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For our roller coaster we used 4 tubes which translated to 7.4 meters long. The time it took the marble to get from start to finish was 8.44 seconds.

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Potential energy is the energy that a roller coaster (or other object) can potentially have based on its position. When a coaster is going up a large hill, it is gaining its potential energy. The larger and higher the object is, the more potential energy it has because it has more potential to have more momentum and fall at a greater speed with a larger acceleraion. When it goes down hill, it looses its potential energy because it now has kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy takes the place of potenial energy when you start to fall down the hill that you were just riding up with your potential energy. Kinetic energy relies on the speed and mass of an object. The faster the object goes the more kinetic energy it has

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Friction is a force that resists the motion of an object. Friction results from
the close interaction between two surfaces that are sliding across each other.
When you slam on your brakes and your car skids to a stop with locked wheels, it
is the force of friction that brings it to a stop. Friction resists the car's
motion.

Friction affects roller coasters by slowing them down. It is also the reason why
each successive hill and loop in the course of the ride gets smaller. The
friction between the train and the roller coaster tracks, in addition to the
friction between the air and the train, take the energy out of the system. As
the energy in the system is depleted, the roller coaster begins to slow. If the
hills and loops weren't smaller and smaller, the train might run out of energy
before its reaches the terminal.

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Amusement park rides often produce sensations of weightlessness. These
sensations result when riders no longer feel an external force acting upon their
bodies. At the top of the tower of a free-fall ride, a 100-pound rider would
feel 100 pounds of force from the seat pushing as an external force upon her
body. The rider feels her normal weight yet as she falls from the tower, the
seat has fallen out from under her. She no longer feels the external force of
the seat and subsequently has a brief sensation of weightlessness. She has not
lost any weight, but feels as though she has because of the absence of the seat
force. In this context, weightlessness is a sensation and not an actual change
in weight.

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Momentum pertains to the quantity of motion that an object possesses. Any mass that is in motion has momentum. In fact, momentum depends on mass and velocity, or in other words, the amount of "stuff" that is moving, and how fast the "stuff" is moving. A train of roller coaster cars moving at a high speed has a lot of momentum. The building you are in, despite it's large mass, has no momentum because it is at rest. When an object has a fast momentum, it is harder to slow down and change directions.

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A "G" is a unit of acceleration equal to the acceleration caused by gravity.
Gravity causes free-falling objects on the Earth to change their speeds at rates
of about 10 m/s each second. That would be equivalent to a change in speed of 32
ft/s in each consecutive second. If an object is said to experience 3 g's of
acceleration, then the object is changing its speed at a rate of about 30 m/s
every second.

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Centripital Force: Motion along a curve or through a circle is always caused by a centripetal
force. This is a force that pushes an object in an inward direction. The moon
orbits the earth in a circular motion because a force of gravity pulls on the
moon in an inward direction toward the center of its orbit. In a roller coaster
loop, riders are pushed inwards toward the center of the loop by forces
resulting from the car seat (at the loop's bottom) and by gravity (at the loop's
top).

Centrifugal Force: Fictitious force, peculiar to circular motion, that is equal but opposite to the centripetal force that keeps a particle on a circular path. For example, a stone attached to a string and whirling in a horizontal circular path is accelerated toward the centre of its path by the tension in the string, the only force acting on the string. However, in a reference frame at rest with the stone, another force—the centrifugal force—must be introduced for Newton's laws of motion to apply. Centrifugal force is a useful concept in analyzing behaviour in rotating systems.

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Objects that are changing their speed or direction are said to be accelerating. The rate at which the speed or direction changes is referred to acceleration. Some ammusement park rides (such as roller coasters) are characterized by rapid changes in speed and or direction. These rides have large accelerations. Rides such as the carousel result in small accelerations; the speed and direction of the rides change slowly
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Our roller coaster, The Yacht Club Express

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Our roller coaster, The Yacht Club Express

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Our 1st  trial wasn't successful, but our 2nd was. We had 2 loops, a corkscrew and 2 twists around a chair.

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The unit energy is measured in is called a joule. This is the equation:

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A roller coaster is able to stay through many twists and turns throughout the track because the coaster is relying on the gravitational pull and kinetic energy to pull it through the turns when it doesn't have enough speed. The coaster also relies heavily on the momentum of potential energy it gains when it does have speed at the beginning, while using it's engine going up a large hill or a path to start.

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The first ever "roller coasters" were ice slides in Russia that were created in the 17th

century with about a 50 degree fall. These slides reached height of up to 70-80 feet

and were located in Saint Petersburg.

They have come a long way from ice slides. In 1847, the Mauch Chunk Gravity Railroad was constructed in Summit Hill, Pennsylvania.

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The tallest roller coaster in the world is "Kingda Ka" at Six Flags which a whopping 454 feet in the air in Jackson, New Jersey.

The fastest roller coaster in the world is the "Formula Rossa" in Ferrari World Park, United Arab Emirates.

The roller coaster with the largest steel drop is the "Kingda Ka" at Six Flags with a drop of 418 feet.

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Vertcal loop element.