# data[].attributes.headline
When does a racial project become racist?

# data[].attributes.subject
When does a racial project become racist?

# data[].attributes.body
A racial project becomes racist when the group that may be advocating for themselves, does it in a way that makes another group inferior to them. This can be done within any race, and can also be seen when there is disagreements between races even if it involves minority groups.

# data[].attributes.headline
How do the authors define “racialization?"

# data[].attributes.subject
How do the authors define “racialization?"

# data[].attributes.body
Racialization, according to them, ‘is when racial significances are assigned to relationships, social practices or groups that have not previously been classified.’ It happens on both macro and micro levels and shapes how people and groups are seen and classified in society. Racialisation is not a static process, it is subject to change over time, to history, social relationships and political power. It is how culture makes sense of and organizes differences between people – and why this tends to reinforce social structural hierarchies by race. (Bianca Wettel)

# data[].attributes.headline
What do Omi and Winant mean when they write, “race is a master category?”

# data[].attributes.subject
What do Omi and Winant mean when they write, “race is a master category?”

# data[].attributes.body
When Omi and Winant write that "race is a master category," I think they mean that race is not just one aspect of society, but it is a dominant framework where power, privilege, and inequalities are organized. They are talking about the role that race plays in shaping the social structures and identities throughout history.

-Aylesha Wade

# data[].attributes.body
Anti-racist projects are when groups take action to resist against institutionalized racist practices. The goal of these anti-racist projects are to help reduce or end racism. It has been seen that these anti-racist projects occur in response to violent acts revolving around racism.

Jazmin Alvarez

# data[].attributes.body
The authors define anti-racist projects as projects that "undo or resist structures of domination based on racial significations and identities." This is reflective of what society deems a racist project and as such, is subject to change as society involves. However, as is nature with any project based on countering others actions, there is much discussion on the proper implementation and execution of anti-racist projects.

# data[].attributes.headline
How do the authors define racial projects?

# data[].attributes.subject
How do the authors define racial projects?

# data[].attributes.body
The authors define racial projects as processes that connect social structures with cultural representation of race. They interpret, represent, or explain racial identities and meanings, and they organize and distribute resources along specific racial lines. Racial projects can take place at various levels, ranging from broad policies and collective movements to individual interactions. (Michel Feldmann)

# data[].attributes.body
Racism, according to the authors, is a complex issue that involves creating or maintaining systems of domination based on these racial identities and meanings. They state that racism is not just about individual acts of hate or prejudice, as it is deeply integrated into larger social structures and practices that normalize and sustain racial inequality. Two additional things that I thought were very interesting. First, the authors point out that the general concept of racism has changed over time, becoming more implicit and sometimes unconscious. Secondly, the authors indicate that the dynamics of power and hierarchy are way more complex than just white people against people of color, they say that racism can exist in various projects, including those initiated by people of color.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Cover of Omi & Winant's classic text RACIAL FORMATIONS, which we're using to kick off our thinking about the variations of racial thinking and racial formation.

# data[].attributes.body
Part 1 - Due by Wednesday 1/15:

In your post, offer a BRIEF description (2-4 sentences) of the questions/terms you chose from Omi and Winant. You may also include a question you had about the reading that you'd like peer feedback on! BE SURE TO INCLUDE YOUR NAME ON YOUR POSTS OR I CAN'T GIVE YOU CREDIT FOR COMPLETION

Part 2 - Due by Friday 1/17:

Review your peers' posts and choose TWO different people who you'd like to offer a response.

# data[].attributes.body
The authors define race as a complex social construct that signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies. Rather than being a fixed biological category, race is a dynamic concept shaped by historical, cultural, and political factors. It encompasses a set of meanings and representations that influence individual and collective identities, social practices, and institutional structures. Race operates within a broader social context, affecting how resources are distributed, and how individuals navigate their social environments. (Bianca Wettel)

# data[].attributes.headline
How do the authors define “racial projects?"

# data[].attributes.subject
How do the authors define “racial projects?"

# data[].attributes.body
The author defines racial projects as "projects that create or reproduce structures of domination based on racial significations and identities." However, this is only the current definition as the definition of 'racism' has changed through time, reflective of society.

# data[].attributes.headline
How does “racism” compare/contrast to “racist?”

# data[].attributes.subject
How does “racism” compare/contrast to “racist?”

# data[].attributes.body
Racism is a term used in systematic situations and events in general. It also concludes that its a social concern and issue rather than it being towards someone. While racist is an actual term related to an individual who feels strongly stereotypcial towards a race or ethnicity.

-Ramira Hines

# data[].attributes.headline
When does a racial project become racist?

# data[].attributes.subject
When does a racial project become racist?

# data[].attributes.body
A racial project becomes racist when it helps to maintain or even form groups and systems that encourage or promote racial inequality. The authors use the example of white supremacy as an “evolving hegemonic” group that actively interacts with one another to uphold organizations of racial domination.

- Isabel Hong

# data[].attributes.headline
When does a racial project become racist?

# data[].attributes.subject
When does a racial project become racist?

# data[].attributes.body
When a racial project becomes racist is when it offends anyone when it comes to complexion or skin color. There are also times where the project can become a huge issue to where there are protests, this is caused by anything that can be direspectful or cause causation to a community.

-Ramira Hines

# data[].attributes.headline
How does “racism” compare/contrast to “racist?”

# data[].attributes.subject
How does “racism” compare/contrast to “racist?”

# data[].attributes.body
In Racial Formation in the United States (3rd edition), Chapter 4 explains that racism is a system of beliefs and practices that create and maintain racial inequality. It's not just about personal prejudice; racism is built into society’s structures, like laws and institutions, which help keep certain groups at a disadvantage. On the other hand, a racist is someone who holds biased beliefs or acts in ways that support racial inequality. So, while racism refers to the larger, ongoing system of discrimination, being a racist is about an individual’s personal attitudes or actions that contribute to this system.

Shekira Rowland

# data[].attributes.headline
When Omi and Winant write that "race is a master category," 

# data[].attributes.subject
When Omi and Winant write that "race is a master category," 

# data[].attributes.body
they mean that race is a central and powerful concept that shapes many aspects of life, especially in the United States. It influences how people are treated, the opportunities they have, and how society is structured. Race is not just about skin color or appearance; it's a key factor that affects social, political, and economic systems. It is deeply connected to other forms of inequality, like class and gender, and plays a big role in how power and resources are distributed in society.

Shekira Rowland

# data[].attributes.body
The authors define race as both a social and historical structure, and is not just about physical characteristics or features. Race is a collection of ideas and symbols constructed by society and has built up over time. These “signifiers” are how individuals form a view of themselves, relation to others, and how they are viewed and treated by others. However, race is continuously redefined and cannot be understood without considering historical and social contexts. Therefore, race has no fixed meaning.

-Isabel Hong

# data[].attributes.headline
(Liam)How do the authors define “Racial formation?”  

# data[].attributes.subject
(Liam)How do the authors define “Racial formation?”  

# data[].attributes.body
In the book, racial formation is the process of race-making through the lens of social, economic, and political lenses to determine the content and importance of the racial category.  The book presents racial formation through several steps, which include rationalization, racial projects, the problem of racism, and politics. All these play into how racial formation came to be

# data[].attributes.headline
(Liam) How do the authors define “racialization?"

# data[].attributes.subject
(Liam) How do the authors define “racialization?"

# data[].attributes.body
In the book, racial action is classified as a social process in which certain groups of people are singled out for unique heat treatment through real or imaginary physical characteristics. These physical characteristics are things like skin color, hair texture, shape of eyes, and other physical features

# data[].attributes.headline
How do the authors define race consciousness? (Kyle)

# data[].attributes.subject
How do the authors define race consciousness? (Kyle)

# data[].attributes.body
In pages 112-115 the authors talk about "The Evolution of Race Consciousness". They do not directly give a definition for it. However, the indicate that it is one's awareness of their racial identity and how it connects with social and political structures. This awareness according to them is shaped by personal experiences with racism as well as knowledge of historical racial injustice.

# data[].attributes.headline
How do authors define racial despotism? (Kyle)

# data[].attributes.subject
How do authors define racial despotism? (Kyle)

# data[].attributes.body
In pages 130-132 the authors talk about "Racial Politics: Despotism, Democracy, and Hegemony". Racial despotism can be defined as a system of racial domination where the white ruling class has the power to control and exploit people of color. This is due to systematic discrimination. It is a form of a racial rule that relies on force to maintain white supremacy.

# data[].attributes.headline
How do the authors define “racial formation?

# data[].attributes.subject
How do the authors define “racial formation?

# data[].attributes.body
Omi and Winant say that “racial formation” is how society creates, reshapes, and sometimes removes racial categories. These changes are driven by big forces (like laws or economic systems) as well as everyday experiences and media. The idea is that race isn’t fixed or purely biological, but is shaped by history and society, affecting power, identity, and resources.

McKenzie Ruszczyk

# data[].attributes.headline
What do the authors mean when they write, “race is a master category?

# data[].attributes.subject
What do the authors mean when they write, “race is a master category?

# data[].attributes.body
They mean that race is a major framework for understanding how society works. It influences how people see themselves and others, and it intersects with things like class and gender to affect power and opportunities. Due to how it’s deeply woven into our institutions and culture, race remains a central factor in both social identity and inequality.

McKenzie Ruszczyk

# data[].attributes.body
What is an Anti-Racist Project

An anti-racist project is a project that focuses on combatting racism. It can be through education, challenging policies, or challenging behaviors that could lead to racist actions.

Kamia Kruse

# data[].attributes.body
When Does a Racial Project Become Racist

A racial project is identities and meanings. It becomes racist when it aligns too much with the ways of racial domination, especially a white supremacist one.

Kamia Kruse