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Biological photovoltaic (BPV) solar panels

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how it works:

cyanobacteria utilize photophosphorylation to generate ATP, involves capturing sunlight and driving the synthesis of ATP through their photosynthetic electron transport chains.

researchers genetically modify these organisms to optimize the light-harvesting complexes and electron transport chains, increasing their efficiency in converting sunlight into chemical energy.

bioengineered cyanobacteria are incorporated into biophotovoltaic devices where they act as living components.

generate ATP and, potentially, transfer the electrons harvested from photophosphorylation to external circuits, thereby producing electricity.

these systems often operate in controlled environments to maintain optimal light, temperature, and nutrient conditions, maximizing energy conversion efficiency

implications and innovations:

engineering cyanobacteria to perform photophosphorylation more efficiently and integrate into renewable energy systems, this technology can provide a sustainable, bio-based solution for electricity generation

insights from these systems might also enhance agricultural productivity by applying similar genetic modifications to crop chloroplasts.

other hypothetical innovations:

Small-scale BPV systems can power biosensors for environmental monitoring, like detecting pollutants or tracking climate changes.

BPVs could function as microbial fuel cells where photophosphorylation generates electrons transferred to electrodes, can power small electronics or sensors in isolated environments.

cyanobacteria-based BPVs could be incorporated into materials for "living buildings," where walls or roofs generate electricity using sunlight and atmospheric CO₂, may also sequester carbon, aiding in climate mitigation

research:

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolism/17%3A_Bacterial_Growth_and_Energy_Production/17.5%3A_Phosphorylation_Mechanisms_for_Generating_ATP

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_and_Easy_(Ahern_and_Rajagopal)/02%3A_Energy/2.06%3A_Cellular_Phosphorylations

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Ginseng total saponin (GTS) improves red blood cell oxidative stress injury by regulating tyrosine phosphorylation and glycolysis in red blood cells 

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Ginseng total saponin (GTS) improves red blood cell oxidative stress injury by regulating tyrosine phosphorylation and glycolysis in red blood cells 

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Alexander Grishin, Andrey Grishin, Vladimir Grishin and Inna Knyazeva*

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The effect of activated water on the photosynthetic processes of plants | BIO Web of Conferences

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BIO Web of Conferences, open access proceedings in biology, life sciences and health

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•Oxidative stress is a major factor in many diseases, but its complex causes make treatment challenging. (atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer)

•Ginseng total saponin (GTS) is a key active compound found in Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.

•GTS has potential therapeutic effects against oxidative stress from various causes.

•The exact molecular mechanism of GTS in repairing oxidative damage in red blood cells (RBCs) is not fully understood.

Results

•GTS reduced RBC hemolysis caused by H₂O₂ at low concentrations.

•Improved RBC morphology and enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity.

•Increased antioxidant enzyme activity, ATP levels, and ATPase activity in RBCs.

•Promoted membrane protein expression in RBCs and inhibited pTyr of Band 3 protein.

•Enhanced glycolysis, restoring RBC structure and physiological function.

Conclusions

•GTS protects RBCs from oxidative stress by improving their morphology and function.

•Band 3 protein is the primary target of GTS, as indicated by changes in pTyr expression and regulatory enzymes.

•Inhibition of pTyr on Band 3 protein by GTS enhances RBC glycolysis, restoring their function under oxidative stress.

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Ginseng total saponin improves red blood cell oxidative stress injury by regulating tyrosine phosphorylation and glycolysis in red blood cells - ScienceDirect
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711324004434

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1. Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in modulating cancer cell metabolism

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304419X2030161X

1. tyrosine phosphorylation often acts as a “reversible switch”, being able to modulate, directly or indirectly, the enzyme activity.

2. ⁠Block tyrosine kinase activity: Use tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to disrupt the signaling pathways that support cancer cell growth and survival

3. ⁠Reduce glucose uptake: Inhibit glucose transporters to limit the energy supply required for rapid cancer cell metabolism.

4. ⁠Promote oxidative damage: Increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) by disrupting antioxidant defenses, making cancer cells more vulnerable to damage.

2. The Effect of Oxidative Phosphorylation on Cancer Drug Resistance

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/1/62

1. oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is a target for the effective attenuation of cancer drug resistance. OXPHOS inhibitors can improve treatment responses to anticancer therapy.

2. Recent data have demonstrated that mitochondrial OXPHOS drives cancer drug resistance and exerts a significant influence on responses to anticancer therapy.

3. OXPHOS is required for cancer cells to acquire drug resistance in various cancers.

4. Targeting OXPHOS can specifically eliminate cancer stem cells (CSCs) and delay the acquisition of drug resistance.

3. Cryptotanshinone suppresses ovarian cancer via simultaneous inhibition of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115956

1. OXPHOS contributes to ATP production, biosynthesis, redox balance, metabolic flexibility, metastasis, and therapy resistance.

2. Cancer cells with higher OXPHOS activity are often more resistant to therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

3. OXPHOS provides a survival advantage by supporting energy demands, maintaining redox homeostasis, and mitigating stress induced by treatments.

4. CT inhibits OXPHOS primarily by targeting mitochondrial Complex I, reducing the NAD+/NADH ratio, and impairing ATP production. This inhibition activates energy stress pathways like AMPK, ultimately leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.

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Q: It is harmful if we take excess amout of saponin? Is it has limitation?

A:The article does not explicitly mention the harmful effects of excessive intake of saponins.

Specifically, 100 µg/mL was found to be safe in vitro, and 20 mg/kg in vivo was optimal for reducing oxidative stress.

For any substance, excessive intake beyond the tested safe levels may pose risks, although these are not detailed in the article.

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Global phosphorylation landscape of SARS-CoV-2 infection 

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Global phosphorylation landscape of SARS-CoV-2 infection 

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substrates-level phosphorylation is the primary mechanism.

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30811-4?rss=yes

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how magnesium (Mg) deficiency affects photosynthesis in tomato leaves, 

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how magnesium (Mg) deficiency affects photosynthesis in tomato leaves, 

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-Energy Imbalance: Mg deficiency reduces ATP and ATPase activity, disrupting the ATP/NADPH ratio, which impacts processes like the Calvin-Benson cycle.

-Electron Transport Chain Disruption: Mg deficiency reduces the efficiency of the electron transport chain, particularly between Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI), impairing ATP synthesis.

-Gene Expression and Photosystem Activity: Mg deficiency downregulates genes for proteins involved in light absorption and electron transport, hindering photophosphorylation.

-Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Accumulation: Inefficient photophosphorylation leads to excess energy, causing photooxidative stress and ROS production, which further damages photosystems and reduces photosynthetic efficiency.

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Engineering new-to-nature biochemical conversions by combining fermentative metabolism with respiratory modules

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Engineering new-to-nature biochemical conversions by combining fermentative metabolism with respiratory modules

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Engineering new-to-nature biochemical conversions by combining fermentative metabolism with respiratory modules - Nature Communications

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The need for redox balancing limits the array of fermentable substrate-product combinations in anaerobic microbe-based bioproduction. Here, the authors design and engineer an E. coli strain with new-to-nature aerobic fermentative metabolism that allows tightly controlled re-balanced fermentations.

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Hydrogen Production and Environmental Impact:

• Traditional methods like steam methane reforming (SMR) and coal gasification are energy-intensive and rely on fossil fuels.

• SMR is responsible for ~95% of global hydrogen production but generates significant CO₂ emissions.

• Coal gasification also produces hydrogen but relies on carbon-heavy coal, leading to high pollution.

• Water electrolysis is cleaner but often powered by electricity from fossil fuels, reducing its sustainability unless paired with renewable energy sources.

Transition to Eco-Friendly Methods:

• Biological hydrogen production is a promising alternative, focusing on photo-fermentation and dark fermentation.

• Photo-fermentation uses purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) under light and anaerobic conditions to produce hydrogen without generating oxygen.

• This method uses organic waste (e.g., sugars, agricultural waste) as substrates, reducing environmental impact.

• Photo-fermentation relies on light-driven processes like photophosphorylation and ATP production, which power enzymes that produce hydrogen.

Advantages:

• Eco-friendly: Reduces reliance on fossil fuels and can use renewable biomass.

• Helps in waste disposal by using organic waste as a substrate for hydrogen production.

Challenges:

• High efficiency depends on reactor design, substrate availability, and microbial optimization.

• Still less common compared to SMR and coal gasification due to costs and infrastructure requirements.

Conclusion:

• Traditional hydrogen production methods harm the environment, but photo-fermentation presents a cleaner, renewable alternative.

• With further research, biological methods could help meet global energy needs while reducing environmental impacts.

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Photo-Fermentative Bacteria Used for Hydrogen Production

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Photo-fermentation is an efficient hydrogen production pathway in which purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) play an active role and produce hydrogen as a part of their metabolism under optimal conditions. These bacteria work under the influence of light to advance their metabolism and use various substrates, such as simple sugars and volatile fatty acids, to produce hydrogen. This article presents a comparative review of several bacterial strains that have been efficiently used to produce hydrogen by photo-fermentation under different optimized conditions, including the substrate, its concentration, type and capacity of the bioreactor, light sources and intensities, and process conditions to achieve the maximum biohydrogen production rate. The analysis showed that the Rhodopseudomonas palustris is the main bacterium used for hydrogen production, with a maximum hydrogen production rate of 3.2 mM/h using 27.8 mM of glucose in a 165 mL serum bottle and 3.23 mM/h using 50 mM of glycerol at pH 7, followed by Rhodobacter sphaeroides, which gave a hydrogen production rate as high as 8.7 mM/h, using 40 mM of lactic acid, pH 7, and 30 °C temperature in a single-walled glass bioreactor. However, it is not preferred over R. palustris due to its versatile metabolism and ability to use an alternative mode if the conditions are not carefully adjusted, which can be a problem in hydrogen production.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation Is Required for Powering Motility and Development of the Sleeping Sickness Parasite Trypanosoma brucei in the Tsetse Fly Vector

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Oxidative Phosphorylation Is Required for Powering Motility and Development of the Sleeping Sickness Parasite Trypanosoma brucei in the Tsetse Fly Vector

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https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.02357-21