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For centuries, most people lived in the countryside and worked in agriculture. Manufacturing happened in homes and small workshops, a system known as the "cottage industry."

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James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny in England, which allowed one worker to spin multiple threads at once.

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James Watt patented his improved steam engine, a crucial power source for the revolution. Richard Arkwright patented the water frame.

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Samuel Crompton combined the jenny and the water frame to create the spinning mule, which produced strong, fine yarn.

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Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom, which mechanized the weaving process.

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In the USA, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which dramatically increased cotton production.

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Richard Trevithick built the first steam-powered locomotive.

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Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, made its first successful voyage.

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The Stockton and Darlington Railway in England became the first public railway to h steam locomotives.

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The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, firmly established the age of rail travel.

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Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer process, a cheap and efficient method for mass-producing steel.

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Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.

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Thomas Edison invented a practical, long-lasting electric light bulb.

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Karl Benz built the first practical automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine.

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The Haymarket Affair in Chicago highlighted growing labor unrest and the fight for an 8-hour workday.

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Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. He later introduced the moving assembly line (1913), which revolutionized manufacturing.

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The first affordable mass-produced car, the Ford Model T, entered the market.