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Breaks down food into nutrients.

Processes and absorbs nutrients from food.

Interacts with the circulatory system to distribute nutrients throughout the body (LibreTexts, 2024).

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Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells

Removes metabolic wastes from cells.

The respiratory system supplies it with oxygenated blood. Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive system are transported to cells throughout the body (LibreTexts, 2024).

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Provides oxygen to the body's cells while removing carbon dioxide from the body.

Regulates or maintains ph balance.

Works with the Circulatory System to supply the body with oxygen and gets rid of waste carbon dioxide (Markgraf, 2018). They work continuously to exchange gases.

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Regulates metabolism, growth, and development

Maintains homeostasis.

Influences the function (through secretion) of other organ systems through hormones (Radhakrishan, 2024).

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Provides mechanical suppport, enables movement.

Produces heat, and stabilizes the body

Stores minerals and protects internal organs, stores calcium and produces red and white blood cells (LibreTexts, 2024).

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Processes sensory information.

Controls body functions and initiates responses

Responsible for controlling both voluntary and involuntary responses (LibreTexts, 2024). Interacts with all body systems by communicating with different parts.

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Identifies and destroys pathogens

Helps the body dispose of toxins, waste, and unwanted material.

Transport lymph fluid around the body to help keep it protected (Learning College, 2022).

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Produces and transports reproductive cells and supports reproduction.

Releases hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors

The female and male organs work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction (OnlineLearning College, 2022).

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Female Reproductive System: Structure & Function

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The female reproductive system consists of internal and external body parts that help you reproduce, menstruate and have sex.

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Produces and transports reproductive cells

Releases hormones tha influence sexual functions and behaviors

Work with the female reproductive system for the purpose of conception

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What are the external parts of the male reproductive system?

Most of the male reproductive system is on the outside of your abdominal cavity or pelvis. The external body parts of the male reproductive system include the penis, scrotum and testicles. Another name for these parts is genitals or genitalia.

Penis

The penis is the male organ for sexual intercourse. It contains many sensitive nerve endings, and it has three parts:

Root. The root is the base of your penis. It attaches to the wall of your abdomen.

Body (shaft). The body has a shape like a tube or cylinder. It consists of three internal chambers: the two larger chambers are the corpora cavernosa, and the third chamber is the corpus spongiosum. The corpora cavernosa run side by side, while the corpus spongiosum surrounds your urethra. There's a special, sponge-like erectile tissue inside these chambers. The erectile tissue contains thousands of spaces. During sexual arousal, the spaces fill with blood, and your penis becomes hard and rigid (erection). An erection allows you to have penetrative sex. The skin of the penis is loose and stretchy, which lets it change size when you have an erection.

Glans (head). The glans is the cone-shaped tip of the penis. A loose layer of skin (foreskin) covers the glans. Healthcare providers sometimes surgically remove the foreskin (circumcision).

In most people, the opening of the urethra is at the tip of the glans. The urethra transports pee and semen out of your body. Semen contains sperm. You expel (ejaculate) semen through the end of your penis when you reach sexual climax (orgasm).

When your penis is erect, your corpora cavernosa press against the part of your urethra where pee flows. This blocks your pee flow so that only semen ejaculates when you orgasm.

What is a normal size of the penis?

Studies suggest that the average penis is about 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) when flaccid (soft) and a little more than 5 inches (13 cm) when erect.

Scrotum

The scrotum is the loose, pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis. It holds the testicles (testes) as well as nerves and blood vessels.

The scrotum protects your testicles and provides a sort of "climate-control system." For normal sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature that's slightly cooler than body temperature (between 97 and 99 degrees Fahrenheit or 36 and 37 degrees Celsius). Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum let it contract (tighten) and relax. Your scrotum contracts to move your testicles closer to your body for warmth and protection. It relaxes away from your body to cool them.

Testicles

The testicles (testes) are oval-shaped organs that lie in your scrotum. They're about the size of two large olives. The spermatic cord holds the testicles in place and supplies them with blood. Most people AMAB have two testicles, on the left and right side of the scrotum. The testicles make testosterone and produce sperm. Within the testicles are coiled masses of tubes. These are the seminiferous tubules. The seminiferous tubules produce sperm cells through spermatogenesis.

Epididymis

The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the back of each testicle. It carries and stores the sperm cells that your testicles create. The epididymis also brings the sperm to maturity - the sperm that emerge from the testicles are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal, muscle contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens.

What are the internal parts of the male reproductive system?

There are several internal (accessory) organs in the male reproductive system. They include:

Vas deferens

The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, just behind the urinary bladder. The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.

Ejaculatory ducts

Each testicle has a vas deferens that joins with seminal vesicle ducts to form ejaculatory ducts. The ejaculatory ducts move through your prostate, where they collect fluid to add to semen. They empty into your urethra.

Urethra

The urethra is the tube that carries pee from your bladder outside of your body. If you have a penis, it also ejaculates semen when you reach orgasm.

Seminal vesicles

The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. Seminal vesicles make up to 80% of your ejaculatory fluid, including fructose. Fructose is an energy source for sperm and helps them move (motility).

Prostate gland

The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that rests below your bladder, in front of your rectum. The prostate adds additional fluid to ejaculate, which helps nourish sperm. The urethra runs through the center of the prostate gland.

Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands

The bulbourethral glands are pea-sized structures on the sides of your urethra, just below your prostate. They create a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. This fluid lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any acids that may remain from your pee.

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The male reproductive system consists of external and internal organs, including the penis and prostate. The system is responsible for sexual function and urination.

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17.3 Human organs and organ systems advanced. (2024). https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/17.3/

Markgraf, B. (2018, July 20). The respiratory & circulatory system in the human body. Sciencing. https://sciencing.com/respiratory-circulatory-system-human-body-6655803.html

Online Learning College. (2022, June 9). Organ Systems in Humans. Online Learning College.

Rohini Radhakrishnan, E. (2021, January 21). What are the three main functions of the endocrine system?. MedicineNet. https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_3_main_functions_of_the_endocrine_sys/article.htm

Libretexts. (2020, August 14). 5.1: Organs and systems of the human organism. Medicine LibreTexts. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Human_Anatomy_and_Physiology_Preparatory_Course_(Liachovitzky)/05:_Higher_Levels_of_Complexity-_Organs_and_Systems/5.01:_Organs_and_Systems_of_the_Human_Organism

Libretexts. (2020, August 14). 5.1: Organs and systems of the human organism.

Medicine LibreTexts. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Human_Anatomy_and_Physiology_Preparatory_Course_(Liachovitzky)/05:_Higher_Levels_of_Complexity-_Organs_and_Systems/5.01:_Organs_and_Systems_of_the_Human_Organism