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476 AD: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

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476 AD: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

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The Western Roman Empire officially ended when the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed by the Germanic leader Odoacer. This marked the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe.

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481-511 AD: Creation of Frankish Kingdoms

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481-511 AD: Creation of Frankish Kingdoms

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Clovis I united the Frankish tribes and established the Merovingian dynasty. He converted to Christianity, setting a precedent for the close relationship between the Frankish kingdoms and the Catholic Church.

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Prophet Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina (the Hijra) marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar. This event launched the rapid spread of Islam across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe.

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Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire covering much of Western Europe. His campaigns included the forced conversion and massacre of Saxon pagans, particularly at the Massacre of Verden in 782.

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800 AD: Creation of the Holy Roman Empire

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800 AD: Creation of the Holy Roman Empire

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Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans, establishing the Holy Roman Empire. This created a new political entity that would influence European politics for centuries.

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William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, leading to the Norman Conquest of England. This battle fundamentally changed English society, language, and culture.

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1086 AD: Completion of the Domesday Book

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1086 AD: Completion of the Domesday Book

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William I ordered a comprehensive survey of England's lands and resources, creating the Domesday Book. This detailed census provided a remarkable snapshot of medieval English society.

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1088 AD: Founding of the University of Bologna

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1088 AD: Founding of the University of Bologna

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The University of Bologna, the oldest university in continuous operation, was established. It became a model for other universities and helped spark the intellectual renaissance of medieval Europe.

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Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont, launching two centuries of religious warfare between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land.

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King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta, limiting royal power and establishing the principle that everyone, including the king, was subject to the law.

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Under Genghis Khan and his successors, the Mongol Empire became the largest contiguous land empire in history, dramatically affecting civilization across Asia and Europe.

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The Ottoman Turks captured Bursa, making it their first capital. This marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire's rise to power in Asia Minor.

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The bubonic plague devastated Europe, killing an estimated one-third of the population. This pandemic led to massive social, economic, and religious changes throughout medieval society.

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The Ottomans captured Adrianople (modern Edirne), making it their new capital and establishing a strong foothold in Europe.

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The Council of Florence attempted to reunite the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches, though the union proved temporary and controversial.

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Mehmed II, who would later be known as 'the Conqueror,' began his reign. He would transform the Ottoman state into an empire through military conquest and administrative reforms.

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Mehmed II began the final siege of Constantinople, using revolutionary artillery to breach the city's ancient walls.

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Constantinople fell to the Ottoman forces, ending the Byzantine Empire and marking the end of the Middle Ages. The city was renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

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Following the First Crusade, a number of Crusader states were established including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Edessa, and the County of Tripoli. These states were integral in maintaining Christian rule over parts of the Holy Land.

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The Luttrell Psalter, an illuminated manuscript commissioned by Sir Geoffrey Luttrell, is noted for its detailed illustrations depicting rural life in medieval England. It provides a unique window into the culture and society of the time.

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Following the death of Muhammad, the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphs expanded the Islamic Empire significantly. Notable examples include the conquest of Persia, parts of the Byzantine Empire, and northern Africa, spreading Islamic culture and influence across a broad region.