# data[].attributes.body
Genetic Vocabulary Storytelling: Create a digital story using tools like StoryJumper to explain the concepts of genetics and offspring inheritance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
StoryJumper: #1 rated site for creating story books

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Easiest way to create, narrate, and publish your own hardcover and paperback books. Read and listen to books from our worldwide community.

# data[].attributes.body
Punnett Square Puzzles: Work in pairs to solve genetic puzzles using virtual Punnett squares on platforms like Geniverse or Punnett Square Simulator.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A Punnett Square shows the genotypes two individuals can produce when crossed. To draw a square, write all possible allele combinations one parent can contribute to its gametes across the top of a box and all possible allele combinations from the other parent down the left side. The allele combinations along the top and sides become labels for rows and columns within the square. Complete the genotypes in the square by filling it in with the alleles from each parent. Since all allele combinations are equally likely to occur, a Punnett Square predicts the probability of a cross producing each genotype.

A single trait Punnett Square tracks two alleles for each parent. The square has two rows and two columns. Adding more traits increases the size of the Punnett Square. Assuming that all traits exhibit independent assortment, the number of allele combinations an individual can produce is two raised to the power of the number of traits. For two traits, an individual can produce 4 allele combinations (2^2). Three traits produce 8 combinations (2^3). Independent assortment typically means the genes are on different chromosomes. If the genes for the two traits are on the same chromosome, alleles for each trait will always appear in the same combinations (ignoring recombination).

With one row or column for each allele combination, the total number of boxes in a Punnett Square equals the number of rows times the number of columns. Multi-trait Punnett Squares are large. A three trait square has 64 boxes. A four trait square has 256 boxes.

The genotype in each box is equally likely to be produced from a cross. A two-trait Punnett Square has 16 boxes. The probability of a cross producing a genotype in any box is 1 in 16. If the same genotype is present in two boxes, its probability of occurring doubles to 1/8 (1/16 + 1/16).

If one of the parents is a homozygote for one or more traits, the Punnett Square still contains the same number of boxes, but the total number of unique allele combinations is 2 raised to the power of the number of traits for which the parent is heterozygous.

A commonly discussed Punnett Square is the dihybrid cross. A dihybrid cross tracks two traits. Both parents are heterozygous, and one allele for each trait exhibits complete dominance. This means that both parents have recessive alleles, but exhibit the dominant phenotype. The phenotype ratio predicted for dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1. Of the sixteen possible allele combinations:

Nine combinations produce offspring with both dominant phenotypes.

Three combinations each produce offspring with one dominant and one recessive phenotype.

One combination produces a double recessive offspring.

This pattern only occurs when both traits have a dominant allele. With no dominant alleles, more phenotypes are possible, and the phenotype probabilities match the genotype probabilities.
A simpler pattern arises when one of the parents is homozygous for all traits. In this case, the alleles contributed by the heterozygous parent drives all of the variability. A two trait cross between a heterozygous and a homozygous individual generates four phenotypes, each of which are equally likely to occur.

More complicated patterns can be examined. In an extreme case when more than two alleles exists for each trait and the parents do not possess same alleles, the total number of genotypes equals the number of boxes in the Punnett Square.

It is possible to generate Punnett squares for more that two traits, but they are difficult to draw and interpret. A Punnett Square for a tetrahybrid cross contains 256 boxes with 16 phenotypes and 81 genotypes. A third allele for any one of the traits increases the number of genotypes from 81 to 108.

Given this complexity, Punnett Squares are not the best method for calculating genotype and phenotype ratios for crosses involving more than one trait.

Test your understanding with the Punnett Square Calculator Problem Set.

Video Overview

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A Punnett Square shows the genotypes two individuals can produce when crossed. To draw a square, write all possible allele combinations one parent can contribute to its gametes across the top of a box and all possible allele combinations from the other parent down the left side.

# data[].attributes.body
Create a Genetic Family Tree: Use digital tools like MindMeister to create a family tree that illustrates the inheritance of traits through one generation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
How to Mind Map, Beautifully

Features for Your Big Ideas.

Mind mapping starts with a main idea in the center of your mind map. Create unlimited subtopics and explore your thoughts, color coding for clarity and style. As your map takes shape, add context to topics with attachments, embedded media and more. MindMeister's features guide you through your first mind maps onto maximum creativity.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
MindMeister: Online Mind Mapping and Brainstorming

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
100% customizable mind map designs! Change alignments, add images, videos, etc. Invite your team, comment and vote - Try the free plan or go Pro!

# data[].attributes.body
Research Traits: Collaborate to research and present information, using Google slides, about each trait, fostering interpersonal communication.

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection Journals: Maintain digital journals using platforms like Google Docs, reflecting on their understanding of genetic concepts.

# data[].attributes.body
Digital Genetic Yoga Cards: Create virtual yoga cards using platforms like Canva or Google Slides. Each card represents a genetic trait, and you will guide your peers through a virtual yoga session using the cards, promoting movement and learning.

# data[].attributes.body
Genetic Traits Song: Compose a song or rap that highlights key genetic concepts and traits using GarageBand.

# data[].attributes.body
Outdoor Genetic Scavenger Hunt: Use tablets or smartphones to document examples of inherited traits in plants, animals, or even among themselves during an outdoor scavenger hunt.