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The people with neurodegenerative diseases are:

the eye movement

glaucoma that affects be the axonal transport disease

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Ana Sofia Quintero and Luciana Bocanegra

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Ana Sofia Quintero and Luciana Bocanegra

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As an extension of the CNS, the retina displays similarities to the brain and spinal cord in terms of anatomy, functionality, response to insult and immunology.

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The retina send to the brain and spinal cord in terms of response to immunology.

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as

an extension of the CNS; it consists of retinal ganglion cells, the axons of which form the optic nerve, whose

fibres are, in effect, CNS axons. The eye has unique physical structures and a local array of surface molecules

and cytokines, and is host to specialized immune responses similar to those in the brain and spinal cord.

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The retina is known as an extention of the CNS. The retina displays similarities to the brain and spinal cord.

Neurodegenerative disorders have manifestations in the retina so thats why the eye is consider a window to the brain.

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The retina is connected to the CNS with the optic nerve and the scientist call the eye the window to the brain because the eye transport the extern stimule and help to the brain to send the image.

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As an extencion of the CNS,the retina displays similarities by the spinal cord in terms of funcionality and in inmulogy

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It can effect the brain in general and the sipinal cord

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The retina is conected to the brain and the brain is conected whit the central nervous system

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The retina is conected to the brain and the brain is conected whit the central nervous system

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Becuase the eye is conected to the brain

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Becuase the eye is conected to the brain

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Juan Andrés Jiménez and Juan Andrés Real:

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Juan Andrés Jiménez and Juan Andrés Real:

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The retina is an extancion of CNS also displays by the spinal cord and the brain in the terms antomomy , funcionality and inmulogy

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As the estacion of the retina displais similaitis to the brain an spinalcord and in terms of a atoms functionality and response to insult and immulogic

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This affect to dysregulation of iron homeostasis and in the brain and in the spinal cord

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The parkinson disease (PD) causes changes in the eye: deterioration in visual acuity,disturbed color vision and this affect in vision because you can't see clearly and you see blurred the colors.

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The parkinson can affect the eyes with the deterioration of the eyes and the distributed of colors th doctors can help they with by a treatmen of levodopa

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The parkinson can affect the eyes with the deterioration of the eyes and the distributed of colors th doctors can help they with by a treatmen of levodopa

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Juan Salvador zabala lopez, Juan Sebastian Panche garcia

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Juan Salvador zabala lopez, Juan Sebastian Panche garcia

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Ceberal diseases that are unique to the eye display

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The retina is connected to the central nervous system by anatomy, functionality, response to insult and inmunology. The neurodegentive disordes have results and manifestations in the retina, that means the eye is a window to the brain

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When the brain is damage the retina is damage

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Juan Sebastian, Juan Salvador corrección 

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Juan Sebastian, Juan Salvador corrección 

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Eye disease as neurodegeneration

Beyond the fact that major brain diseases manifest within

the eye, several diseases that are unique to the eye display

characteristics of neurodegenerative disorders. Such

overlap is probably explained by the similarities between

the eye and the brain in terms of tissue structure and

interactions with the immune system.

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The Parkinson and the Alzehimer and can affect the vision of the person

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The Parkinson and the Alzehimer and can affect the vision of the person

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Therapies for eye and brain diseases

Given the various associations and similarities between

the eye and the brain, to test whether therapies that are

beneficial in brain disorders could alleviate diseases of

the eye (and vice versa) is tempting. Indeed, approaches

that reduce Aβ load and improve cognitive performance

in models of AD and, to some extent, patients,121–123

have proved successful in decreasing visual deficits

in mouse models of AMD124,125 and reducing RGC loss in

experimental glaucoma.87

Humanin, a brain-derived peptide that was originally

discovered in the occipital lobe of a patient with AD

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The parkinson disease (PD) causes changes of the eyes becouse the spinal cord is conected and deteriorate like you change the form of the eyes and the vision deteriorate and you don* t look the colours

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Glaucoma

It cause a irreversible vision loss is asociated to with RCG death

Begins with axonal degeneration and progressing with secondary degeneration

Glaucosa damage spreads to the central visual path. This damage includes degeneration in the brain.

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The parkinson disease (PD) causes deterioration in visual acuity,disturbed color vision and the doctors can use the retina to help to diagnose and detect the neurodegenerative diseases.

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The alzheimer disease the retina transgenic mice before they could be detected in the brains of these animals. As retina plaques were alsofound in the eyes.

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María Clara Buitrago and Isabella Cardozo

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María Clara Buitrago and Isabella Cardozo

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The retina is like a extension of the CNS, it displays similarities to the brain and spinal cords in terms of anatomy, functionality and immunology.

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María Clara Buitrago and Isabella Cardozo

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María Clara Buitrago and Isabella Cardozo

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In MS (multiple sclerosis), the patients loss 50% of their vision, and some degree of visual impairment develops along the course of disease in most cases.

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María Clara Buitrago and Isabella Cardozo

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María Clara Buitrago and Isabella Cardozo

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The PS (Parkinson disease), can effect in visual deterioration in the eyes, the doctors can help the patients with treatment of levodopa.

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The retina is in the back of the eye. It is made of nerve cells, just like the brain. It is part of the central nervous system (CNS).The retina connects to the brain through the optic nerve. This nerve sends signals from the eye to the brain. how we see.Doctors say the eye is a "window to the brain" because they can look at the retina using special tools and see signs of brain problems without surgery. If the retina looks different, it can show diseases like:Alzheimer’s Multiple sclerosis Diabetes By checking the eye, doctors can learn about the brain’s health.

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Two common changes in the eyes that can occur in people with neurodegenerative diseases are:

Retinal thinning or degeneration

Description: Diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's can lead to thinning of the retina, particularly in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell layer. Effect on vision: This can cause reduced visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and problems with peripheral vision. People may have difficulty recognizing faces, reading, or seeing in low-light conditions.

Optic nerve atrophy

Description: In conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and some forms of dementia, the optic nerve — which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain — can become damaged or atrophied. **Effect on vision

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How doctors use the retina to help diagnose it:

Doctors can use imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) to examine the retina. In people with Parkinson’s, certain layers of the retina have been found to be thinner, which may help detect the disease or track its progression. Since the retina is an extension of the brain, changes there can provide clues about neurological disorders even before motor symptoms appear.

Let me know if you want it simplified or more detailed!

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The retina displays similarities to the brain and the spinal cord, and it is conect with the brain with something called the '' optic nerve''.

And the eyes are called ''a window to the brain'' because you can identify neurodegenerative disorders just by looking her/his eyes. And you can recognize and identify the danger with a tool called '' fear''.

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The eyes have a change about irreversible vision loss.

Glaucoma damage spread within the central visual path-ways above the eye and the optic nerve. This affect the vision because of several and dangerous damage for the vision.

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Parkinson affect the eye with the deterioration of the eye, the doctors can help them applying a treatmen of the levodopa.

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Glaucoma causes permanent vision loss due to retinal cell death . it starts with axonal demage and spreads to the brain through the visual pathway

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Two affects of the eyes taht happens to the people with neurodegenerative diseases are:

– Glaucoma and age related macular degeneration.

The glaucomatous damage spreads within the central visual paths ways beyond the eye and the optic nerve. This damage includes trans synaptic degeneration in the brain, similar to that seen in AD and PD.

– In age related macular degeneration (AMD ), the leading cause of blindess among the elderly, AB ( beta amyloid) is found in drusen the extracellular deposits taht are characteristics of that disease.

Similar to its roles in AD , AB in drusen might contribute to AMD progession by mediating oxidative stress, uncotrolled inflamation and imbalanced angiogenesis.

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Stroke

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

its risk factors included retinal photo graphs to detect retinal microvascular changes in the

enrolled individuals.

that participants whose retinal photographs showed

lesions in the form of microaneurysms, retinal haemor rhages and soft exudates had a higher risk of developing

incident stroke over 3 years than did patients without

lesions.

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When you have anemia, your eyes become more palid and get a blue tone.

When you are diagnosed of conjunctivitis, your eyes become red and with an inflammation of the conjunctiva

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Juan Andrés Jiménez and Juan Andrés Real

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Juan Andrés Jiménez and Juan Andrés Real

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This afects the genes related to iron ,metabolims are involved in a series of neurodegenerative discoders that affect the brain and spinal cord, as well as the retina.

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Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the retina, in severe cases, leading to retinal detachment, resulting in blurred vision, dark spots or even blindness.

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Juan Andrés Jiménez and Juan Andrés Real

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Juan Andrés Jiménez and Juan Andrés Real

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Such deficits can manifest as deteroration in visual acuity, low sensitivity to contrast or distributed colour vision, and can lead to abnormal responses on electrophysiologic testing . The retinas of patients whit PD display swelling of photoreceptors and RGGs

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Two common eye changes with neurodegenerative diseases is that affect eye movement and rerinal degeneration and with this changes we can se a variety of visual impairments

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The parkison and other diseases can affect eyes deteriorating it and doctor can uses retina by performing teste like tomografia de coherencia optica

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We selected:Glaucoma,this affects by the axonal transport disease,it damage spreads by the central vissual path ways un the eye ir Is Beyond the eye.

Age related macular degeneration:it cause blindness ,uncontrolled inflammation in the eye and imbalanced angiogenesis,the protein helps to the pathology.

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Alzheimer disease:it has an annormal quantity of aB and p-tau in the brain,this acummulation caused a reduction in retinal plaque Burden in AB.The doctors can use

(OCT)process to do the tratement

.

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Multiple sclerosis: This disease affect the eye because the symptoms of optic neuritis and diplopia (double vision) followed by sever disability.

Also, visual deficits in MS also occur in patients without a diagnosis of optic neuritis. Measures of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity are decreased in such patients, and the retinal nerve fibre layer is thinner than in a healty person.

As the eye is an extension of the brain, to search for ocular manifestations of brain pathologies seems reasonable. Various ocular changes have been detected and characterized through ophthamological assessments in patientes with CNS disorders such as multiple sclerosis.

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the glucoma is a group of diseases that can damage the optic nerve of the eye, which can lead to vision loss and the parkinson that are Problems with eye movement, double vision, dry eyes, and in some cases, visual hallucinations

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through the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain for processing.

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Parkinson's affects the eye with decreased contrast sensitivity, blurred vision, problems with eye tracking, and double vision, but doctors can use the retina to help diagnose Parkinson's through imaging techniques and artificial intelligence analysis.

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Effect on the Eye: Diabetes can cause Diabetic Retinopathy, where high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to:

- Blood vessel leakage or blockage

- New, fragile blood vessel growth

- Swelling or edema

Diagnosis through the Retina: Doctors can use retinal exams to diagnose diabetic retinopathy. During a comprehensive eye exam:

- Dilated Eye Exam: Eye drops are used to dilate the pupils, allowing the doctor to examine the retina for signs of damage, such as hemorrhages, exudates, or new blood vessel growth.

- Retinal Imaging: Techniques like fundus photography or optical coherence tomography (OCT) can capture detailed images of the retina, helping doctors detect and monitor diabetic retinopathy.

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this influences genes connected to iron handling in the body which take part in several brain and nerve diseases that also affect the spinal corn and the eyes retina

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For example, the Glaucoma, that as it affects the axon the retina can help diagnose it

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Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the retina,in serevere casses leading

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Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a retinal imaging technique used to measure changes in RNFL thickness and macular volume, both of which are decreased in several neurodegenerative disorders, including MS.

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In glaucoma—a primary cause of irreversible vision loss associated with RGC death—the loss of RGC bodies is suggested to be preceded by axonal atrophy and deficits in axonal transport.

Ocular manifestations of CNS pathologies are not confined to neurodegenerative conditions. In primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), an extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 60–80% of patients are initially diagnosed with primary intraocular lymphoma, which presents with symptoms such as ‘floaters’ (deposits within the vitreous that cast shadows onto the retina, resulting in the appearance of spots, threads or fragments of cobwebs floating in the visual field), decreased vision, and ocular inflammation.