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The history of contrastive analysis begins in India and Korea, countries that were the first to analyze the grammar of languages. Thanks to all the contributions that have been made over time, the scientific study of language is now known as linguistics.

Modern linguistics is classified according to the type of grammar it studies, which is why phonology, morphology, and syntax are mainly analyzed.

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Contrastive analysis, developed in the mid-20th century, compares languages to explain difficulties in second language acquisition. It examines language structures, predicts errors, and guides language teaching. However, it has been criticized for oversimplification and neglecting other factors. It has since evolved within broader frameworks of second language acquisition.

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The sound patterns of a language.

The organization of sounds in human languages.

The study of one specific language.

It deals with a limited number of speech sounds.

Examples:

1. In the word snakes, the letter 's' is pronounced /s/.

2. In the word baths, the letter 's' is pronounced /z/.

3. In the word dresses, the letter 's' is pronounced /ɪz/.

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The study of the phonemic systems of languages

The description and classification of the phonemes of a specific language

Examples:

1. b | b, bb | boat, rabbit

2. k | c, ch, k | cat, chaos, book

3. ch | ch, tch | church, catch

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Unit of Phonemics

Distinctive speech sounds

Phonemes are to be used between slant lines and do not use diacritics

Phonemes are divided into two categories: vowels and consonants

Examples

1. /m/ as in mow

2. /n/ as in no

3. /f/ as in fine

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Are a variant of a specific phoneme

A diacritic is a mark that is above or below the phonetic symbol

They are written in square brackets and usually have diacritical marks

Examples:

1. In particular, the vowel /ə/ has two broad allophones [e] and [o].

2. Therefore, linguists often prefer to classify [t͡ɕ, t͡ɕh, ɕ] not as independent phonemes, but as allophones of one of the other three series.

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Is the linguistic discipline that studies the sounds of human speech.

The realization and physical perception of the signs that make up the language.

The study of the mode of speech of the users of a language, in order to understand the dialectal or sociolectal differences in a community of speakers of a specific language.

EXAMPLE:

1. To produce the [p] sound, we join our lips together tightly (place of articulation). This causes a slight build-up of air, which is then released when the lips part (manner of articulation), creating a burst of sound associated with the letter P in English.

2. Voiceless sounds - These are made when the air passes through the vocal folds, with no vibration during the production of sounds, like [s] as in sip.

3. Voiced sounds - These are made when the air passes through the vocal folds, with vibration during the production of sounds like [z] as in zip.

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Note: Slash marks are used to indicate a phoneme /t/, as opposed to the square brackets [t], used to indicate a phone.

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It implies a linguistic sub-discipline that discusses the comparison of two or more languages focused on the similarities and differences between them.

After World War II, the curiosity in learning foreign languages in the USA increase, and linguists were concerned with the fundations in comparing the native language with the one that is going to be learn, as well as bilingualism

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The differences and similarities between languages than being interested in languages families and history.

-CA is a branch of applied linguistics
-Finding the similarities and differences between a pair of languages