas. It may not happen in our time now but the next generation suffers from its consequences.

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https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1137085

TITLE: Duterte OKs 75% emissions reduction PH commitment by 2030

AUTHOR: Philippine News Agency

DATE PUBLISHED: April 16, 2021

KEY INFO: President Rodrigo Duterte has approved the country's first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), which sets a 75-percent greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction and avoidance by 2030, as part of the Philippines' commitment to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.

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https://news.mit.edu/2021/reducing-emissions-decarbonizing-industry-0721
TITLE: Reducing industrial carbon emissions
AUTHOR: Mark Dwortzan | MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change
DATE PUBLISHED: July 21, 2021
KEY INFO: A new study describes why, in the sector where emissions are hardest to cut, carbon capture could be the sharpest knife.

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MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Mark Dwortzan | MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change

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New research describes why carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an essential mitigation option in the successful implementation of policies aligned with the Paris Agreement’s long-term climate targets.

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5) LOCAL/NATIONAL NEWS SEGMENT VIDEO CLIP

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5) LOCAL/NATIONAL NEWS SEGMENT VIDEO CLIP

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8EkWmOSzBg

TITLE: PH aims to reduce carbon emissions by 2030

AUTHOR: ABS-CBN News Channel (ANC 24/7)

DATE PUBLISHED: April 28, 2021

KEY INFO: The Philippines is responsible for 0.03% of global carbon emissions affecting the Philippines at a macroeconomic level due to various effects on agriculture, typhoons, inflation, etc. Thus, the Philippines pledges to take the lead in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by seeking to minimize 75% of Manila's carbon emissions by 2030.

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PH aims to reduce carbon emissions by 2030 | ANC

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https://www.adobomagazine.com/press-release/wwf-recognizes-davao-city-dipolog-city-and-quezon-city-among-global-sustainability-frontrunners/

TITLE: WWF recognizes Davao City, Dipolog City and Quezon City among global sustainability frontrunners

AUTHOR: Adobo Magazine

DATE PUBLISHED: September 21, 2022

KEY INFO: It has been announced that Davao City, Dipolog City, and Quezon City would represent the Philippines in this year's WWF and WLC leg, which encourages the development of cities that allow all people to grow and prosper while preserving the ecological limits of the planet. WLC seeks to increase awareness and motivate residents to support the sustainable urban development projects of their particular cities. WLC is affiliated with OPCC, which assists cities worldwide in achieving their climate mitigation and adaptation programs.

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MANILA, PHILIPPINES - Davao City, Dipolog City, and Quezon City have been announced as the Philippines' representatives for this year's leg of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)'s We Love Cities Campaign (WLC), the organization's global campaign that supports the creation and development of cities that enable all people to thrive and prosper while respecting the ecological limits of the planet.

Linked with the One Planet City Challenge (OPCC), which guides cities globally to reach their climate mitigation and adaptation plans, WLC aims to raise awareness and inspire citizens to support the sustainable urban development initiatives of their respective cities. The country's WLC 2022 representatives have also emerged as the national finalists for the OPCC 2022.

Qualifying Davao City in this year's campaign is its outsized goal for emission reductions, targeting a 75% reduction by 2030 from a 2017 baseline. Helping the Philippines' second-largest city by land area and third largest by population size achieve its climate mitigation target are the fifty-four-kilometer cycle lanes that encourage Davao residents to be active on their bikes and reduce their carbon footprint, as well as the ongoing installation of solar street lights, making brighter and safer Davao streets. The city has also launched several initiatives that promote sustainable food production and improved farming practices, including the efforts of local farms to go organic.

On the other hand, Dipolog City plans to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and will undertake a 100% emissions reduction compared to its 2018 baseline. As such, the mid-sized city on the northwestern island of Mindanao will convert three-quarters of city street lights to solar ones to reduce emissions and generate positive savings for the city. The city will also undertake a large forest restoration project covering an area of 589 hectares in the mountain ranges of Barangays Dicayas and Lugdungan, where a variety of flora and fauna, including the endangered Mindanao tarsier, thrive. This project will also increase biodiversity in the area to eventually sequester 4,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent annually and counter deforestation in the city's surrounding zone.

As the sole Luzon island representative for this year's roster of flagbearers, Quezon City is ramping up its sustainable energy initiatives to meet its goal of reducing emissions by 30% in 2030 compared to business-as-usual projections while also committing to reduce 80% emissions, leading to net-zero by 2050. The city is also set to shift to a more sustainable energy source, with solar PV installations set to be installed in city-owned hospitals and schools and eventually, in all viable city buildings and facilities in the next eight years. The City of Stars also doubled its bike lanes to 93 kilometers by the end of 2020, which has earned recognition for its foresight in creating protected bike lanes for cyclists. In addition, the city launched an innovative program that allows citizens to switch to a more sustainable lifestyle by trading their recyclables and single-use plastics for environmental points to buy necessities and pay utility bills.

Atty. Angela Ibay, WWF-Philippines' climate and energy program head, expressed her appreciation for the country's local qualifiers this year as they participate in this campaign to promote sustainable urban development. "As local governments continue addressing the effects of the pandemic, we would like to commend Davao City, Dipolog City, Quezon City, and the other LGUs who have taken part in this call to achieve climate mitigation and enhance their cities' resiliency. We hope that our WLC finalists' efforts in finding solutions to ensure that development is made sustainable by putting into the equation the environment and people inspire others and empower them to take collective action. With the pandemic proving the link between planetary and human health, it is important now, more than ever, that cities and citizens do their part to #ChangeTheEnding for the planet."

With cities accounting for 70% of carbon emissions worldwide and playing a pivotal role in generating the global GDP, they are encouraged to share climate mitigation and adaptation plans, taking into consideration their influence and power to transition towards a climate-friendly and "one-planet" future - a challenge responded to by this year's Philippine representatives.

This year's WLC will run from September 19 to October 31. The city that will receive the most number of website votes, social media posts, and suggestion submissions by the end of the campaign period will be declared the We Love Cities 2022 global campaign winner.
Campaign for your favorite Philippine city on your social media platforms by using the hashtags #WeLoveDavaoCityPH, #WeLoveDipologCityPH, or #WeLoveQuezonCityPH. For more information and updates about the We Love Cities 2022 campaign, visit here.

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WWF recognizes Davao City, Dipolog City and Quezon City among global sustainability frontrunners - adobo Magazine Online

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MANILA, PHILIPPINES - Davao City, Dipolog City, and Quezon City have been announced as the Philippines' representatives for this year's leg of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)'s We Love Cities Campaign (WLC), the organization's global campaign that supports the creation and development of cities that enable all people to thrive and prosper while ...

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https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=450651483327949

TITLE: Four (4) Ways You Can Do to Reduce Your Environmental Footprint

AUTHOR: EMB Davao Region

DATE PUBLISHED: December 14, 2021

KEY INFO: A brief explainer/vlog video about what you can do to lessen your everyday carbon footprint. A video-making competition was held in November of last year 2020 to honor National Clean Air Month. The participants were given the job of producing a video presentation as a means of educating and motivating others about air pollution mitigation techniques.

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1st Place: "Four (4) Ways You Can Do"

“Four (4) Ways You Can Do” (Explainer Video)

- A short explainer/vlog video about ways you can do to reduce your... | By EMB Davao Region | Facebook

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500 views, 11 likes, 12 loves, 2 comments, 9 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from EMB Davao Region: 1st Place: "Four (4) Ways You Can Do"

“Four (4) Ways You Can Do” (Explainer Video)

- A short...

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https://www.ikot.ph/denr-to-mark-climate-consciousness-week-cimatu/

TITLE: DENR to mark climate consciousness week - CIMATU

AUTHOR: Paz Liu

DATE PUBLISHED: November 18, 2020

KEY INFO: The annual week-long celebration of National Climate Change Consciousness Week themed "Adapting for a Sustainable Future," seeks to increase public awareness of global warming and climate change by launching extensive and intensive public information and education campaigns. Through these initiatives, DENR hopes to collaborate with the private sector on combating climate change, mainly through ICT.

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DENR TO MARK CLIMATE CONSCIOUSNESS WEEK - CIMATU - IKOT.PH

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In celebration of the upcoming National Climate Change Consciousness Week (NCCCW), the Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Climate Change Service (DENR-CCS) pushes through with its fully-loaded activities - most of it to be held virtually - from November 19 to 27, 2020, while the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is still present in the country.

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https://www.philstar.com/headlines/climate-and-environment/2022/05/15/2181288/davao-city-waste-energy-project-fuel-climate-change-groups-warn

TITLE: Davao City waste-to-energy project to fuel climate change, groups warn

AUTHOR: Geela Garcia

DATE PUBLISHED: May 15, 2022

KEY INFO: Climate change is fueled by a waste-to-energy project in Davao City. On a 10-hectare parcel of land in Biao Escuela, in the Tugbok District, the local administration of Davao City proposes to build a P2.5 billion waste-to-energy (WTE) facility. This project would be financed by a Japanese loan.

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DAVAO CITY, Philippines - Hundreds of garbage flies infest homes, flying from waste to food, to children. The decaying stench of the dumpsite lingers as families eat. It was almost noon and waste pickers like Virgilio Romero*, 44, scavenge waste on the mountain of garbage under the scorching 51-degree celsius heat.

This is the everyday scene at the eleven-year-old seven-hectare sanitary landfill located in New Carmen, Tugbok - Davao City's only sanitary landfill.

According to the City Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO), the city generates around 900 tons of garbage per day, and waste pickers like Romero find a living by recycling the dumpsite's overflowing waste.

"This has been our family's livelihood since we moved to the city. It was what was expected as I didn't finish my studies, and there weren't any suitable jobs for me since I do not have a degree," said Romero.

Romero comes from a family of landless peasants in Mati, Davao Oriental, tilling farmland less than a hectare in size. He doesn't earn money from working in the field and is only paid for his labor with a portion of their produce.

At New Carmen, he takes home P200 daily for scavenging for plastics, cans, and sacks for 11 hours from 6 a.m. - 5 p.m. Romero said that life as a waste picker hasn't been easy, but it's better compared to not earning anything when he was a farmer.

However, by 2023, the landfill where Romero resides and finds a living will be unserviceable as the rapid urbanization and poor waste segregation of Davao will drive it to its full capacity.

And as a response to the city's waste crisis, the local government of Davao City plans to construct a P2.5 billion waste-to-energy (WTE) facility, funded by a Japanese loan, on a 10-hectare property in Biao Escuela in the Tugbok District.

The landfill will be closed down and converted to a segregation area for the WTE facility, and over 100 waste pickers will be asked to leave.

"We don't know what will happen to us and our homes. They started measuring houses and promised to compensate us for P30,000. Until now, they don't have a concrete plan for us," said Romero.

Waste fueling the climate crisis
Mountain of trash at the New Carmen dumpsite
The local government eyes the WTE incinerator as a "long-term solution" to its solid waste problem. By burning household garbage, household wastes would replace coal and oil in producing energy.

Environmental groups like Greenpeace and Plastic-Free Pilipinas Project, however, oppose this technology because the burning of non-biodegradable wastes is no different from burning fossil fuels. Plastics, after all, are made from fossil fuels.

Marian Ledesma, a zero-waste campaigner of Greenpeace, said that the whole concept and scheme of burning waste for energy is unnecessarily costly and counter to the idea of reducing waste.

"It even encourages cities to produce more waste, because these incinerators would require a minimum amount on a daily and weekly basis to produce energy," she said.

Ledesma said that the WTE incinerator also goes against the country's Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, a law designed to promote zero-waste practices and waste segregation. On top of this, it is also prohibited under Section 20 of the Clean Air Act.

"WTE projects are an easy way out to address the waste crisis. And it attempts to address the waste problem without changing problematic parts of the system, beginning from plastic production," she said.

The European Commission has also been defunding WTE incinerator projects because of the realization that such facilities do not contribute to climate action and instead even worsen the climate crisis.

Ledesma said that perhaps the reason that groups and loans are pushing for WTE projects in developing countries like the Philippines is that this technology is already being questioned in developed nations.

"If you look at WTE, it's no longer included in EU sustainable economic activities. And because they're not able to market in their region, they push that narrative in poorer regions where laws and policies have not yet decided if the technology is eco-friendly. They are banking and trying to find a way of investment elsewhere," she explained.

She also flagged that most often these types of projects are also located in low-income areas where communities are more vulnerable to suffering from climate impacts as a result of dirty technology.

No proper consultation
Biao Escuela is an agricultural community surrounded by banana and coconut plantations. Residents rely on growing poultry and farming for their livelihood.
The WTE facility will be constructed at Biao Escuela, a 10-hectare of agricultural land south of Davao. The proposed site is only 2.2 kilometers away from the barangay's school and 550m from the planned relocation site.

Jill Banta, regional coordinator for Mindanao of the Plastic-Free Pilipinas Project said that the construction of the facility may also have long-term effects on residents of Biao Escuela and nearby communities.

"Persistent organic pollutants such as dioxins and furans are produced when plastics are burned. This can cause respiratory and reproductive diseases, birth defects, and cancer to the already marginalized low-income agricultural communities in Biao Escuela," said Banta.

"Beyond the community, its toxic by-products may reach our plates through the food chain because food and poultry products are sourced in Biao Escuela," she added.

Nerea Tagunon*, 60, is a sari-sari store owner at Biao Escuela. Her family moved to the community three years ago after having been displaced from their homes due to road widening in Catalunan Grande, Davao.

Tagunon and her neighbors weren't properly consulted about the project, and it's common for residents of Biao Escuela to make uninformed decisions because of the lack of consultation with the local government.

Residents think that the facility to be built is a plastic recycling factory, providing them employment. And while the WTE project may give them jobs, what residents do not know is that the facility can only employ people with engineering backgrounds.

"I think having the waste-to-energy incinerator project here would be helpful to our community because it will give us jobs," said Tagunon.

"From the demographics of their community, who are mostly agricultural workers, poultry growers, and laborers, the only job they could secure would be short-term construction jobs for the facility," said Banta.

Tagunon has lost hope to fight for their homes and their right to proper relocation.

"If it's going to smell, then what difference would it make? The river here stinks from poultry waste, so the smell of burning plastic is not going to matter. We'll just be a place where you could inhale all the chemicals and bad odor. Let the government do whatever they want, we can't do anything about it anymore," Tagunon said hopelessly.

The 60-year-old resident however admitted that if they were to be properly consulted, she would prefer for the project not to push through.

"Of course, nobody would want to be exposed to that hazard, nobody would want to inhale all that waste. But we have already been displaced in the past, and it's not like people like me still have a say," she said.

A few meters away from Tagunon lives Esmelita Roxas* 70, who, like Tagunon, knows little about the project.

"I'm worried about the effects of the incinerator, but our barangay captain said that the technology worked in Japan. We're just putting our trust in him," said Roxas.

"And even if we're against it, we can't do anything about it because we're only ordinary citizens. We'll be fighting against powerful people. At this point, we're only praying that if it pushes through, we won't be left behind."

Working zero-waste solutions

Ledesma and Banta said that the waste problem in Davao and the Philippines can be solved without burning plastics, especially when 50% of Davao's waste is biodegradable, and while 200 to 300 tons of its landfill waste is food waste.

Davao-based agronomist Peter Damary of Limadol introduced using black soldier flies to handle food waste by developing a natural insect protein for poultry that utilizes biodegradable waste from the landfill.

They collect a total of 400-700 kgs of food waste from restaurants and households at Barangay Mintal and Barangay Tacunan four times a week which they feed to the black soldier flies in their facility.

Black soldier flies consume food waste and produce a byproduct called frass which is useful as feeds for poultry or as organic fertilizers.

"At the start, it was very difficult, because people didn't really segregate their waste. They were used to dumping everything because no one was in charge of segregating, and collectors just combine already segregated waste with each other," said Damary.

From only collecting 60 kilograms twice a week in February 2021, Damary's small business now collects 150 kgs of food waste three or four times a week.

"We were able to address this problem by being strict about our collection. We took the time to educate households to segregate food waste, and eventually, they picked it up," he added.

Today Limadol collects food waste from over 200 households and five restaurants around Barangay Mintal and Barangay Tacunan.

Damary said that their system works because they are consistent. According to him, people needed consistency so that they would be driven to follow.

He recalled that in the beginning, some households would still mix non-biodegradable waste with biodegradables, and to show their commitment, they didn't pick up food waste that wasn't well segregated.

"They eventually followed, and they are now very enthusiastic about it," said Damary.

When food decomposes anaerobically in landfills, it creates methane, a major global warming gas.

According to the organization Extra Food, every 100 pounds of food waste in landfills produces 8.3 pounds of methane into the atmosphere. And in over 20 years, methane has 86 times the global warming effect of carbon dioxide.

"Methane from food waste contributes to the climate crisis, and if we have systems in place then this initiative will not only be beneficial for waste management but also climate mitigation," explained Damary

An odorless landfill powered by a bio activator is also segregating tons of biodegradable waste from industrial companies and restaurants an hour away from Barangay Mintal.

Aimea Lumpay, plant manager of Davao Thermo Biotech, said that their composting facility uses a patented YMO activator from Japan.

"We mix our YMO activator with collected biodegradable waste to treat them together. By doing this, we hasten the composting of biodegradable waste and eliminate hazardous waste such as leachate from contaminating the environment," explained Lumpay.

Biodegradables are converted into biofertilizers within 45 days, and the reaction of the food waste to the bio activator heats the mixture to a high temperature which destroys pathogenic bacteria, making their fertilizer organic, clean, and safe.

Currently, Davao Thermo Biotech collects industrial waste from several poultry farms and restaurants. They treat 50MT of industry and food waste daily.

They also have a few household subscribers, and the technology can also be adapted at a household level, but the problem is not a lot of homes are willing to pay to have their garbage collected and treated so they don't end up in landfills.

"As of now, we have 55 households subscribed to our waste management facility. We pick up their biodegradable waste for them, and in exchange, we give them one of our products which they can use for their gardens at home," said Lumpay.

Banta said that the projects of Limadol and Davao Thermo Biotech prove that there are already working zero-waste solutions that are less harmful to the environment being implemented.

"Instead of using people's money to fund environmentally destructive projects, the government should instead invest in solutions that are already in place," said Banta.

"The projects of Limadol and Davao Thermo Biotech need not have huge large facilities, and if these are implemented on a large scale, then there would not even be a need to construct WTE facilities," added Banta.

The Plastic-Free Pilipinas Project regional coordinator also emphasized that while these initiatives work for biodegradable wastes, the problem of non-biodegradable waste can be addressed by strict implementation of banning single-use plastics and pressuring corporations to replace their packaging.

Corporations should invest in solutions that are centered on reuse-based packaging such as refillable. They can show this by not relying on false "green" solutions but committing to establishing sustainable systems.

Banta also said that before the sachet economy reached the Philippines, Filipino communities already had a culture of refilling in sari-sari stores, but because of the shift in packaging by fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies, this changed.

"Didn't we have that deposit system for carbonated drinks in glass bottles before? It was even practiced in far-flung rural communities. We can enforce zero-waste solutions, but corporations and lawmakers lack the will," said Banta.

Seventy-two percent of the 2022 national budget for solid waste management will be dedicated to the WTE of Davao.

"That's too much of a budget for a regional project that is environmentally destructive. Imagine if we reallocate our budget and invest in low-cost zero-waste solutions that are already in place," said Banta.

She also stressed that a large part of the money could have also been used for training waste workers in zero-waste projects, giving them the proper solid waste management training, and increasing their salaries and benefits.

"Waste management plays a large role in the climate crisis because the life cycle of a product or waste is already producing carbon emissions, which is why just energy transition also means hiring more waste workers, integrating waste workers in zero-waste projects, and institutionalizing their work," said Banta.

Role of waste pickers in the climate crisis

Back in New Carmen, Romero said that while he isn't familiar with climate change, he's sure that their work as waste pickers contributes to addressing the waste problem.

"I'm not sure about numbers, but perhaps, waste pickers like me address climate change by 50% because we recycle everything that we could find," said Romero.

Beyond the destructive environmental repercussions of the WTE project, Banta and Ledesma are also concerned about the consequences to workers in the formal and informal waste industry.

"We already have people doing the waste picking and the recycling, and there are also groups who upcycle, recycle, and compost. What will happen to them when this project is given a go signal?" asked Banta.

Romero said that instead of removing them from their livelihood, the local government can show their appreciation by providing them the support that they need to continue doing their livelihood.

"We aren't protected from our jobs, we go to work without proper equipment, we even step our bare feet on broken glass just so we could find a living, but still we can recycle a relevant amount of waste without much help," he said.

"What we need is an aid in terms of food, shelter, and even medicine because we earn so little, so that we may continue working," added Romero.

Romero recalled that their measly income isn't even enough for his family to afford electricity. But at least he finds disposed candles in the landfill which they recycle and lights at night.

"Sometimes we even find broken solar panels in the landfill. We fix them, and they give our homes power and electricity," said Romero.

Ledesma said that waste pickers are knowledgeable of the integrity of materials found in disposal sites, that's why they should play a significant role in redesigning systems.

"Without us, nobody would dare touch our wastes. And if we're displaced of our livelihood, you're also removing hands directly reversing climate change," said Romero.
*Names were changed to protect identities
This story was supported by Climate Tracker and FES Philippines

Geela Garcia is a freelance multimedia journalist and peasant advocate based in Manila.

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Davao City waste-to-energy project to fuel climate change, groups warn

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Davao City generates around 900 tons of garbage per day, and waste pickers like Romero find a living by recycling the dumpsite's overflowing waste.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHjI08WFnvU

TITLE: Taiwan Commits to 24% CO2 Emissions Reduction by 2030

AUTHOR: TaiwanPlus News

DATE PUBLISHED: December 29, 2022

KEY INFO: Taiwan has a long history of carbon-induced climate change as one of Asia's largest carbon emission contributors. Thus, the country has a Net-Zero Goal wherein Taiwan pledged to reduce 24% of CO2 Emissions Reduction by 2030.

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Taiwan Commits to 24% CO2 Emissions Reduction by 2030 | TaiwanPlus News

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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/5/infographic-how-can-you-reduce-your-carbon-footprint

TITLE: FY 2019 City-to-City Collaboration for Low-Carbon Society

AUTHOR:  Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

DATE PUBLISHED: February 28, 2020

KEY INFO:
In light of the climate change policies of the Philippines and the rapidly growing socioeconomic situation in Davao City, it is essential for governments to promote low-carbon development through the formulation of Local Climate Change Action Plans.

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The climate crisis has become the front-line issue in the world today with millions at risk due to erratic climate patterns and natural disasters.

(Al Jazeera)

People across the globe observe June 5 as World Environment Day. Led by the United Nations, it is the largest global platform for environmental awareness and outreach.

This year, the annual conference is being hosted by Sweden with the "Only One Earth" campaign slogan, and a focus on "Living sustainably in harmony with nature".

Read on for some key facts and statistics about the environment in five infographics and maps.

The most polluted countries in the world

About seven million premature deaths happen every year due to air pollution, or one in nine of all deaths. Nine out of 10 people breathe unclean air, making it the most significant environmental health risk of our time.

In 2021, India had 63 of the world's 100 most polluted cities, followed by China (12), Pakistan (6), Kazakhstan (4) and Bangladesh (2), according to air quality tracker IQAir. All these cities had a PM2.5 air-quality rating of more than 50 - a value that exceeds the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines by more than 10 times.

Bhiwadi, in India, had the worst average air quality in 2021, at 106.2.

Which countries have the safest drinking water?

In 2020, about three-quarters (74 percent) of the world's population had access to clean drinking water. One in four people do not have access to a safely managed water source. In low-income countries, unsafe water accounts for six out of every 100 deaths.

In the least developed countries, 22 percent of healthcare facilities have no water service, 21 percent have no sanitation service, and 22 percent have no waste management service. Most are in sub-Saharan Africa.

Ten countries - eight in Africa and two in Asia - have less than a 20 percent share of the population with access to safely managed drinking water. The lowest in share percentages are Chad (5.6 percent), the Central African Republic (6.2 percent), Sierra Leone (10.6 percent), Rwanda (12.1 percent) and Ethiopia (12.6 percent).

The countries with 100 percent access to safe drinking water include Greece, Iceland, Kuwait, Lichtenstein, Malta, Monaco, New Zealand, San Marino and Singapore.

Net zero emissions targets

According to the UN, global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching "net zero" by 2050. This means that any remaining emissions would need to be balanced by removing CO2 from the air.

On December 12, 2016, 196 countries adopted the Paris Climate Agreement, a legally binding international treaty on climate change that came into effect on November 4, 2016. The aim of the treaty is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), preferably to 1.5C (2.7F).

China, the United States, and the European Union - the biggest polluters in the world - have set a net zero target, covering about 76 percent of global emissions ( PDF).

How can you reduce your carbon footprint?

Carbon footprint is a way to quantify a person's contribution to global warming through the consumption of goods and services. Making environmentally responsible choices in everyday life can contribute to the fight against climate change.

Here are a few ways you can reduce your carbon footprint.

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Infographic: How can you reduce your carbon footprint?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The climate crisis has become the front-line issue in the world today with millions at risk due to erratic climate patterns and natural disasters. People across the globe observe June 5 as World Environment Day. Led by the United Nations, it is the largest global platform for environmental awareness and outreach.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2URoScaMoM4&t=46s

TITLE: BBM VLOG #136: Climate Justice | Bongbong Marcos

AUTHOR: Bongbong Marcos

DATE PUBLISHED: Nov 21, 2020

KEY INFO: A video blog about the current climate justice movements taking place across the nation. It discusses the politician's decision regarding the necessity of taking immediate action to reduce carbon emissions in order to combat climate change.

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BBM VLOG #136: Climate Justice | Bongbong Marcos

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https://climate.gov.ph/news/87

TITLE: CCC Supports Davao City's Creation of Climate Change TWG

AUTHOR: GOV.PH

DATE PUBLISHED: February 11, 2019

KEY INFO: The Climate Change Commission commends the Local Government of Davao City for the creation of a Climate Change Technical Working Group that will facilitate the updating of the city’s Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP).

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MANILA, PHILIPPINES 11 February 2019 - The Climate Change Commission commends the Local Government of Davao City for the creation of a Climate Change Technical Working Group that will facilitate the updating of the city's Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP).

"The Commission lauds Mayor Sara Duterte-Carpio for her leadership in pursuing the kind of development for Davao that will lead its rapidly growing economy and urbanized population towards resilience and sustainable development," De Guzman said. "We encourage more cities and municipalities to follow suit and intensify their efforts on building strong and climate-smart communities," he added.

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ccc supports davao city's creation of climate change twg

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
CCC Supports Davao City's Creation of Climate Change TWG

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
MANILA, PHILIPPINES 11 February 2019 - The Climate Change Commission commends the Local Government of Davao City for the creation of a Climate Change Technical Working Group that will facilitate the updating of the city's Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP).

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https://open.spotify.com/episode/6TDBWhT74cAU9RIty7e0fF?si=vESv9628SPqWZLp27x0sow&nd=1

TITLE: How movements build hope for climate change

AUTHOR: Rappler Podcast: The Green Report

DATE PUBLISHED: January 28, 2023

KEY INFO: In this yearstarter episode of Rappler’s environment podcast, social media producer Iya Gozum and environment editor Jee Geronimo talk to Joshua Villalobos, founder of Youth for Climate Hope.

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Episode 11: How movements build hope for climate change

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Listen to this episode from The Green Report on Spotify. In this yearstarter episode of Rappler's environment podcast, social media producer Iya Gozum and environment editor Jee Geronimo talk to Joshua Villalobos, founder of Youth for Climate Hope.

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https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/9/3/237/812115?login=false

TITLE: A Comparative Study of Carbon Footprint and Assessment Standards

AUTHOR: Tao Gao, Qing Liu, Jianping Wang

DATE PUBLISHED: June 25, 2013

KEY INFO: Global warming is a fact and evolves into a full range of issues of politics, economy, society, technology, environment, and ecology on a global scale from a single scientific problem.

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Abstract

This paper focuses on the research methods and steps involved in carrying out studies on different types of carbon footprints. Furthermore, a comparative study of different carbon footprint assessment standards was carried out to identify their similarities, differences and deficiencies. Goals, principles, research boundaries, calculation methods, data selection and other aspects of organizations footprint and product carbon footprint were analysed, respectively. Organizations carbon footprint assessment standards-ISO14064 and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) protocol and product carbon footprint assessment standards-PAS2050, TSQ0010, ISO14047 and Product and Supply Chain GHG Protocol were analysed comparatively. The selection of GHG, system settings, quantification and carbon footprint, selection of date and treatment of specific emissions are the most important part of the study of the carbon footprint and assessment standards, especially for organizations and products. Guidelines had been made on these issues from existing assessment standards, but further improvement is still needed.

1 INTRODUCTION

Global warming is a fact, and evolves into a full range of issues of politics, economy, society, technology, environment and ecology on a global scale from a single scientific problem [ 1]. It becomes one of the tremendous challenges for human being. Global warming and a series of problems have aroused intense concerns of the international community. A series of international conventions like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), The Kyoto Protocol (1997), Bali roadmap (2007), Copenhagen Agreement (2009) were signed, which reflect the determination and efforts by the government in response to global warming. According to consensus, countries have made commitments to emission reductions and action plan. Thus, the innovative concepts of low-carbon economy, low-carbon city, low-carbon life, carbon trade, carbon tax, means to reduce carbon emissions become the important development strategy of the whole world. Related research studies were carried out by governments, organizations and researchers on the economic, social and other aspects, and all the stakeholders are trying to find a low-carbon development path.

Current research studies on the low-carbon issue, focused on emissions accounting and reduction, carbon emissions trading platform, carbon tax and carbon emission policy [ 2][ 3][ 4][ 5], have made a lot of achievements. The carbon footprint and assessment standard is one of the most basic and crucial research in low-carbon research. However, due to this issue consistent results have not been achieved yet, and hence, concerned research were greatly affected. Research on the carbon footprint and assessment standards has become a hot topic for governments and researchers.

This paper focuses on the research methods and steps involved in carrying out studies on different types of carbon footprints. Furthermore, a comparative study of different carbon footprint assessment standards was carried out to identify their similarities, differences and deficiencies.

2 BACKGROUND

2.1 Concept of carbon footprints

The carbon footprint originates from the concept of ecological footprint, which is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a standardized measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecological capacity to regenerate. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes, and to assimilate the associated waste. Using this assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth (or how many planet Earths) it would take to support humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle.

However, a widely accepted and concrete definition of a carbon footprint does not exist at present. But the notion of what a footprint is does exist. A mostly recognized concept was proposed by Wiedmann et al.: the carbon footprint is a measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions directly and indirectly caused by an activity or accumulated over the life stages of a product. Meanwhile, the carbon footprint is a measure of carbon dioxide emissions [ 6][ 7].

2.2 Classifications and methods of carbon footprints

The carbon footprint mainly applies to personal, products, organizations, cities and countries, etc [ 6][ 7][ 8]. A personal carbon footprint is carbon dioxide emissions caused by each person's clothing, food, housing and traffic of daily life. A product carbon footprint measures the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the entire life of a product (goods or services), from the extraction of raw materials and manufacturing right through to its use and the final re-use, recycling or disposal. An organizational carbon footprint measures the GHG emissions from all the activities across the organization, including energy used in buildings, industrial processes and company vehicles. A country carbon footprint focuses on carbon dioxide emissions in the entire country generated by the overall consumption of materials and energy, vegetation and other carbon sequestrations, as well as the indirect and direct emissions caused by import and export activities, to analyse the carbon dioxide emissions of the entire country.

Different footprint boundaries of person, product, organization and country are illustrated in Figure 1. Meanwhile, there are some crossovers among the four types. For example, the production process itself is part of the product life cycle, but would also be included in the organizational footprint [ 9].

The methods used to determine the carbon footprint should not be specified in the definition. It is only necessary that the method satisfactorily meets the requirements of the definition. So a carbon footprint can be analysed for various different functional units at different scales and using different methods. There are three principal methods to calculate carbon emissions: input-output (IO) analysis [ 10][ 11][ 12][ 13], life-cycle assessment (LCA) [ 14][ 15] and IO-LCA.

The method depends on a functional unit via scale in practice (Figure 2) [ 16]. Consumer products prefer bottom-up LCA, while studies at the national level would apply top-down IO analysis. Hybrid methods which combine the strength of both LCA and IOA are an active area of research and are being increasingly used in practice.

2.3 Assessment standards of carbon footprints

In order to make the results of carbon emissions accounting comparable, governments and international organizations, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the World Resources Institute (WRI), the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and the British Standards Institution (BSI), have introduced different kinds of carbon footprint assessment standards mainly for organizations and products through a large number of research studies since the end of the last century. After years of development, a higher awareness of assessment standards of carbon footprint, such as ISO14064, GHG Protocol, PAS2050, has been created. Implementation of these standards played a huge role in promoting global carbon emission reduction.

However, there are still many problems in the application of these standards, such as carbon emissions accounting methods are uniform. The boundary definition is unscientific, and carbon emission factors are uncertain. These issues need further research and analysis, especially in organization and product fields.

3 ORGANIZATIONAL CARBON FOOTPRINT AND ASSESSMENT STANDARDS

3.1 Organizational carbon footprint

An organizational carbon footprint refers to the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions generated within the range defined by the organizations (enterprises or projects) themselves. The results of assessment can only focus on the carbon emissions inventory of sources and information of greenhouse gas emissions can also be a complete carbon inventory report to public carbon footprints of organizations.

Currently, a terminal consumption analysis method based on the IO analysis is the major method for organizational carbon footprint evaluation. The key steps in calculating an organizational carbon footprint are shown in Figure 3:

1. Defining organizational boundaries: It is an important procedure to set clear, explicit boundaries on which parts of the organization are included in the organizational carbon footprint. Meanwhile, an organization may comprise one or more facilities, which usually apply control and equity share approaches to consolidate facility-level GHG emissions and removals at the organization level.

2. Establishing operational boundaries: The operational boundary determines which emission sources will be quantified. It should include the full range of emissions from activities under operational control. All material Scope 1 and 2 emissions should be included, but Scope 3 emissions can be chosen to include [ 14]. (Scopes 1, 2 and 3 are shown in Figure 2).

3. Calculating carbon footprint: The accuracy of the footprint relies on collating consumption data for all of the emission sources within the established boundary. It is important to clarify any gaps in the data and list any assumptions that have been made in calculating the footprint. The carbon footprint is typically calculated using activity data collated multiplied by standard emissions factors, although there are other calculation methods, such as calculation of the use of models or measurement.

4. Reporting and verifying: Organizations should prepare a report to facilitate inventory verification, participation in a GHG program, or to inform external or internal users. Meanwhile, a third-party verification of carbon footprint was suggested to be carried out, to add credibility and confidence to carbon reporting for public disclosure.

3.2 Assessment standards of an organizational carbon footprint

The GHG Protocol, a collaboration of the WRI and the WBCSD in 2004, provides the foundation for sustainable climate strategies and more efficient, resilient and profitable organizations. The standards follow an inclusive, consensus-based multi-stakeholder process with balanced participation from businesses, government agencies, non-governmental organizations and academic institutions around the world. For organizations (corporate, project), they introduced The GHG Protocol: A corporate accounting and reporting standard (2004). It provides sector-specific and general calculation tools and deals with the quantification of GHG reductions, resulting due to the adoption of mitigation methods in its project protocol [ 17].

In March 2006, ISO released the ISO14064 standard, which is an international standard for the determination of boundaries, quantification, mitigation and removal, used to guide the government and companies to measure and control the GHG emissions, as well as carbon trading, and got a wide range of global consensus [ 18].

3.3 Comparative analysis of organizational carbon footprint assessment standards

Both GHG Protocol and ISO14064 provide requirements for quantifying the GHG impact of an organization, while harmonization on all qualification methodologies was sought during the development of both standards, some minor differences do remain. Table 1 provides the details of each aspect of the methodologies, the differences between them and estimates whether the difference may affect the final result.

By comparative analysis of the two organizations carbon footprint assessment standards, some differences can be seen. The GHG Protocol is the first standard for corporate GHG emissions evaluation. As a voluntary initiative, the GHG Protocol not only pays attention to the procedure of analysis, while a greater emphasis on analysis results, which are utilized for emissions reduction and carbon trading. As an international standard, ISO14064, formed on the basis of the GHG Protocol, is focused on the guiding, framework and the certification process. So, it is mainly used for corporate GHG accounting certification to reflect the corporate social responsibility.

Both of the standards select the six GHGs in the Kyoto Protocol. For the setting of the system boundaries, two standards have the same organizational boundary settings; the difference is the settings of the operational boundary. As for the quantization of carbon footprint, the two standards are given several different quantization methods. However, the quantization based on GHG activity data multiplied by GHG emission or removal factors is recommended and widely used. Meanwhile, owing to several complementary standards had been published, such as the GHG Protocol for Project Accounting (2005), Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Guidance for GHG Project Accounting (2006), Guidelines for Quantifying GHG Reductions from Grid-Connected Electricity Projects (2007) and Corporate Scope 3 (value chain) Accounting and Reporting (2011), the selection and collection of GHG activity data and emission factors are more clear and operational when using the GHG Protocol. These complementary standards also provide a specific and operational guidance especially to system boundaries defined, quantization of GHG emission and carbon footprint assessment of specific industries, such as the power industry.

4. PRODUCT CARBON FOOTPRINT AND ASSESSMENT STANDARDS

4.1 Product carbon footprint

A product carbon footprint is carbon dioxide emissions caused by products (goods or services) in its life cycle. To achieve this, an LCA method is needed to enhance the credibility and convenience of carbon footprint calculation. ISO released ISO14040/44 standards, developed frameworks and steps for the environmental management standard assessment with the LCA method in 1996.

Currently, LCA analysis is the major method for project carbon footprint evaluation. The key steps in calculating a product carbon footprint are shown in Figure 4:

1. Product life cycle analysis: it is an essential procedure for carrying out the product life cycle analysis to identify all materials, activities and processes that contribute to the chosen product's life cycle. To perform a product life cycle analysis, start by breaking down the selected product's functional unit into its constituent parts. Focus on the most significant inputs first, and identify their respective inputs, manufacturing processes, storage conditions and transport requirements.

2. Defining system boundary: the relevant boundaries for the carbon footprint analysis must be determined after product life cycle analysis had been done to determine which unit processes shall be included within the product carbon footprint study.

3. Calculating carbon footprint: The accuracy of the footprint relies on collating consumption data for all of the emission sources within the system boundary of the entire life cycle of product. The key point in collecting data include material amounts, activities and emission factors across all life cycle stages. Calculated based on the carbon footprint equation may ensure that all input, output and waste are included, without missing.

4. Reporting and communication: Organizations should prepare a report to report the results of the quantification of the product carbon footprint and the achievement of the goal and scope and to demonstrate that the provisions of this standard have been followed. Meanwhile, communication may take the form of a declaration, a label, a claim, a report or a performance tracking report based on product carbon footprint standards.

4.2 Assessment standards of a product carbon footprint

The British Standards Institution, Carbon Trust and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) published a Publicly Available Specification (PAS) to specify requirements based on LCA and Product Category Rules (PCRs) for assessing the life cycle GHG emissions of goods and services in 2008 (revised in 2011) [ 19].

In April 2009, The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry issued a Technical Specification TSQ0010 'General principles for the assessment and labeling of Carbon Footprint of Products', after a carbon footprint trial project and the criteria for developing CF PCRs were released in March 2009.

The WBCSD and WRI develop a standard under their GHG Protocol Product/Supply Chain Initiative: A Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard [ 20], meanwhile, issued a Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard 'Guidelines for Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting' as a complementary standard.

Since 2007, ISO started developing an international standard ISO 14067 on the Carbon Footprint of Products (Part 1: quantification and Part 2: communication), and there is already a proposal for a standard on the Carbon Footprint of Organizations. Businesses can use the standard to assess the carbon footprint of its products throughout the life cycle; the carbon footprint of information can be used for internal management or external announcement and exchange [ 21]. The international standard is expected to be formally promulgated in 2013.

4.3 Comparative analysis of product carbon footprint assessment standards

The four standards provide principles and requirements for quantifying the GHG impact of a product; while methodologies and procedures of the four standards are similar, there are still some differences. Table 2 shows the details of each aspect of the methodologies, the differences among the four standards.

By comparison of the four product carbon footprint assessment standards, we can see that the core content of the study and application of product carbon footprint assessment standards are still concentrated on greenhouse gas choice, system settings, quantification and carbon footprint and treatment of specific emissions and removals and other aspects.

Six GHGs in the Kyoto Protocol were selected in the four standards. GHG and ISO can be applied to both B2B and B2Ccarbon footprint assessment, and TS-Q0010 only applies to B2C carbon footprint assessment. The PCR, as outlined in ISO 14025, was preferentially recommended to settle the system boundaries by the four standards.

Four standards gave different methods to the quantization product carbon footprint, but quantization based on GHG activity data multiplied by GHG emission or removal factors is suggested and most widely used. Activity data and emission factors can come from either primary or secondary sources. Primary data come from direct measurements on product's life cycle, while secondary data refer to external measurements that are not specific to the product, but rather represent an average or general measurement of similar processes or materials, usually find in types of databases, such as multi-sector life cycle databases, industry-specific databases and country-specific data sources.

In order to get an accurate study of product carbon footprint, researchers and organizations paid more attention to specific emissions and removals, such as land use change, delayed emissions, renewable power resources and carbon storage. Treatments of specific emissions and removals are given in the four standards, although the approach is different and not complete.

The PAS2050, TSQ0010 and Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard have been officially released. Most of the existing carbon footprint assessment cases are carried out based on the PAS2050 assessment standard, while TSQ0010 standards are only used in Japan and the applications of Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard have just begun. These three standards are mainly used in the food, drinks, drinks, clothing, cosmetics and other areas of life. At the same time, combined with the existing assessment standards, ISO is being prepared for ISO14047, which is expected to be released in 2013.

5 CONCLUSION

The carbon footprint has started becoming synonymous to a comprehensive GHG account, over the life cycle stages of any product or activity. The carbon footprint study is the basis of low-carbon research. The carbon footprint has been commercialized and is being utilized by organizations to count themselves and their products' carbon and adopt measures to cut down emissions, to meet the green consumer expectations of consumers or governmental request, and provides enormous opportunities to encourage enterprises to improve production efficiency and reduce resource consumption and waste, and promote the development of innovation and technology, to help open new business opportunities, and promote corporate social responsibility and achieve sustainable development.

However, as carbon footprint reports are increasing in response to business and legal requirements, most of the calculations are following the GHG protocol and PAS worldwide. Since it has been extended to cover the natural system as well, it becomes essential to deal with the unavoidable emissions. The type of GHG, system settings, quantification and carbon footprint, selection of date and treatment of specific emissions are the most important part of the study of the carbon footprint and assessment standards, especially for organizations and products. Guidelines had been made on these issues from existing assessment standards, but it still needs further improvement. Because carbon emission has been commercialized, and has been found to influence businesses, legal guidelines are necessary to guide and monitor these calculations, so that enterprise' and their products' carbon footprint analysis will be included in the decision-making stage. Meanwhile, as the strong measures and tools for the global problem of climate warm, research of carbon footprint and assessment standards need to be carried out within the global scope, to solve problems such as carbon leakage and border-tax adjustments .

FUNDING

This work was supported by Soft Science Research Projects of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China (No. 2011-R1-15) and Humanities and Social Sciences Fund of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (No. 11YJCZH125).

REFERENCES

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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comparative study of carbon footprint and assessment standards

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This paper focuses on the research methods and steps involved in carrying out studies on different types of carbon footprints. Furthermore, a comparative study of different carbon footprint assessment standards was carried out to identify their similarities, differences and deficiencies.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvmPRrJC5cc

TITLE: Philippines: Changing Climate Changing Lives

AUTHOR: Sustainable Development Goals Fund

DATE PUBLISHED: November 1, 2011

KEY INFO: Climate change is having a profound affect on farmers in the Southern Philippines. The MDG-F is working with local stakeholders to develop innovative financing schemes which will help vulnerable populations cope with climate change's impact

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Philippines: Changing Climate Changing Lives

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSAaibHzXu4

TITLE: Climate Change in the Philippines

AUTHOR: Stimson Center

DATE PUBLISHED: February 2, 2022

KEY INFO: Discussion on climate change in the Philippines. For the philippines renewable energy development which resulted in an additional 240 megawatts of energy from renewable sources and increasing energy security economic growth and increased prosperity sustainably which is critical in terms of the resilience and disaster response, Philippines has definitely been on the front lines of climate change.

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https://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/lowcarbon-asia/english/project/data/EN_PHL_2019_02.pdf

TITLE: City-to-City Collaboration for Low-Carbon Society

AUTHOR: IGES

DATE PUBLISHED: February 2020

KEY INFO: Davao City is a first-class city, considered as the largest city in the Philippines, with a total land area of 2,443.61 km2. Thus, governments must support low-carbon development through the formulation of Local Climate Change Action Plans (LCCAP) and the implementation of specific projects in collaboration with the private sector to achieve sustainable future growth. This is under the Climate Change Act of 2009 (Republic Act No. 9729) of the Philippines, where all municipalities must create Local Climate Change Action Plans (LCCAP).

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https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/708065/how-to-reduce-your-carbon-footprint-by-ellen-tout/

TITLE: How To Reduce Your Carbon Footprint

AUTHOR: Ellen Tout

DATE PUBLISHED: July 12, 2022

KEY INFO: The ultimate guide to minimizing your impact on the environment, with hundreds of practical ways to help combat the climate crisis. Packed with a wealth of information and practical, professional and up-to-date advice about making achievable and sustainable changes, this book can show you how to take a responsible approach to all aspects of your lifestyle including shopping, eating, travel, home life and work habits.

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TITLE: Kalikasan at Pag-ibig

SINGER & COMPOSER: Crystal Kayte Valdez, Oliver Narag

DATE PUBLISHED: Jun 14, 2019

KEY INFO: DENR-EMB (Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources-Environmental Management Bureau), Studio Z and Ivory Music & Video, Inc. proudly present the song entitled 'Kalikasan at Pag-ibig' from their first KANTALIKASAN Album. This album is a collection of environmental songs composed and interpreted by the Environmental Management Bureau’s Environmental Singing Ambassadors

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Crystal Kayte Valdez - Kalikasan At Pag-ibig (Official Lyric Video)