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In 1793, a man named Eli Whitney invented a machine called the cotton gin, which would clean seeds from 50 pounds of cotton within the same time it took slaves to clean seeds from 1 pound of cotton by hand. Because of how fast cotton could now be prepared, it became the number one cash crop in the nation. Cotton production increased quickly, which also caused the demand for slave labor to increase. This paved the way for more mechanical farming and mass production of goods.

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Invention of the cotton gin & its impact on cotton production (1793, impact continued throughout the 1800s)

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Invention of the cotton gin & its impact on cotton production (1793, impact continued throughout the 1800s)

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The abolitionists movements goal was to end slavery. Lloyd Garrison published a newspaper called "The Liberator" to bring attention to the  abolitionist movement. Frederick Douglass, a formerly enslaved man, was a strong player in the movement. He would make speeches and even talked to Abraham Lincoln. He also wrote an autobiography about his life and fighting for freedom. Abolitionists were often hated by others. Mobs would attack and destroy Abolitnists and their homes/belongings. 

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Rise of the abolitionist movement & Frederick Douglass (early 1800s)

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Rise of the abolitionist movement & Frederick Douglass (early 1800s)

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Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory in 1803, which expanded the united States Territory from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. He bought it from the French, for 15 million dollars. Many people were unhappy with Jefferson's purchase, but it was a good decision as they got more land, for cheaper, and made the United States more powerful and less susceptible to attack.

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Lewis and Clark where 2 explorers sent by Thomas Jefferson to find the Pacific Ocean, and also collect information about the Louisiana territory. They left St. Louis in 1804 to explore western America and find the Pacific Ocean. Along the way, they picked up a Native American girl named Sacagawea, who helped navigate and translate.

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Francis Cabot Lowell was know as the "father of the factory system". Because he had built multiple cloth making machines within a factory, he was able to mass produce goods. All of these machines needed someone to run them, so "Mill Girls", or girls who wanted to make money in factories instead of doing unpaid farm work, were hired.

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Rise of mass production & the factory system & ”Mill girls” in Lowell, Massachusetts (1814-rest of century)

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Rise of mass production & the factory system & ”Mill girls” in Lowell, Massachusetts (1814-rest of century)

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The construction of the Erie Canal, which would connect the Hudson River to Lake Erie, began in 1817. Canals were important because traveling by river was cheaper and faster than by land, and canals brought water to places where water didn't usually run. The Erie Canal was 363 miles long and connected New York to the Midwest, which contributed to New York's success, large size, and wealth.

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In 1828, a majority of states had removed many of their voting regulations. At this point, all white men were able to vote, and a few free African American men were able to vote as well. This was still not very fair, as women, indigenous people, and enslaved people were still unable to vote.

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In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected president. By 1828, most states had loosened their voting regulations. While Jackson was running for president, he formed the democratic party, which was a party for the "common people" instead of the wealthy, as many more "common people" would be able to vote. The Democratic party wanted the States to be more powerful and have a decentralized government. Andrew Jackson was very popular amongst the common people, which led to his presidency.

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President Andrew Jackson encouraged and praised congress for passing the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This act caused Native Americans to be forcefully removed and relocated from all land east of the Mississippi river. The most famous relocation was the Trail of Tears in 1838, where around 4,000 Natives of the Cherokee tribe died on the journey from starvation, low temperatures, and disease. Many tribes resisted, both through legal action and fighting, but it did nothing.

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Indian Removal Act 1830 & Trail of Tears 1831

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Indian Removal Act 1830 & Trail of Tears 1831

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Over time as the United States gained more land, people moved west. This was sparked by the idea of "Manifest Destiny". People believed that it was their "god-given right and obligation" to extend their ideas, religion, and government westward. Manifest Destiny caused the States to want more land and started to fight and persuade other countries to give them more American land.

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Manifest Destiny (Idea or belief that begins around 1840)

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Manifest Destiny (Idea or belief that begins around 1840)

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Women used to be considered as second-class citizens. In 1848, women and people who supported women's rights went to Seneca Falls in New York and held the Seneca Falls Convention for women's rights. They created the Declaration of Sentiments, which stated how women were being treated compared to and by men. It was based on the Declaration of Independence. Slowly, women gained more rights.