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Democritus stipulated for the first time that everything in the world is made up of small particles surrounded by empty space and also proposed that they vary in size and shape depending on the substance that makes them up, he called the particles "atoms" the Greek adjective for "invisible".

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John Dalton challenged Aristotle's theory, He showed that common substances always break down into the same elements and in the same proportions, and concluded that various compounds were combinations of atoms of different elements, each of a specific size and mass that could not be created or destroyed.

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Joseph john Thomson discovered the electron, in his model of the atom called "chocolate cookie" he presented it as a sphere uniformly covered with negatively charged electrons.

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Ernest Rutherford know as the father of the nuclear age, studying the effects of x-rays on gases rutherford. decided to analyze atoms in more detail by shooting small alpha positive charge at a gold foil, in thomson's, model the positive charge dispersed by the atom was not enough to deflect the particles in one place, the effect created was similar to that of tennis balls piercing a thin paper screen. Although most particles passed through it, some bounced back, suggesting that the sheet was more like a thick, braided mesh, Rutherford concluded that atoms consisted largely of empty space with only a few electrons, Although most of its mass is concentrated in the center that he called nucleus, the alpha particles passed through the gaps, but the positively charged dense nucleus bounced them back.

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Another Thomson student named Niels Bohr expanded Rutherford's nuclear model, based on previous work by Max plank and Albert Einstein, he stipulated the electrons revolve around the nucleus at the same energy levels and distances and that they are capable of jumping from one level to another without any place between them, the Bohr planetary model drew attention but had some complications, it was shown that instead of being simple discrete particles, electrons behaved like waves and they weren't limited to a specific point in space.

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Werner Heisenberg showed that it was impossible to determine the exact position and speed of electrons as they move around an atom.