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Ukulondolozwa Kwamanzi          (water conservation)

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Ukulondolozwa Kwamanzi          (water conservation)

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http://www.scdhec.gov/environment/water/docs/dwconserve.pdf

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are created from plants that can be regrown each year

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12 Creative Ways to Repurpose Newspaper

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DIYers have been crafting, making, and hacking with newspaper since the beginning of newspaper's existence. For our take on creatively repurposing newspaper, we turn to bright colors, decor for the home, and, of course, a few goodies we can wear.

Materials:
- newspaper

- brightly colored card stock

- brightly colored tissue paper

- nail polish

- rubbing alcohol

- wreath ring

- baker's twine

- pom poms

Tools:
- glue gun

- glue stick

- needle nose pliers

- giant circle hole punch

- Mod Podge

1. iPad Mini Case: Need to make a quick iPad case before leaving town tomorrow?

To create this case, we used a padded envelope, packing tape, and a touch of VELCRO® Brand Sticky Back Tape. Paste newspaper onto the envelope, then add a stripe of color for the envelope flap if you like. Now, cover the whole thing in clear packing tape to make it extra strong. Then add VELCRO® tape. Done!

2. Lampshade: Great for a kid's room or craft room, this is an easy way to revive a lampshade that's seen better days.

We used a giant circle hole punch to create a bunch of circles. Then use Mod Podge to layer circles onto the shade. Cover the whole thing with a layer of Mod Podge and let dry overnight before using with a lightbulb.

3. Envelopes: If you need to mail out a bunch of invitations (hello wedding crafters!) and want to create totally unique envelopes, use newspaper. Bonus points if you use paper from the date of your engagement or another significant date.

To create ours, we used an existing envelope and created a template out of it. Then simply cut out newspaper to the same size and a liner to match. Glue, let dry, and you've got an envelope!

4. Paper Wreath: This might be our favorite project of the bunch!

We used a wreath ring but you could also use a piece of cardboard. Cut out a bunch of newspaper leaves and glue onto the ring using hot glue. So easy and surprisingly stylish.

5. Gift Bags: You've seen this song and dance before, but it's always a favorite.

We followed this tutorial but made a much smaller bag by starting with a piece around 12.5 inches by 8 inches.

6. Round Faux Lantern: For folks with high ceilings or who just want some unusual decor, these faux lanterns are a quick and fun hack.

Use that trusty giant hole punch again to make a bunch of paper circles. Wrap twine around the ball so that you have a way to hang it. Then cover with paper circles, similar to the lamp shade but without pressing everything down all the way.

7. Paper Flowers: For another take on paper flowers, combine spring neons with newspaper.

Cut out a bunch of flower shapes. Press a wooden stick or dowel through the center and keep layering until you've got a fullness you like. Repeat for as many flowers as you like!

8. Outlet Cover: Add a little personality to your power source.

This one is all about Mod Podge! Trace your outlet cover, cut the shape out in newspaper, and Mod Podge onto the cover. So cute.

9. Dangly Earrings: We took a cue from our classic Duct Tape Feather earrings to make these.

Cover a piece of newspaper in clear packing tape. Add a stripe of another color before taping if you like. Now you'll have a piece of material similar in consistency to duct tape. Cut out a couple shapes you like, and then use cord ends to attach to earrings.

10. Rosette Bobby Pins: A dozen roses? Pshh, how about a duo of rosettes?

These are a sweet way to add a little spice to your do! Simply create a bunch of little triangles and layer them into a rose shape using hot glue in between each layer. Attach to a bobby pin and let dry. See also: Duct Tape Rosettes.

11. Nail Polish: If you're as into nail art as we are, you've probably seen newspaper nails.

To create your own newspaper mani, all you need is rubbing alcohol, nail polish, and newspaper. Paint your nails with a base coat - this can be a clear or a light color. Once dry, dip your nails in rubbing alcohol. Now press newspaper onto each nail. Peel off and you should have a newspaper transfer on your nail! Cover with clear polish to seal the deal.

12. Party Hats: Last, party time!!

Turn newspaper into party hats by rolling it into cones. Use tape to secure and then add pom poms or trim using hot glue. Excellent!

How do you repurpose newspaper? Any crafty tricks we just have to try? Talk to us in the comments below.

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DIYers have been crafting, making, and hacking with newspaper since the beginning of newspaper's existence. For our take on creatively repurposing newspaper, we turn to bright colors, decor for the home, and, of course, a few goodies we can wear.

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Whimsical creativity meets thrifty pragmatism in a fun way to be green. It´s a way of recycling, a break with tradition and a great way to add that touch of fun into your space. Unlike upcycling,...

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the crops used to make bio fuels are generally high in sugar or starch

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Access Google Sites with a personal Google account or Google Workspace account (for business use).

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1. Recycling one ton of cardboard saves over nine cubic yards of landfill space

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Recycling one ton of newspaper saves 15 trees.

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The University of Illinois at Chicago's newest student housing community will be one of the leading edge mixed-use, live-learn student communities in the country, housing more than 550 students on the UIC campus. This project is a response to UIC's record-setting Fall 2017 enrollment and reinforces the current growth strategy to support the recruitment, retention, and graduation of its students.

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1. If every American recycled just one-tenth of their newspapers, we could save about 25 million trees each year.

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Town Recycling, LLC., provides the best recycling service in Albuquerque. Our services include cardboard, paper, and plastic recycling.

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There is 3 generations of Bio fuels

Ethanol, Bio diesel, and bio jet.

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Facts and Definitions

Jump to a Section

Facts

1.) What are biofuels?

Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels primarily produced from biomass, and can be used to replace some fossil fuels. Crops used to make biofuels are generally either high in sugar (such as sugarcane, sugarbeet, and sweet sorghum), starch (such as corn and cassava) or oils (such as soybeans, rapeseed, coconut, sunflowers, and palms). Ethanol and biodiesel are biofuels commonly used in transportation. Ethanol is produced from sugar and starch crops that are processed by yeast or bacteria-mediated fermentation, or from cellulose. Biodiesel fuels are extracted from oil crops with suitable solvents or through mechanical processing and conversion of oil into diesel fuel by a transesterification process. Other less commonly used biofuels include other alcohols and ethers, such as biobutanol, methanol, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), or ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE).

2.) What are 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation biofuels?

Biofuels are sometimes referred to as first, second, or third-generation biofuels.

First-generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventional technology. These are generally produced from grains high in sugar or starch fermented into bioethanol; or seeds that which are pressed into vegetable oil used in biodiesel. Common first-generation biofuels include vegetable oils, biodiesel, bioalcohols, biogas, solid biofuels, syngas.

Second-generation biofuels are produced from non-food crops, such as cellulosic biofuels and waste biomass (stalks of wheat and corn, and wood). Common second-generation biofuels include vegetable oils, biodiesel, bioalcohols, biogas, solid biofuels, and syngas. Research continues on second-generation biofuels including biohydrogen, biomethanol, DMF, Bio-DME, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, biohydrogen diesel, mixed alcohols and wood diesel.

Third-generation biofuels are produced from extracting oil of algae - sometimes referred to as "oilgae". Its production is supposed to be low cost and high-yielding - giving up to nearly 30 times the energy per unit area as can be realized from current, conventional 'first-generation' biofuel feedstocks.

3.) Which countries use biofuels?

Globally, countries currently focus on different biofuel crops and conversion methods. Among the major biofuel producers, corn is converted into ethanol in the US, sugar cane into ethanol in Brazil, canola into bio-diesel in Europe, palm oil into biodiesel in Indonesia , and sweet potatoes and cassava into ethanol in China. [17] Brazil and the US produce the most ethanol in the world - more than four billion gallons per year each. [18] In most countries, biofuels currently account for a relatively small percentage of overall fuel and energy used. According to the IEA 2006 World Energy Outlook, biofuels are able to meet up to 4% of the world's transportation fuel demand by 2030, under the reference case, up from a level of 1% in 2004.

Governments have expressed varying levels of interest in bio-energy use, based on current policy and future plans. Currently in Brazil, there are plans to be self-sufficient in energy by 2006[19], [20]. All gasoline must contain at least 20% ethanol, biodiesels are being developed, and flexible-fuel vehicles (FFV) have entered the car market in Brazil. More than 80% of new cars sold in Brazil were FFV's during the first half of 2006[21]. Europe produced almost one billion gallons of biodiesel, increasing from 2004 by 65%. The EU has adopted a proposal to promote biofuel use, such that biofuels account for at least 2% of the market for gasoline and diesel sold as transport fuel by the end of 2005, increasing in stages to a minimum of 5.75% by the end of 2010[22]. China produced approximately 340 million gallons of ethanol in 2004, primarily from corn[23]. China's government is supporting ethanol and cellulosic ethanol production. The US government recently committed to increase bio-energy by three times within 10 years. The Indian government has identified almost 100 million acres of land that potentially could grow jatropha[24]. The Australian government has a policy target of producing almost 100 million gallons of biofuel production by 2010.

4.) Can we actually use biofuels in cars and machinery?

Using biofuels requires fewer changes to transportation technology compared to other alternative energy sources that are in different physical states. Biofuels can be in the same liquid state of the majority of widely used, conventional transportation fuels. In spark-ignition engines, gasoline can be substituted by ethanol or methanol. In compression-ignition engines, biodiesel performs well as a diesel oil substitute according to performance tests. Using a mixture of gasoline and biofuel (i.e. 85% to 15% ratio) requires relatively little change to car engines, but still requires fossil fuels. However, existing engines need significant alterations in order to function using only ethanol or methanol fuel.

5.) How are rising food prices related?

There are convincing arguments about the extent rising food prices are linked to biofuel production and use.

Increasing food prices are MORE directly related to biofuels:

Recently there has been increased biofuel production and also rising food prices for food grains, feed grains, oilseeds, and vegetable oils. Thus far, nearly all biofuels are produced either from food crops or on land that could be used for food crops. Currently, corn is the main feedstock in the US ethanol industry; soybean oil is the main feedstock in the US and South American biodiesel industries; rapeseed oil is the main component of biodiesel in Europe; ethanol in Brazil comes from sugarcane; and biodiesel of Southeast Asia comes mainly from palm oil[37]. In the US, the portion of the corn crop consumed by the ethanol industry has grown from approximately 5% to 25% during the past decade.

According to estimates from the International Food Policy Research Institute, assuming oil prices remain high, a rapid increase in global biofuel production is projected to cause corn prices to rise by 20% by 2010 & 41% by 2020. In sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America, cassava prices are expected to increase by 33% by 2010; and 135% by 2020.

Increasing food prices are LESS directly related to biofuels:

-Food consumption has also increased, which explains increasing food prices and counters the argument that food prices and expanded biofuel use are linked[40]. Rice and wheat - neither of which are used in biofuel production - have been consumed faster than each crop has been produced in the past few years.

-Food prices are influenced by many other factors, including economic growth (i.e. crude oil prices, exchange rates, growing demand for food and slowing growth in agricultural productivity), international trade, currency markets, oil prices, government policies (i.e. agricultural, energy, and trade policy of other nations) and bad weather.

-Increased demand of food is largely a result of population and income growth, as evident by the increasing total demand for agricultural crops and livestock products from 1967 to 1997.

Definitions

Algae: Algae are primitive plants, usually aquatic, capable of synthesizing their own food by photosynthesis. Algae is currently being investigated as a possible feedstock for producing biodiesel.3

B100: Another name for pure biodiesel.3

Biodiesel: refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters, made by transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat (tallow), which can be used (alone, or blended with conventional petrodiesel in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles.

Bioenergy: renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources. In its most narrow sense it is a synonym to biofuel, which is fuel derived from biological sources. In its broader sense it includes biomass, the biological material used as a biofuel, as well as the social, economic, scientific and technical fields associated with using biological sources for energy.1

Biofuel: defined as solid, liquid or gas fuel derived from recently dead biological material and is distinguished from fossil fuels, which are derived from long dead biological material. Theoretically, biofuels can be produced from any (biological) carbon source; although, the most common sources are photosynthetic plants. Various plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacturing.1

Biomass: material derived from recently living organisms. This includes plants, animals and their by-products. For example, manure, garden waste and crop residues are all sources of biomass. It is a renewable energy source based on the carbon cycle, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal, and nuclear fuels.1

Bioreactor: A vessel in which a chemical process occurs. This usually involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms.3

BTL: Biomass-to-liquid is a multi-step process which converts biomass into liquid biofuels. BTL is also referred to as second generation biodiesel production. There are many different methods of BTL, but many processes include Fischer-Tropsch, hydrogenation or pyrolysis.3

By-product: Substance, other than the principal product, generated as a consequence of creating a biofuel. For example, a by-product of biodiesel production is glycerine and a by-product of bioethanol production is DDGS.3

Cellulose: Fiber contained in leaves, stems, and stalks of plants and trees. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth2.

Conventional biofuels: Conventional biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel are typically made from corn, sugarcane and beet, wheat or oilseed crops such as soy and rape.3

Distillers Grains: Byproduct of ethanol production that can be used to feed livestock; alternatively distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS).2

E10: Blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline.2

E85: Blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.2

Emissions: Any waste substances released into the air or water.3

Enzyme: An enzyme is a protein or protein-based molecule that speeds up chemical reactions occurring in living things. Enzymes act as catalysts for a single reaction, converting a specific set of reactants into specific products.3

Ethanol: Alcohol containing four carbon atoms per molecule with about two-thirds the energy density of gasoline, mostly fermented from corn starch or sugar cane, also known as 'grain alcohol.'2

Feedstock: Raw material used in an industrial process, like the production of biofuel. 2

Fischer-Tropsch Process: Method of producing liquid fuels, usually diesel fuel, from natural gas or synthetic gas from gasified coal or biomass. 2

Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV): Automobile capable of running on gasoline and high-ethanol blends interchangeably. 2

Fuel: A fuel is described as any material with one type of energy that can be converted to another usable energy.

Gasohol: Fuel blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline.

GTL: Gas to liquid. A refinery process which converts natural gas into longer-chain hydrocarbons. Gas can be converted to liquid fuels via a direct conversion or using a process such as Fischer-Tropsch.

Jatropha: Non-edible evergreen shrub found in Asia, Africa and the West Indies. Its seeds contain a high proportion of oil which can be used for making biodiesel.

Methanol: alcohol containing one carbon atom per molecule, generally made from natural gas, with about half the energy density of gasoline, also known as 'wood alcohol.'

MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether): Ether created from methanol that can increase octane and decrease the volatility of gasoline, decreasing evaporation and smog formation.

Palm oil: A form of vegetable oil obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree. It is a widely used feedstock The palm oil and palm kernel oil are composed of fatty acids, esterified with glycerol just like any ordinary fat. Palm oil is a widely used feedstock for traditional biodiesel production.

Petroleum: Refers to any petroleum-based substance comprising of a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil through the process of separation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, including motor fuel, jet oil, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oil.

Rapeseed: Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as rape, oilseed rape or (one particular artificial variety) canola, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family). Rapeseed is a tradition feedstock used for biodiesel production.

Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Legislation enacted by Congress as part of the Energy policy Act of 2005, requiring an increasing level of biofuels used every year, rising to 7.5 billion gallons by 2012.

Switchgrass: Prairie grass native to the United States and known for its hardiness and rapid growth, often cited as a potentially abundant feedstock for ethanol.

Syngas: A mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) which is the product of high temperature gasification of organic material such as biomass. Following clean-up to remove any impurities such as tars, synthesis gas (syngas) can be used to synthesise organic molecules such as synthetic natural gas (SNG - methane (CH4)) or liquid biofuels such as synthetic diesel (via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis)

Thermal conversion: Process that used heat and pressure to break apart the molecular structure of organic solids.

Transesterification: Chemical process that transforms raw vegetable oil into bidiesel by separating out glycerin, which is used in soaps and other products.

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Jump to a Section 1.) What are biofuels? Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels primarily produced from biomass, and can be used to replace some fossil fuels. Crops used to make biofuels are generally either high in sugar (such as sugarcane, sugarbeet, and sweet sorghum), starch (such as corn and cassava) or oils (such as soybeans, rapeseed, coconut, sunflowers, and palms).

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In 2010, paper recycling had increased over 89% since 1990.

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Town Recycling, LLC., provides the best recycling service in Albuquerque. Our services include cardboard, paper, and plastic recycling.

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1. That could fill enough tractor trailers to stretch from NYC to LA (and back!).

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Plastic, Metal & Glass - Civil and Environmental Engineering - Carnegie Mellon University

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many different plant materials can be used to make bio fuels

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Bio fuels are renewable

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This is 3 Keys to Repurposing

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3 Keys to Repurposing Content on SlideShare

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Whether it's Facebook updates, tweets, blog posts, research reports, newsletters, video, white papers or more, we all produce content these days. How do you reach your audiences on each platform without completely exhausting yourself? Most likely your content and ideas are already there -- it's just

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You can take some items in your home and make them into something new.

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Find and save recipes, parenting hacks, style inspiration and other ideas to try.

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Re-purposing can be done, by taking a item and using it in a new way

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This is a page on 7 ways to repurpose materials.

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See related links to what you are looking for.

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Here is a page that you can look at and help you with repurposing.

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Bill Robson knows someone who bought a beautiful, historic mill house and turned its picturesque environs into the cutest little restaurant. To make his patrons comfortable, the restaurateur installed air conditioning for the first time in the building's history.

And comfortable they were, until they found wriggling things in their soup. Turns out the change in humidity and temperature brought on by the A/C caused worms to migrate out of the building's ancient beams and into the food.

Robson, founder of Gabriel Consultants LLC, told this tale as one of many examples of how repurposing buildings can lead to unexpected changes at an educational session during the 2012 REALTORS® Conference & Expo in Orlando last weekend. Robson urged thorough inspection and due diligence to prevent your clients from experiencing situations like what happened at the mill-turned-restaurant.

Did you know?
Some fun facts from this education session:

The first building code was established in 1913 B.C.E., and called for a builder's death if they created a structure that killed occupants.

Even the interior elevators of the historic Watergate Hotel are protected from changes.

Houston, Texas, is the largest U.S. city without zoning laws.

A/C is not a building code requirement (though heating and ventilation are).

Many structures built during WWII used cast-in-place concrete instead of steel, due to rationing.

A building's "envelope" includes its walls, windows, doors, and roof.

Bird droppings can be considered just as hazardous a material as airborne asbestos.

Steven Arthur, a building scientist who works with Robson through ECS Mid-Atlantic, seconded that.

"You could comply with codes all day long and still have huge problems," Arthur told attendees. "Almost anything you do will change something else in the building."

Robson and Arthur suggested forming an investigative team to create a comprehensive due-diligence report. They said real estate professionals should consider legal, structural, and scientific experts tailored to the specific age and condition of the building their client requires.

For example, if the building in question is from the post-1985 era, a due-diligence team should focus on any necessary zoning changes, and on determining whether the building is up to local codes and compliant with federal regulations, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act.

If the building was erected between 1950 and 1985, the team will also want to look for environmental and structural issues, as well as the presence of hazardous materials. As your client's target buildings reach back further in time, you'll just have to add more items to your checklist.

"You have to recognize that the older the building is, the more the intensity of the study," Robson said. And don't think you'll spend all your time staring at maps and plats, either. "You can't do a due-diligence report sitting in your office."

Beyond logistics, Robson cautioned real estate professionals against using certain language in marketing buildings for repurposing.

"Be very careful how you advertise historical buildings," he said. Even if the building you're marketing looks like "it could make a perfect B&B ... any kind of use that is not part of that base zoning" could get you in trouble later on.

While risks exist, the legwork should pay off, according to these experts.

"There are huge opportunities to miss very important information on buildings," Arthur said. Due-diligence reports can help avoid those opportunities, either by steering clients away from troublesome structures or by pointing out stitch-in-time fixes that clients can undertake to prevent major issues later on. "It can be good news. It can be bad news. [But either way] they're very grateful."

And the timing is right, too. Robson said urban renewal is setting the scene for more redevelopment.

"There has been a shift back to the city," he said. "With this shift in demographics ... there are some great opportunities for acquisition."

About the Author

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Bill Robson knows someone who bought a beautiful, historic mill house and turned its picturesque environs into the cutest little restaurant. To make his patrons comfortable, the restaurateur installed air conditioning for the first time in the building’s history. And comfortable they were, until they found wriggling things in their soup.