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Teach and learn with The Times: Resources for bringing the world into your classroom

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Interland is an adventure-packed online game that puts the key lessons of digital citizenship and safety into hands-on practice. Play your way to being Internet Awesome.

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Learn to Type | Type Better | Type Faster - Typing.com

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World's most popular free typing program! Typing.com's K-12 typing curriculum features touch typing, digital citizenship, coding lessons, and games.

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SparkNotes: Today's Most Popular Study Guides

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SparkNotes are the most helpful study guides around to literature, math, science, and more. Find sample tests, essay help, and translations of Shakespeare.

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https://mathantics.com/

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Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video. Here is a link to the video instead.

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https://www.coolmath.com/

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Cool Math - free online cool math lessons, cool math games & apps, fun math activities, pre-algebra, algebra, precalculus

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Cool Math has free online cool math lessons, cool math games and fun math activities. Really clear math lessons (pre-algebra, algebra, precalculus), cool math games, online graphing calculators, geometry art, fractals, polyhedra, parents and teachers areas too.

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This leveled reading library includes the ability to search for readings by theme, and some of the themes connect to HFLE/EDC topics (happiness, courage, community, justice freedom + equality, identity, loneliness, social pressure, etc.)

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Start next school year strong with the CommonLit Assessment Series. Unlock affordable benchmarks for your school. Get a quote today.
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CommonLit is a nonprofit that has everything teachers and schools need for top-notch literacy instruction: a full-year ELA curriculum, benchmark assessments, and formative data.

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CommonLit | CommonLit Library | Browse Content by Theme, Grade Level and More

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View the CommonLit collection and filter by grade level, theme, genre, literacy device and common core standard.

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Liveworksheets.com - Interactive worksheets maker for all

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Liveworksheets transforms your traditional printable worksheets into self-correcting interactive exercises that the students can do online and send to the

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https://edpuzzle.com/discover

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Easily create beautiful interactive video lessons for your students you can integrate right into your LMS. Track students' progress with hassle-free analytics as you flip your classroom!

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Mathematics Worksheets & Video Tutorials

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Mathematics Worksheets & Video Tutorials

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Math explained in easy language, plus puzzles, games, worksheets and an illustrated dictionary. For K-12 kids, teachers and parents.

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https://www.coe.int/en/web/edc/what-is-edc/hre

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Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education (EDC/HRE)

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"Education for democratic citizenship" means education, training, dissemination, information, practices and activities which aim, by equipping learners with knowledge, skills and understanding and moulding their attitudes and behaviour, to empower them to exercise and defend their democratic rights and responsibilities in society, to value diversity and to play an active part in democratic life, with a view to the promotion and protection of democracy and the rule of law.

"Human rights education" means education, training, dissemination, information, practices and activities which aim, by equipping learners with knowledge, skills and understanding and moulding their attitudes and behaviour, to empower them to contribute to the building and defence of a universal culture of human rights in society, with a view to the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms

Education for democratic citizenship and human rights education ( DG Democracy) are closely interrelated and mutually supportive. They differ in focus and scope rather than in goals and practices. Education for democratic citizenship focuses primarily on democratic rights and responsibilities and active participation, in relation to the civic, political, social, economic, legal and cultural spheres of society, while human rights education is concerned with the broader spectrum of human rights and fundamental freedoms in every aspect of people's lives.

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"Education for democratic citizenship " means education, training, dissemination, information, practices and activities which aim, by equipping learners with knowledge, skills and understanding and moulding their attitudes and behaviour, to empower them to exercise and defend their democratic rights and responsibilities in society, to value diversity and to play an active part in democratic life, with a view to the promotion and protection of democracy and the rule of law.

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Measurement conversion charts and converters for metric, imperial and United States Customary systems. Includes from everyday use to scientific calculators, thousands of units, definitions, abbreviations and formulas.

Besides the conversion calculators and conversion tables, you may also create your own conversion tables.

History of Measurement Systems

People have been measuring things for thousands of years.Ancient egyptians used fingers, hands and arms to measure things. One finger is a digit, 4 fingers a palm, distance between their elbow to the fingers is a cubit etc. All these units of measurement were based on something familiar to them such as their body parts but even the results varied from person to person. Almost all countries or cultures used different units of measurement and conversion of units within or between the same systems have become a problem. There was no agreed upon standard of measurement.

Imperial System:

Imperial system is derived from the old English units which evolved from the hundreds of Roman, Celtic and Anglo-Saxon units used in the history. English units have been used until 1824 and then the official imperial system was defined by the British Weights and Measures Act as the standard measurement system in Britain and in commonwealth countries. Within years, the units were refined and reduced. In 1965, the metric system was adopted but still several common units are being used in everyday life (foot, inch, mile etc).

US Customary System:

US Customary system is the measurement system used in United States and a few caribbean countries. It's derived from the old English measurement system similar to the imperial system but it was used in US before the imperial system was defined in 1824, that's why most of the measurement unit names are the same but the values might be sligtly different, especially for the weight and volume units. In 1832, it was officially accepted to be used by customs officials at US ports and missed the opportunity to adopt metric system (originated in 1790 in France) as early as the 19th century. Later, in 1893, many units were redefined in terms of meter and kilogram (imported from metric system) and redefined again in 1959 by the international yard and pound agreement between six nations (US, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa) so that the yard is redefined to be as exactly 0.9144 meter and the pound as exactly 0.45359237 kilogram. Metrication in US is not officially enforced unlike the other nations. US Customary units are commonly used in everyday life but for science, military and medicine, metric units are mostly used.

Metric System:

Metric system is a decimalized measurement system created in 1790 during the French revolution for the purpose of creating a measurement system for everybody. The base length unit was metre (definition was replaced later in 1983), the volume unit was litre (one thousandth of a cubic metre) and the unit of mass was kilogram (mass of one litre of water). The kilogram and metre prototypes were kept by French government until 1875. In 1875, Metre Convention (Treaty of the Metre) has been signed by the 17 countries for the purpose of administering the maintenance and the development of metric standards globally. Three international organizations were born. They are General Conference on Weights and Measures (decison making organization, meets in every 4-6 years to discuss the new developments on metric system), International Committee for Weights and Measures (18 high scientific standing individuals from member countries to advise on technical matters) and BIPM (International Bureau of Weights and Measures to ensure the uniformity of metric weights and measures around the world). After 1875, the prototypes are kept at the office of BIPM in France.

The unit names are based on adding prefixes "centi", "kilo' etc as decimal multipliers which makes metric system very easy compared to the other measurement systems since to convert between the units, all you have to do is multiplying by a decimal. For example, to calculate how many centimeters in a meter, all you have to do is multiply it by 100 since "centi" denotes a factor of one hundredth in metric system. In imperial or US Customary, to calculate how many inches in a mile, you must know how many inches in a foot, then how many feet in a mile and then multiply these two results to find your answer which is a kind of difficult for many people.

Here are the metric prefixes and their symbols:

SI - International System of Units:

Metric system was based on the metre and kilogram standards, but was not enough for all types of physics measurements, so 1960 SI (International System of Units) was born. It is an evolving measurement system which means the units are redefined as needed and new ones added. SI is the world's mostly used measurement system, adopted globally except United States, Burma and Liberia.

There are seven base units in SI system. They are metre for length, kilogram for mass, second for time, ampere for electric current, kelvin for temperature, candela for luminous intensity and mole for amount of substance. All the other units are based on these units and they are called derived units.

For more information about these measurement systems, check links

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Measurement conversion charts and converters for metric, imperial and United States Customary systems. Includes from everyday use to scientific calculators, thousands of units, definitions, abbreviations and formulas. Besides the conversion calculators and conversion tables, you may also create your own conversion tables.

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Online Courses - Learn Anything, On Your Schedule | Udemy

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Udemy is an online learning and teaching marketplace with over 185,000 courses and 49 million students. Learn programming, marketing, data science and more.

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The evidence is in the practice

ESSA Level 3 correlation evidence in math and ELA, earned by teachers running frequent formative assessments.

When teachers run 30+ formative questions a week, the research is clear: they get more data-driven, their students get more engaged. Wayground is built to make that practice enjoyable ot run, attainable to fit a class period, and habitual enough to last past September.

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Quizizz is now Wayground | Teacher AI and Resources

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Find standards-aligned resources that engage every student. Wayground (formerly Quizizz) helps teachers differentiate instruction with AI and track student progress.

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Factors Influencing Caribbean tourism (Social Studies CSEC Lecture series)

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Current Events Articles from St. Lucia Times

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Current Events Articles from St. Lucia Times

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st lucia news online, st lucia news, caribbean news, st lucia times

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Reliable, professional, and breaking news happening in Saint Lucia and around the world updated daily. St. Lucia Times - your online news today.

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Worksheets for teachers and students that fall under the Social Studies subject area."Social Studies" is a blanket term used to investigate what makes a culture, people, or country distinct from all of the others. It can incorporate economics, history, governmental structure, sociology, civics, religion, geography, anthropology, and much more. The following worksheets touch on these topics, introducing students to several different countries, but with a large focus on the United States. Short reading passages are accompanied by worksheets about each of the specific topics.

You will find a great number of worksheets that gauge reading skills. These worksheets are great for up and coming readers.

Get Free Social Studies Worksheets In Your Inbox!

Just slide your mouse down to see all of the topics to print.

Seen as one of the most influential American Presidents in History.

Home to the world's longest river, largest desert, and largest waterfall. This continent is big on many things.

February was chosen as Black History month so that it coincided with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln (pivotal to ending slavery) and Fredrick Douglass (prominent social reformer).

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Worksheets for teachers and students that fall under the Social Studies subject area."Social Studies" is a blanket term used to investigate what makes a culture, people, or country distinct from all of the others. It can incorporate economics, history, governmental structure, sociology, civics, religion, geography, anthropology, and much more.

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Graphing Tools

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Explore math with our beautiful, free online graphing calculator. Graph functions, plot points, visualize algebraic equations, add sliders, animate graphs, and more.

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Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video. Here is a link to the video instead.

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A required part of this site couldn’t load. This may be due to a browser extension, network issues, or browser settings. Please check your connection, disable any ad blockers, or try using a different browser.

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Students write letters to their future selves to show what type of society they envision for themselves among other things.

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FutureMe: Write a Letter to your Future Self

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Write a letter to the future and read the public (but anonymous) letters from others. FutureMe has been delivering letters to the future for millions of people since 2002.

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Ereading Worksheets provides teachers, parents, and motivated students with high-quality reading worksheets, activities, and resources aligned with Common Core State Standards. This website uses a skill focused approach where each activity targets a specific skill set, but you can also browse the reading worksheets by grade level.

The resources on this website cover a broad range of reading, writing, and language arts skills. And this site has a growing collection of online reading activities. Everything on here is free for home and classroom use. I am committed to expanding and improving the content on this site and making it easy to access for learners around the world. Subscribe now to receive emails about new content and big updates to this site.

Some Useful Pages

Reading Resources

Figurative Language Resources

Language Arts Resources

Writing Resources

This site is a labor of love. It has grown tremendously over the years, and I am still working diligently to continue to update and improve this website.

Send comments, questions, corrections, or feedback to mortonteaches@gmail.com or post in the comments below. I'm just one person, but I try my best to reply to vistors, meet requests, and offer help when I can. Thanks for visiting!

Still looking for something?
Search here.

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Ereading Worksheets provides teachers, parents, and motivated students with high-quality reading worksheets, activities, and resources aligned with Common Core State Standards . This website uses a skill focused approach where each activity targets a specific skill set, but you can also browse the reading worksheets by grade level.

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Hurricane | The Dr. Binocs Show | Educational Videos For Kids

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Puberty: What Is Doctor Confidentiality?

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Active Listening: How To Communicate Effectively

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Great for teaching Climate Change

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Causes and Effects of Climate Change | National Geographic

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Learning & Teaching Materials |

Health and family life education teacher training manual

The main goal of the manual is to provide teachers with the knowledge and competences to conduct HIV education lesson in the classroom at the primary and secondary level and to make available important resources for the lesson delivery.

Learning & Teaching Materials | 2009

Health and Family Life Education Teacher Training Manual

The main goal of the manual is to provide regional coordinators with materials to conduct teacher-training in the HFLE Common Curriculum on two unit themes: Self and Interpersonal Relationships (which incorporates violence prevention) and Sexuality and Sexual Health (which includes HIV/AIDS preve

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Saint Lucia | Health and Education Resource Centre

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ojpu8qj61_QZ5fZjVUpGX-_fseTxGlek/view?usp=drivesdk

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Get access to files anywhere through secure cloud storage and file backup for your photos, videos, files and more with Google Drive.

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Voki | Speaking Characters For Education

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The Be Internet Awesome curriculum gives educators the tools and methods they need to teach digital safety fundamentals. The materials developed by Google in partnership with iKeepSafe enable educators to bring the most critical teachings-and the excitement of Interland-into the classroom.

Included in the curriculum are lesson plans for the five topics, with activities and worksheets that were designed to complement Interland.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Align with ISTE Standards

Don't require any personal information or login

Can be used across devices

Are free for everyone

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We've created internet safety resources to make it easier for educators and students to incorporate and practice good digital habits in the classroom.

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Wordwall - Create better lessons quicker

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Need a fresh teaching resource that fits your class and teaching style? Create a customized pack of interactive and printable activities in just one minute.

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Video explaining the causes of water pollution

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Water pollution | What is water pollution ? | effects of Water pollution | How does water gets dirty

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Quiziz

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Youtube

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Kahoot! | Learning games | Make learning awesome!

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Kahoot! is a game-based learning platform that brings engagement and fun to 1+ billion players every year at school, at work, and at home.

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1. 1. For Mrs. Burkett's 1st Grade Math Class!

2. 2. Today class we are going to learn all about Shapes!!

3. 3. CIRCLE  Hi, I'm a circle! I am round and have no sides!  You can find me in many things like: dishes, clocks, coins, the moon when it is full, and in the Sun. I'm also the letter Oo.

4. 4. SQUARE  Hi, I'm a square! I have four sides!  You can find me in many different things like: a side of a box, a picture frame, piece of tile, and in your grandmothers quilt.

5. 5. RECTANGLE  Hi, I am a rectangle, I have 4 sides like a square.  Two of my sides are longer than the other two sides.  You can find me in many places like a door, area rug, ladders, fences, flags and an envelope.

6. 6. STAR  Hi, I'm a star! I have 10 sides.  You can find me in many places! There are 50 of me on the American Flag, billions of me in the night sky, I'm Patrick on SpongeBob Square pants, and

7. 7. TRIANGLE  Hi, I'm a triangle, I have 3 sides!  You can find me in many things like a slice of pizza, roof of a house, and in a protractor.

8. 8. OVAL  Hi, I'm an oval! I have no sides nor no end!  I am a long circle!  You can find me in many places like: I am the shape of jelly beans, and eggs.

9. 9. CRESCENT  I am a crescent!  I am mostly seen as part of the moons phases.  You can also find me in the arches of windows and doors.  You can find me in a bakery as a crescent roll.

10. 10.  Hi, I'm a heart! I'm a sign of love and I also live inside your body!  You usually can see me around Valentine's Day!

11. 11. HEXAGON  Hello, I'm a hexagon!  I have six sides.  I can be found on a very important sign called a STOP sign!

12. 12. 3D SHAPES We will now learn about shapes that are 3 dimensional! These shapes have length, width, and height!

13. 13. CUBE  Hi, I'm a cube!  I have 6 sides! Top, Bottom, Left, Right, Front and Back  You can find me in things like dice, blocks, boxes, safes and ice cubes.

14. 14. PYRAMID  Hi, I'm a pyramid  I'm a form of a triangle. I'm a shape with a square base (bottom) and 4 triangle-shaped sides.  I have 5 faces.  You can find me in many thing like on the dollar bill, and in a history lesson on Egypt.

15. 15. CYLINDER  Hello, I'm a cylinder!  I have a circle on my top and bottom.  You can find my shape in things like a pencil, can of food, a roll of coins, Mother's Oat's oatmeal container and a trash can.

16. 16. SPHERE  Hi, I'm a sphere!  I have no sides!  I am a Ball!  You can find me in things like: a orange that you eat, the solar planets, a globe, and balls that you play with at recess!

17. 17. CONE  Hi, I'm a Cone!  I have a flat bottom, and one curved side!  You can find my shape in objects like: Ice cream cone, party hats, and street cones.

18. 18. RECTANGULAR PRISM  Hi, I'm a rectangular prism.  I have six rectangular faces.  Examples of me include a tissue box, jewelry box, cereal box, microwave ovens, and refrigerator.

19. 19. WORKSHEETS THAT WE ARE GOING TO WORK ON  http://www.mathworksheetwizard.com/files/touch .html  http://www.mathworksheetwizard.com/files/matc hup.html  http://www.education.com/worksheet/article/matc hing-shapes/  http://www.superteacherworksheets.com/geometr y/solids-poly.pdf

20. 20. GAMES WE ARE GOING TO PLAY AS A CLASS  Bingo http://www.mathworksheetwizard.co m/files/bingo4x4.html  Spinner http://www.mathworksheetwizard.co m/files/spinner.html  Class Scavenger hunt  Shapes board Game http://www.mathworksheetwizard.co m/files/boardgame.html

21. 21. ART !  http://www.first- school.ws/t/ap/balloon_colors_shapes.htm  http://www.first-school.ws/t/housep.htm  Make a Shape Book! http://www.enchantedlearning.com/crafts/boo ks/shapes/

22. 22. BOOKS WE ARE GOING TO READ! 1. Shapes in Nature by Feldman, Judy 2. Mouse Shapes by Ellen Stoll Walsh 3. Greedy Triangle by Marilyn Burns

23. 23. Does anyone have any questions? Please Ask!

24. 24. Time for a Test!

25. 25. Thank you for paying attention and having FUN!

Read more Read less

1. 1. For Mrs. Burkett's 1st Grade Math Class!

2. 2. Today class we are going to learn all about Shapes!!

3. 3. CIRCLE  Hi, I'm a circle! I am round and have no sides!  You can find me in many things like: dishes, clocks, coins, the moon when it is full, and in the Sun. I'm also the letter Oo.

4. 4. SQUARE  Hi, I'm a square! I have four sides!  You can find me in many different things like: a side of a box, a picture frame, piece of tile, and in your grandmothers quilt.

5. 5. RECTANGLE  Hi, I am a rectangle, I have 4 sides like a square.  Two of my sides are longer than the other two sides.  You can find me in many places like a door, area rug, ladders, fences, flags and an envelope.

6. 6. STAR  Hi, I'm a star! I have 10 sides.  You can find me in many places! There are 50 of me on the American Flag, billions of me in the night sky, I'm Patrick on SpongeBob Square pants, and

7. 7. TRIANGLE  Hi, I'm a triangle, I have 3 sides!  You can find me in many things like a slice of pizza, roof of a house, and in a protractor.

8. 8. OVAL  Hi, I'm an oval! I have no sides nor no end!  I am a long circle!  You can find me in many places like: I am the shape of jelly beans, and eggs.

9. 9. CRESCENT  I am a crescent!  I am mostly seen as part of the moons phases.  You can also find me in the arches of windows and doors.  You can find me in a bakery as a crescent roll.

10. 10.  Hi, I'm a heart! I'm a sign of love and I also live inside your body!  You usually can see me around Valentine's Day!

11. 11. HEXAGON  Hello, I'm a hexagon!  I have six sides.  I can be found on a very important sign called a STOP sign!

12. 12. 3D SHAPES We will now learn about shapes that are 3 dimensional! These shapes have length, width, and height!

13. 13. CUBE  Hi, I'm a cube!  I have 6 sides! Top, Bottom, Left, Right, Front and Back  You can find me in things like dice, blocks, boxes, safes and ice cubes.

14. 14. PYRAMID  Hi, I'm a pyramid  I'm a form of a triangle. I'm a shape with a square base (bottom) and 4 triangle-shaped sides.  I have 5 faces.  You can find me in many thing like on the dollar bill, and in a history lesson on Egypt.

15. 15. CYLINDER  Hello, I'm a cylinder!  I have a circle on my top and bottom.  You can find my shape in things like a pencil, can of food, a roll of coins, Mother's Oat's oatmeal container and a trash can.

16. 16. SPHERE  Hi, I'm a sphere!  I have no sides!  I am a Ball!  You can find me in things like: a orange that you eat, the solar planets, a globe, and balls that you play with at recess!

17. 17. CONE  Hi, I'm a Cone!  I have a flat bottom, and one curved side!  You can find my shape in objects like: Ice cream cone, party hats, and street cones.

18. 18. RECTANGULAR PRISM  Hi, I'm a rectangular prism.  I have six rectangular faces.  Examples of me include a tissue box, jewelry box, cereal box, microwave ovens, and refrigerator.

19. 19. WORKSHEETS THAT WE ARE GOING TO WORK ON  http://www.mathworksheetwizard.com/files/touch .html  http://www.mathworksheetwizard.com/files/matc hup.html  http://www.education.com/worksheet/article/matc hing-shapes/  http://www.superteacherworksheets.com/geometr y/solids-poly.pdf

20. 20. GAMES WE ARE GOING TO PLAY AS A CLASS  Bingo http://www.mathworksheetwizard.co m/files/bingo4x4.html  Spinner http://www.mathworksheetwizard.co m/files/spinner.html  Class Scavenger hunt  Shapes board Game http://www.mathworksheetwizard.co m/files/boardgame.html

21. 21. ART !  http://www.first- school.ws/t/ap/balloon_colors_shapes.htm  http://www.first-school.ws/t/housep.htm  Make a Shape Book! http://www.enchantedlearning.com/crafts/boo ks/shapes/

22. 22. BOOKS WE ARE GOING TO READ! 1. Shapes in Nature by Feldman, Judy 2. Mouse Shapes by Ellen Stoll Walsh 3. Greedy Triangle by Marilyn Burns

23. 23. Does anyone have any questions? Please Ask!

24. 24. Time for a Test!

25. 25. Thank you for paying attention and having FUN!

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1. For Mrs. Burkett's 1st Grade Math Class! 2. Today class we are going to learn all about Shapes!! 3. CIRCLE  Hi, I'm a circle! I am round and have no sides!  You can find me in many things like: dishes, clocks, coins, the moon when it is full, and in the Sun.

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Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates.

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Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8

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Interactive algebra tiles to aid the use of manipulatives in the classroom.

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MathNook Math Games Fun free online cool math games.

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Mathnook offers the best cool math games for kids. Children learn math while playing fun online games. Free math games target a variety of math skills.

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P

Pre-K Pre-K

Counting objects, inside and outside, longer and shorter, letter names, rhyming words, and more.

K

K Kindergarten

Comparing numbers, names of shapes, consonant and vowel sounds, sight words, and more.

1

Grade 1 First grade

Adding and subtracting, tens and ones, telling time, categories, nouns, verb tense, time order, and more.

2

Grade 2 Second grade

Place-value models, contractions, irregular plurals, plants and animals, historical figures, and more.

3

Grade 3 Third grade

Multiplying and dividing, bar graphs, pronouns, possessives, weather and climate, geography, and more.

4

Grade 4 Fourth grade

Fractions and decimals, synonyms and antonyms, fossils and rock layers, government, and more.

5

Grade 5 Fifth grade

Multiplying fractions and decimals, idioms, prepositions, photosynthesis, molecules, economics, and more.

6

Grade 6 Sixth grade

Ratios and percentages, variable expressions, Greek and Latin roots, genetics, ancient history, and more.

7

Grade 7 Seventh grade

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Regional Integration-Major Stages

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1. 1. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX REGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL INTEGRATION THE MAJOR STAGES INTHE INTEGRATIONTHE MAJOR STAGES INTHE INTEGRATION MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

2. 2. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION  This presentation is designed to introduce the concept of regional integration, particularly as this relates to regional integration in the Caribbean.The presentation supports module #4, Regional Integration, which is a component of the Caribbean Secondary Examination Curriculum (CSEC) for Social Studies.  The main aim of this presentation is to develop a better understanding of why territories in a region form alliances for social, cultural, political, economic, and security reasons. It is also expected that a better understanding of why territories within the Caribbean region have formed alliances will be achieved.

3. 3. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES As a result of this presentation, you should be able to: Define regional integration and regionalism Provide examples of integration which have or currently exist globally and within the Caribbean Describe significant characteristics of these regional alliances Explain why sovereign states within a region integrate Assess the socioeconomic issues which may pose the greatest challenge to regional integration Value the social, political, cultural, and economic benefits of regional integration

4. 4. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHAT IS REGIONAL INTEGRATION?WHAT IS REGIONAL INTEGRATION?  Regional integration is the process by which countries enter into an agreement in order to enhance cooperation through institutions, policies and rules.  States within a region integrate for social, economic, cultural, political, security reasons.  There are numerous regional alliances in theWorld.

5. 5. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHAT IS REGIONALISM?WHAT IS REGIONALISM?  Regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that [associate with] that identity and [support] collective action within a geographical region  (http://www.massculturalcouncil.org/services/cultural_districts_glossary.asp)

6. 6. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX THE REASONS WHY COUNTRIES/TERRITORIESTHE REASONS WHY COUNTRIES/TERRITORIES INTEGRATEINTEGRATE Political Social/Cultural Economic Security

7. 7. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX REGIONAL ALLIANCES: GLOBALLYREGIONAL ALLIANCES: GLOBALLY

8. 8. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX REGIONAL ALLIANCES: GLOBALLYREGIONAL ALLIANCES: GLOBALLY ACTIVITYACTIVITY  Students will research ONE alliance found on the map (excluding CARICOM) and discuss the following:  How the alliance was formed (outline process of integration)  Reasons why the alliance was formed (provide a minimum of two reasons)

9. 9. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX INTEGRATION INTHEINTEGRATION INTHE CARIBBEANCARIBBEAN

10. 10. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX THE DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITYTHAT ISTHETHE DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITYTHAT ISTHE CARIBBEANCARIBBEAN

11. 11. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX THE DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITYTHAT ISTHETHE DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITYTHAT ISTHE CARIBBEANCARIBBEAN "Though our Community comprises countries that are all relatively small, both in terms of population and size, there is great diversity not only in those areas but also with regard to levels of economic and social development.All CARICOM states are considered developing countries" (CARICOM: Our Caribbean Community 2005, p.4).

12. 12. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX ACTIVITYACTIVITY  Look at the Map and Read the Quote again.  How are Caribbean countries different?  How are Caribbean countries similar?  Why might these differences and similarities be reasons for integrating?

13. 13. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX CARIBBEAN ALLIANCES PASTCARIBBEAN ALLIANCES PAST AND PRESENTAND PRESENT

14. 14. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX CARIBBEAN ALLIANCES PAST AND PRESENTCARIBBEAN ALLIANCES PAST AND PRESENT  TheWest Indies Federation  The Caribbean FreeTrade Association (CARIFTA)  TheWest Indies Associated States Council of Ministers (WISA)  Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)  The Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)

15. 15. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX OTHER CARIBBEAN ALLIANCESOTHER CARIBBEAN ALLIANCES  Association of Caribbean States (ACS)  Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA)

16. 16. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX REASONS FOR ALLIANCES INTHEREASONS FOR ALLIANCES INTHE CARIBBEAN: SOCIO-ECONOMICCARIBBEAN: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGESCHALLENGES

17. 17. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHAT IS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGE?WHAT IS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGE?  Socio-economic challenges are those issues and problems that have negative influence on the social and economic conditions of a country. For example, crime is an negative social problem which can have a negative impact on economic growth and development.

18. 18. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHAT ARE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGESTHATWHAT ARE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGESTHAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FACE?DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FACE?  Low levels of education and literacy  Cultural and religious tensions  Overpopulation  Unemployment  Poverty  Indebtedness  High Crime Rates  Poor Governance  Corruption

19. 19. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHAT ARETHE MAIN SOCIO-ECONOMICWHAT ARETHE MAIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES FACING CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES?CHALLENGES FACING CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES?  Level of economic development  Unemployment  High National Debts  Migration  Crime  Governance  Corruption

20. 20. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHICH SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGE(S) WOULDWHICH SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGE(S) WOULD BE A SIGNIFICANT IMPEDIMENT TO REGIONALBE A SIGNIFICANT IMPEDIMENT TO REGIONAL INTEGRATION?INTEGRATION?  Varying degrees of economic development  Varying unemployment rates  Varying degrees of national debt/ indebtedness

21. 21. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZQUIZ  Are you ready to test yourself?  There are five multiple choice items that you are required to do.  For each item, click on the letter of the correct response and then click the button 'NEXT QUESTION' to continue.  Click the BEGIN QUIZ button to start the quiz. 21 BEGIN QUIZ!BEGIN QUIZ!

22. 22. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: QUESTION 1QUIZ: QUESTION 1 1.What is regional integration? 22 A. Regional integration is the process by which countries come together to consider cooperation among political parties. B. Regional integration is the process by which countries come together to reduce cooperation through policies and rules. C. Regional integration is the process by which countries enter into an agreement in order to change institutions, policies and rules. D. Regional integration is the process by which countries enter into an agreement in order to enhance cooperation through institutions, policies and rules. Excellent!Excellent!Excellent!Excellent!

23. 23. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 1QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 1 What is regional integration? D. Regional integration is the process by which countries enter into an agreement in order to enhance cooperation through institutions, policies and rules. 23 NEXTNEXT

24. 24. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: QUESTION 2QUIZ: QUESTION 2 2.What does the term regionalism mean? 24 A. Regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose, and the creation and implementation of institutions that support that identity and collective action within a country. D. Regionalism is the expression of a no common identity and purpose, and the creation and implementation of institutions that support collective action within a geographical region. C. Regionalism is the expression of a limited sense of identity and purpose, the creation and implementation of institutions that support that identity and collective action within a geographical region. B. Regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose, and the creation and implementation of institutions that support that identity and collective action within a geographical region.. Good Work!Good Work!

25. 25. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 2QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 2 What does the term regionalism mean? B. Regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose, and the creation and implementation of institutions that support that identity and collective action within a geographical region. 25 NEXTNEXT

26. 26. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: QUESTION 3QUIZ: QUESTION 3 3. Countries in a geographical region will integrate for reasons related to: 26 A. Politics, Health, Economics, and Security D. Policy, Social/Culture, Economics, and Security B. Politics, Social/Culture, Entertainment, and Security C. Politics, Social/Culture, Economics, and Security GREAT!GREAT!

27. 27. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 3QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 3 Countries in a geographical region will integrate for reasons related to: C. Politics, Social/Culture, Economics, and Security 27 NEXTNEXT QUESTIONQUESTION

28. 28. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: QUESTION 4QUIZ: QUESTION 4 4.The full membership in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States comprises: 28 A. Antigua and Barbuda, The Dominican Republic, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. D. Antigua and Barbuda, The Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and Jamaica. C. Antigua , Barbados, The Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. B. Antigua and Barbuda, The Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Well Done!Well Done!

29. 29. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 4QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 4 The full membership in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States comprises : 29 NEXTNEXT QUESTIONQUESTION B. Antigua and Barbuda, The Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines.

30. 30. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: QUESTION 5QUIZ: QUESTION 5 5. Socio-economic challenges are: 30 B. Experienced only in developing states. D. Experienced in all countries, but may be more pronounced in Jamaica. C. Experienced in very few developing states. A. Experienced in all countries, but may be more pronounced in developing states. Superb!Superb!

31. 31. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 5QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 5 Socio-economic challenges are: 31 A. Experienced in all countries, but may be more pronounced in developing states. END OF QUIZEND OF QUIZ

32. 32. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX END OF QUIZEND OF QUIZ  You have reached the end of the quiz.  If you wish to review this lesson, go to the first slide.  If you have finished viewing the lesson, click the Close (X) button. 32

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Regional Integration-Major Stages

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX REGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL INTEGRATION THE MAJOR STAGES INTHE INTEGRATIONTHE MAJOR STAGES INTHE INTEGRATION MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

2. 2. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION  This presentation is designed to introduce the concept of regional integration, particularly as this relates to regional integration in the Caribbean.The presentation supports module #4, Regional Integration, which is a component of the Caribbean Secondary Examination Curriculum (CSEC) for Social Studies.  The main aim of this presentation is to develop a better understanding of why territories in a region form alliances for social, cultural, political, economic, and security reasons. It is also expected that a better understanding of why territories within the Caribbean region have formed alliances will be achieved.

3. 3. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES As a result of this presentation, you should be able to: Define regional integration and regionalism Provide examples of integration which have or currently exist globally and within the Caribbean Describe significant characteristics of these regional alliances Explain why sovereign states within a region integrate Assess the socioeconomic issues which may pose the greatest challenge to regional integration Value the social, political, cultural, and economic benefits of regional integration

4. 4. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHAT IS REGIONAL INTEGRATION?WHAT IS REGIONAL INTEGRATION?  Regional integration is the process by which countries enter into an agreement in order to enhance cooperation through institutions, policies and rules.  States within a region integrate for social, economic, cultural, political, security reasons.  There are numerous regional alliances in theWorld.

5. 5. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHAT IS REGIONALISM?WHAT IS REGIONALISM?  Regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that [associate with] that identity and [support] collective action within a geographical region  (http://www.massculturalcouncil.org/services/cultural_districts_glossary.asp)

6. 6. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX THE REASONS WHY COUNTRIES/TERRITORIESTHE REASONS WHY COUNTRIES/TERRITORIES INTEGRATEINTEGRATE Political Social/Cultural Economic Security

7. 7. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX REGIONAL ALLIANCES: GLOBALLYREGIONAL ALLIANCES: GLOBALLY

8. 8. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX REGIONAL ALLIANCES: GLOBALLYREGIONAL ALLIANCES: GLOBALLY ACTIVITYACTIVITY  Students will research ONE alliance found on the map (excluding CARICOM) and discuss the following:  How the alliance was formed (outline process of integration)  Reasons why the alliance was formed (provide a minimum of two reasons)

9. 9. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX INTEGRATION INTHEINTEGRATION INTHE CARIBBEANCARIBBEAN

10. 10. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX THE DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITYTHAT ISTHETHE DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITYTHAT ISTHE CARIBBEANCARIBBEAN

11. 11. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX THE DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITYTHAT ISTHETHE DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITYTHAT ISTHE CARIBBEANCARIBBEAN "Though our Community comprises countries that are all relatively small, both in terms of population and size, there is great diversity not only in those areas but also with regard to levels of economic and social development.All CARICOM states are considered developing countries" (CARICOM: Our Caribbean Community 2005, p.4).

12. 12. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX ACTIVITYACTIVITY  Look at the Map and Read the Quote again.  How are Caribbean countries different?  How are Caribbean countries similar?  Why might these differences and similarities be reasons for integrating?

13. 13. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX CARIBBEAN ALLIANCES PASTCARIBBEAN ALLIANCES PAST AND PRESENTAND PRESENT

14. 14. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX CARIBBEAN ALLIANCES PAST AND PRESENTCARIBBEAN ALLIANCES PAST AND PRESENT  TheWest Indies Federation  The Caribbean FreeTrade Association (CARIFTA)  TheWest Indies Associated States Council of Ministers (WISA)  Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)  The Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)

15. 15. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX OTHER CARIBBEAN ALLIANCESOTHER CARIBBEAN ALLIANCES  Association of Caribbean States (ACS)  Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA)

16. 16. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX REASONS FOR ALLIANCES INTHEREASONS FOR ALLIANCES INTHE CARIBBEAN: SOCIO-ECONOMICCARIBBEAN: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGESCHALLENGES

17. 17. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHAT IS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGE?WHAT IS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGE?  Socio-economic challenges are those issues and problems that have negative influence on the social and economic conditions of a country. For example, crime is an negative social problem which can have a negative impact on economic growth and development.

18. 18. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHAT ARE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGESTHATWHAT ARE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGESTHAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FACE?DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FACE?  Low levels of education and literacy  Cultural and religious tensions  Overpopulation  Unemployment  Poverty  Indebtedness  High Crime Rates  Poor Governance  Corruption

19. 19. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHAT ARETHE MAIN SOCIO-ECONOMICWHAT ARETHE MAIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES FACING CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES?CHALLENGES FACING CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES?  Level of economic development  Unemployment  High National Debts  Migration  Crime  Governance  Corruption

20. 20. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX WHICH SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGE(S) WOULDWHICH SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGE(S) WOULD BE A SIGNIFICANT IMPEDIMENT TO REGIONALBE A SIGNIFICANT IMPEDIMENT TO REGIONAL INTEGRATION?INTEGRATION?  Varying degrees of economic development  Varying unemployment rates  Varying degrees of national debt/ indebtedness

21. 21. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZQUIZ  Are you ready to test yourself?  There are five multiple choice items that you are required to do.  For each item, click on the letter of the correct response and then click the button 'NEXT QUESTION' to continue.  Click the BEGIN QUIZ button to start the quiz. 21 BEGIN QUIZ!BEGIN QUIZ!

22. 22. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: QUESTION 1QUIZ: QUESTION 1 1.What is regional integration? 22 A. Regional integration is the process by which countries come together to consider cooperation among political parties. B. Regional integration is the process by which countries come together to reduce cooperation through policies and rules. C. Regional integration is the process by which countries enter into an agreement in order to change institutions, policies and rules. D. Regional integration is the process by which countries enter into an agreement in order to enhance cooperation through institutions, policies and rules. Excellent!Excellent!Excellent!Excellent!

23. 23. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 1QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 1 What is regional integration? D. Regional integration is the process by which countries enter into an agreement in order to enhance cooperation through institutions, policies and rules. 23 NEXTNEXT

24. 24. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: QUESTION 2QUIZ: QUESTION 2 2.What does the term regionalism mean? 24 A. Regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose, and the creation and implementation of institutions that support that identity and collective action within a country. D. Regionalism is the expression of a no common identity and purpose, and the creation and implementation of institutions that support collective action within a geographical region. C. Regionalism is the expression of a limited sense of identity and purpose, the creation and implementation of institutions that support that identity and collective action within a geographical region. B. Regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose, and the creation and implementation of institutions that support that identity and collective action within a geographical region.. Good Work!Good Work!

25. 25. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 2QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 2 What does the term regionalism mean? B. Regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose, and the creation and implementation of institutions that support that identity and collective action within a geographical region. 25 NEXTNEXT

26. 26. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: QUESTION 3QUIZ: QUESTION 3 3. Countries in a geographical region will integrate for reasons related to: 26 A. Politics, Health, Economics, and Security D. Policy, Social/Culture, Economics, and Security B. Politics, Social/Culture, Entertainment, and Security C. Politics, Social/Culture, Economics, and Security GREAT!GREAT!

27. 27. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 3QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 3 Countries in a geographical region will integrate for reasons related to: C. Politics, Social/Culture, Economics, and Security 27 NEXTNEXT QUESTIONQUESTION

28. 28. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: QUESTION 4QUIZ: QUESTION 4 4.The full membership in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States comprises: 28 A. Antigua and Barbuda, The Dominican Republic, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. D. Antigua and Barbuda, The Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and Jamaica. C. Antigua , Barbados, The Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. B. Antigua and Barbuda, The Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Well Done!Well Done!

29. 29. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 4QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 4 The full membership in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States comprises : 29 NEXTNEXT QUESTIONQUESTION B. Antigua and Barbuda, The Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines.

30. 30. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: QUESTION 5QUIZ: QUESTION 5 5. Socio-economic challenges are: 30 B. Experienced only in developing states. D. Experienced in all countries, but may be more pronounced in Jamaica. C. Experienced in very few developing states. A. Experienced in all countries, but may be more pronounced in developing states. Superb!Superb!

31. 31. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 5QUIZ: FEEDBACKTO QUESTION 5 Socio-economic challenges are: 31 A. Experienced in all countries, but may be more pronounced in developing states. END OF QUIZEND OF QUIZ

32. 32. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX END OF QUIZEND OF QUIZ  You have reached the end of the quiz.  If you wish to review this lesson, go to the first slide.  If you have finished viewing the lesson, click the Close (X) button. 32

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Social Studies M4 Regional Integration-Major Stages

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Description Regional Integration-Major Stages Read more 1. OBJECTIVES Integration in the Caribbean Caribbean Alliances Past and Present Reasons for Alliances in the Caribbean What is Regional Integration? QUIZINTRODUCTION XXXX REGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL INTEGRATION THE MAJOR STAGES INTHE INTEGRATIONTHE MAJOR STAGES INTHE INTEGRATION MOVEMENTMOVEMENT 2.

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The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) Learning Hub is an e-learning platform that provides learners and instructors with a single access point to multiple resources geared towards exam success. It supports teaching, learning and assessment of the CXC suite of offerings including CPEA, CCSLC, CSEC, CVQ, CAPE and CXC-AD.

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Web-based app for making ebooks in the classroom. Teachers can get started for free and invite students to join their library. Add text, images, audio and video and easily publish your books online.

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Online Help for CXC CSEC Mathematics, Past Papers, Worksheets, Tutorials and Solutions

WELCOME TO CSEC MATH TUTOR. This site is intended to provide support to students sitting the CSEC Mathematics Examination.

To say the obvious, you must be willing to do the work if you expect to pass you examination and get a good grade. You cannot by wishing grant yourself a grade one or distinction. You just have to do the work and it will pay off in the end. I am often told by students that they just cannot study Mathematics. The fact is that you can indeed study Mathematics. There are several things that need to be studied, these include principles, definitions, formulae and procedures. Mathematics is after all a scientific discipline. The method has to be twofold, ﻿ you must first understand the principle and then move on to practice and not the other way around﻿ . It is far easier to understand the principles rather than swatting examples. So get the principles down and then practice a lot to develop competency,accuracy, speed and your reasoning skills. Best wishes as you continue to work hard

csecmathtutor team

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Online Help for CXC CSEC Mathematics, Past Papers, Worksheets, Tutorials and Solutions WELCOME TO CSEC MATH TUTOR. This site is intended to provide support to students sitting the CSEC Mathematics Examination. To say the obvious, you must be willing to do the work if you expect to pass you examination and get a good grade.

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Research Guides: Evaluating Sources: The CRAAP Test

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Use the resources in this guide to help you develop the critical evaluation skills to select the best books, journal ariticles, and web sites to support your research projects.

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Troubleshooting Common PC Issues for Users | How to Solve Common System Issues

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5. Local Area Network (LAN)

When the computers are fairly close to one another say, in a single office or two buildings that are separated by a road, they can be joined together either by cables or wireless means.

These computers then form a Local Area Network (LAN).

Once the computers are connected together into a LAN, many people (users) can share and use the same resources at the same time. They can share files, software, hard disks and peripherals such as a printer or CD-ROM. Users can also use the LAN to communicate with each other by e-mail. Data can be transmitted very quickly between networked computers.

To log onto a LAN, you usually need a user name and password. The user name identifies you to the file server so that it can 'serve' you the correct files. The password ensures that the user name really does belong to you.

Your school will probably be using a LAN network. Ask your teacher or the network technician.

Challenge see if you can find out one extra fact on this topic that we haven't already told you

Click on this link: Local Area Network

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Computer Science learning for school students

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If you want to teach or learn GCSE, Key Stage 3 and A level computer science then come over and have a look at what we have. We have tons of free material as well as professional schemes of work for teachers.

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Mobile Communication is the use of technology that allows us to communicate with others in different locations without the use of any physical connection (wires or cables). Mobile communication makes our life easier, and it saves time and effort.

A mobile phone (also called mobile cellular network, cell phone or hand phone) is an example of mobile communication (wireless communication). It is an electric device used for full duplex two way radio telecommunication over a cellular network of base stations known as cell site.

Features of Mobile Communication

The following are the features of mobile communication:

High capacity load balancing: Each wired or wireless infrastructure must incorporate high capacity load balancing.
High capacity load balancing means, when one access point is overloaded, the system will actively shift users from one access point to another depending on the capacity which is available.

Scalability: The growth in popularity of new wireless devices continuously increasing day by day. The wireless networks have the ability to start small if necessary, but expand in terms of coverage and capacity as needed - without having to overhaul or build an entirely new network.

Network management system: Now a day, wireless networks are much more complex and may consist of hundreds or even thousands of access points, firewalls, switches, managed power and various other components.
The wireless networks have a smarter way of managing the entire network from a centralized point.

Role based access control: Role based access control (RBAC) allows you to assign roles based on what, who, where, when and how a user or device is trying to access your network.
Once the end user or role of the devices is defined, access control policies or rules can be enforced.

Indoor as well as outdoor coverage options: It is important that your wireless system has the capability of adding indoor coverage as well as outdoor coverage.

Network access control: Network access control can also be called as mobile device registration. It is essential to have a secure registration.
Network access control (NAC) controls the role of the user and enforces policies. NAC can allow your users to register themselves to the network. It is a helpful feature that enhances the user experience.

Mobile device management: Suppose, many mobile devices are accessing your wireless network; now think about the thousands of applications are running on those mobile devices.
How do you plan on managing all of these devices and their applications, especially as devices come and go from your business?
Mobile device management can provide control of how you will manage access to programs and applications. Even you can remotely wipe the device if it is lost or stolen.

Roaming: You don't need to worry about dropped connections, slower speeds or any disruption in service as you move throughout your office or even from building to building wireless needs to be mobile first.
Roaming allows your end-users to successfully move from one access point to another without ever noticing a dip in a performance.
For example, allowing a student to check their mail as they walk from one class to the next.

Redundancy: The level or amount of redundancy your wireless system requires depends on your specific environment and needs.

For example: A hospital environment will need a higher level of redundancy than a coffee shop. However, at the end of the day, they both need to have a backup plan in place.

Proper Security means using the right firewall: The backbone of the system is your network firewall. With the right firewall in place you will be able to:

See and control both your applications and end users.

Create the right balance between security and performance.

Reduce the complexity with:

Antivirus protection.

Deep Packet Inspection (DPI)

Application filtering

Protect your network and end users against known and unknown threads including:

Zero- day.

Encrypted malware.

Ransomware.

Malicious botnets.

Switching: Basically, a network switch is the traffic cop of your wireless network which making sure that everyone and every device gets to where they need to go.
Switching is an essential part of every fast, secure wireless network for several reasons:

It helps the traffic on your network flow more efficiently.

It minimizes unnecessary traffic.

It creates a better user experience by ensuring your traffic is going to the right places.

Advantages of Mobile Communication

There are following advantages of mobile communication:

Flexibility: Wireless communication enables the people to communicate with each other regardless of location. There is no need to be in an office or some telephone booth in order to pass and receive messages.

Cost effectiveness: In wireless communication, there is no need of any physical infrastructure (Wires or cables) or maintenance practice. Hence, the cost is reduced.

Speed: Improvements can also be seen in speed. The network connectivity or the accessibility was much improved in accuracy and speed.

Accessibility: With the help of wireless technology easy accessibility to the remote areas is possible. For example, in rural areas, online education is now possible. Educators or students no longer need to travel to far-flung areas to teach their lessons.

Constant connectivity: Constant connectivity ensures that people can respond to emergencies relatively quickly. For example, a wireless device like mobile can ensure you a constant connectivity though you move from place to place or while you travel, whereas a wired landline can't.

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Mobile Communication Introduction - Javatpoint

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Mobile Communication Introduction with Mobile Communication Tutorial, Introduction, History of Wireless Commutation, Advantages of Wireless Commutation, communication, Applications, Vehicles, Wired Network, Mobile and Wireless devices, Satellite Systems, History of Satellite Systems etc.

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The internet is a vast interconnection of computer networks that comprises millions of computing devices. Desktop computers, mainframes, smartphones, tablets, GPS units, video game consoles, and smart devices all connect to the internet. No single organization owns or controls the internet.

The World Wide Web, or web for short, is the space where digital content is served to users of the internet. The web contains the most popular content on the internet and-most likely-much of the content that beginning internet users ever see.

For a beginner who strives to make sense of the internet and the World Wide Web, an understanding of basic terms is helpful.

Beginning and advanced internet users all access the web through web browser software, which is included on computers and mobile devices at the time of purchase. Other browsers can be downloaded from the internet.

A browser is a free software package or mobile app that displays web pages, graphics, and most online content. Popular web browsers include Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge, and Safari, but there are many others.

Browser software is specifically designed to convert HTML and XML computer code into human-readable documents.

Browsers display web pages. Each web page has a unique address called a URL.

A web page is what you see in a web browser when you are on the internet. Think of the web page as a page in a magazine. You may see text, photos, images, diagrams, links, advertisements, and more on any page you view.

Often, you click or tap on a specific area of a web page to expand the information or move to a related web page. Clicking a link-a snippet of text that appears in a color that is different from the rest of the text-takes you to a different web page. If you want to go back, use the arrows provided for that purpose in most browsers.

Uniform Resource Locators-URLs-are the web browser addresses of internet pages and files. With a URL, you can locate and bookmark specific pages and files in a web browser. URLs may be listed at the bottom of business cards, on TV screens during commercial breaks, linked in documents you read on the internet, or delivered by one of the internet search engines.

The format of a URL resembles this:

http://www.examplewebsite.com/mypage

This format is frequently shortened to this:

www.examplewebsite.com/mypage

Sometimes URLs are longer and more complicated, but all follow acknowledged rules for naming. URLs consist of three parts:

Protocol: The protocol is the portion ending in //:. Most web pages use the protocol http or https, but there are other protocols.

Host: The host or top-level domain, which frequently ends in .com, .net, .edu, or .org but can also end in one of many others that have been officially recognized.

Filename: The filename or page name.

HTTP and HTTPS

HTTP is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the data communication standard of web pages. When a web page has this prefix, the links, text, and pictures should work correctly in a web browser.

HTTPS is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. This indicates that the web page has a special layer of encryption added to hide your personal information and passwords from others. Whenever you log in to your online bank account or a shopping site that you enter credit card information into, look for https in the URL for security.

HTML and XML

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the programming language of web pages. HTML commands a web browser to display text and graphics in a specific fashion. Beginning internet users don't need to know HTML coding to enjoy the web pages the programming language delivers to browsers.

XML is eXtensible Markup Language, a cousin to HTML. XML focuses on cataloging and databasing the text content of a web page.

Your computer and every device that connects to the internet uses an Internet Protocol address for identification. In most cases, IP addresses are assigned automatically.

Beginners don't usually need to assign an IP address. An IP address can look something like this:

202.3.104.55

Or, like this:

21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A

Every computer, smartphone, and mobile device that accesses the internet is assigned an IP address for tracking purposes. It may be a permanently assigned IP address, or the IP address may change occasionally, but it is always a unique identifier.

Wherever you browse, whenever you send an email or instant message, and whenever you download a file, your IP address serves as the equivalent of an automobile license plate to enforce accountability and traceability.

You need an internet service provider (ISP) to get to the internet. You may access a free ISP at school, a library, or work, or you may pay for a private ISP at home. An ISP is the company or government organization that plugs you into the vast internet.

An ISP offers a variety of services for a variety of prices: web page access, email, web page hosting, and so on. Most ISPs provide various internet connection speeds for a monthly fee. You may choose to pay more for a higher-speed internet connection if you like to stream movies or select a less expensive package if you use the internet mostly for light browsing and email.

A router or router-modem combination is the hardware device that acts as the traffic cop for network signals arriving at your home or business from your ISP. A router can be wired or wireless or both.

A router provides a defense against hackers and directs content to the specific computer, device, streaming device, or printer that should receive it.

Often your ISP provides the network router it prefers for your internet service. When it does, the router is configured appropriately. If you choose to use a different router, you may need to enter information into it.

Email is electronic mail. It is the sending and receiving of typewritten messages from one screen to another. Email is usually handled by a webmail service-Gmail or Yahoo Mail, for example-or an installed software package such as Microsoft Outlook or Apple Mail.

Beginners start by creating one email address that they give to their family members and friends. However, you aren't limited to one address or email service. You may choose to add other email addresses for online shopping, business, or social networking purposes.

Email Spam and Filters

Spam is the jargon name of unwanted and unsolicited email. Spam email comes in two main categories: high-volume advertising, which is annoying, and hackers attempting to lure you into divulging your passwords, which is dangerous.

Filtering is the popular, but imperfect, defense against spam. Filtering is included in many email clients. Filtering uses software that reads incoming emails for keyword combinations and then either deletes or quarantines messages that appear to be spam. Look for a spam or junk folder in your mailbox to see your quarantined or filtered email.

To protect yourself against hackers who want your personal information, be suspicious. Your bank won't email you and ask for your password. The fellow in Nigeria doesn't need your bank account number. Amazon isn't handing you a free $50 gift certificate. Anything that sounds too good to be true probably isn't true. If you are unsure, do not click any links in the email and contact the sender (your bank or whomever) separately for validation.

Social Media

Social media is the broad term for any online tool that enables users to interact with thousands of other users. Facebook and Twitter are among the largest social networking sites. LinkedIn is a combination of a social and professional site. Other popular sites include YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest, Snapchat, Tumblr, and Reddit.

Social media sites offer free accounts to everyone. When selecting the ones that interest you, ask your friends and family which ones they belong to. That way, you can join a group where you know people.

As with all things internet-related, protect your personal information when you sign up for sites. Most of them offer a privacy section where you can choose what to reveal to other users of the website.

E-commerce is electronic commerce-the transactions of selling and buying online. Every day, billions of dollars exchange hands through the internet and the World Wide Web.

Internet shopping has exploded in popularity with internet users, to the detriment of traditional brick-and-mortar stores and malls. Every well-known retailer has a website that showcases and sells its products. Joining them are dozens of small sites that sell products and enormous sites that sell just about everything.

E-commerce works because reasonable privacy can be assured through HTTPS secure web pages that encrypt personal information and because reliable businesses value the internet as a transaction medium and make the process simple and safe.

Encryption and Authentication

Encryption is the mathematical scrambling of data so that it is hidden from eavesdroppers. Encryption uses complex math formulas to turn private data into meaningless gobbledygook that only trusted readers can unscramble.

Encryption is the basis for how we use the internet as a pipeline to conduct trusted business, like online banking and online credit card purchasing. When reliable encryption is in place, banking information and credit card numbers are kept private.

Authentication is directly related to encryption. Authentication is the complex way that computer systems verify that you are who you say you are.

Downloading

Downloading is a broad term that describes transferring something you find on the internet or the World Wide Web to your computer or another device. Commonly, downloading is associated with songs, music, and software files. For example, you might want to download a new musical ringtone for your smartphone or download a trial copy of Microsoft Office.

The larger the file you are copying, the longer the download takes to transfer to your computer. Some downloads take seconds; some take minutes or longer, depending on your internet speed.

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing began as a term to describe software that was online and borrowed, instead of purchased and installed on a computer. Web-based email is one example of cloud computing. The user's email is stored and accessed in the cloud of the internet.

The cloud is the modern version of the 1970s mainframe computing model. As part of the cloud computing model, software as a service is a business model that assumes people would rather rent software than own it. With their web browsers, users access the cloud on the internet and log in to their online rented copies of their cloud-based software.

Increasingly, services offer cloud storage of files to facilitate the ability to access files from more than one device. It is possible to save files, photos, and images in the cloud and then access those files from a laptop, smartphone, tablet, or another device. Cloud computing makes collaboration among individuals on the same files in the cloud possible.

Firewall is a generic term to describe a barrier against destruction. In the case of computing, a firewall consists of software or hardware that protects a computer from hackers and viruses.

Computing firewalls range from small anti-virus software packages to complex and expensive software and hardware solutions. ​ Some firewalls are free. Many computers ship with a firewall you can activate. All computer firewalls offer some kind of safeguard against hackers vandalizing or taking over a computer system.

Malware is a broad term that describes any malicious software designed by hackers. Malware includes viruses, Trojans, keyloggers, zombie programs, and other software that seeks to do one of four things:

Vandalize your computer in some way.

Steal your private information.

Take remote control of your computer (zombie your computer) for other ends.

Manipulate you into purchasing something.

Malware programs are the time bombs and wicked minions of dishonest programmers. Protect yourself with a firewall and knowledge of how to prevent these programs from reaching your computer.

A Trojan is a special kind of hacker program that relies on the user to welcome it and activate it. Named after the famous Trojan horse tale, Trojan programs masquerade as legitimate files or software programs.

Sometimes, it is an innocent-looking movie file or an installer that pretends to be actual anti-hacker software. The power of the Trojan attack comes from users naively downloading and running the Trojan file.

Phishing is the use of convincing-looking emails and web pages to lure you into typing your account numbers and passwords or PINs. Often in the form of fake PayPal warning messages or phony bank login screens, phishing attacks can be convincing to anyone who is not trained to watch for the subtle clues.

As a rule, smart users-beginners and long-time users alike-should distrust any email link that says, "You should log in and confirm this."

A blog is a modern online writer's column. Amateur and professional writers publish blogs on all kinds of topics: their hobby interests in paintball and tennis, their opinions on health care, their commentaries on celebrity gossip, photoblogs of favorite pictures, or tech tips on using Microsoft Office. Absolutely anyone can start a blog.

Blogs are usually arranged chronologically and with less formality than a website. Many blogs accept and respond to comments. Blogs vary in quality from amateurish to professional. Some savvy bloggers earn reasonable incomes by selling advertising on their blog pages.

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The internet is a vast interconnection of computer networks that comprises millions of computing devices. Desktop computers, mainframes, smartphones, tablets, GPS units, video game consoles, and smart devices all connect to the internet. No single organization owns or controls the internet.

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Verification and validation are the two activities/phases that together lead to the whole software testing. In this article, we will study the key difference between verification and validation.

Verification vs Validation

Verification

Validation

Verification is the process of evaluating the artifacts of software development in order to ensure that the product being developed will comply to the standards.

Validation is the process of validating that the developed software product conforms to the specified business requirements.

It is a static process of analysing the documents and not the actual end product.

It involves dynamic testing of a software product by running it.

Verification is a process oriented approach.

Validation is a product-oriented approach.

Answers the question - "Are we building the product right?"

Answers the question - "Are we building the right product?"

Errors found during verification require lesser cost/resources to get fixed as compared to be found during the validation phase.

Errors found during validation require more cost/resources. Later the error is discovered higher is the cost to fix it.

It involves activities like document review, test case review, walk-throughs, inspection etc.

It involves activities like functional testing, automation testing etc.

More Difference Between

With this, we have come to the end of this article on Verification vs Validation. If you have any questions, please ask in the comment section. Also, check out the complete software testing tutorial below.
Software Testing - Complete Tutorial

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Difference between Verification and Validation - ArtOfTesting

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Verification and validation are the two activities/phases that together lead to the whole software testing. In this article, we will study the key difference between verification and validation.

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Common Sense Education provides educators and students with the resources they need to harness the power of technology for learning and life. Find a free K-12 Digital Citizenship curriculum, reviews of popular EdTech apps, and resources for protecting student privacy.

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Literary terms refer to the technique, style, and formatting used by writers and speakers to masterfully emphasize, embellish, or strengthen their compositions. Literary terms can refer to playful techniques employed by comedians to make us laugh or witty tricks wordsmiths use to coin new words or phrases. They can also include the tools of persuasion that writers use to convince and drive audiences to action. With their carefully crafted speeches geared towards both logical and emotional thinking, they challenge our everyday modes of thinking.

Literary terms also include powerful figurative language that writers use to summon emotion ranging from guilt to anger to bliss, and to allow us to see the world in new and magical ways. Words can be arranged to give poems, songs, and prose alike, rhythm and musicality. They can animate a story with such wealth of detail, character development, and action that as readers, we are taken by a story, and feel as if the people on the page are real. Literary terms have a wide range of application, from the poet's beauty, to the speaker's persuasion, to the novelist's story development.

The importance of Literary Terms

Literary terms are important in a wide variety of ways. They allow writers and speakers to make comments on society, politics, and trends. Rhetorical devices can be used to strengthen arguments which persuade and convince audiences. Poetic figurative language can summon emotions and visions of nature and the world in unique and compelling ways. Literary terms have the power to create serious, comedic, or whimsical moods via tools of persuasion, poeticism, and wordplay.

When to use Literary Terms

This depends. The variety of uses for literary terms spans across genres and is remarkably wide-ranging based on the goals or needs of the writer. Below we have categorized this vast subject.

Categories

1. Persuasion

One of the most difficult tasks in the world is making people change their minds. Most of us are stubborn in our thinking and stick to our guns when it comes to views on morality, politics, and our own personal lives. For a rhetorician or speechwriter, writing and speaking in a convincing and persuasive manner is a profession, one which utilizes numerous tools of the trade to appeal to an audience. The power of persuasion can gain voters for a politician, convince people to take action for a cause, or get you a raise at your job. With appeals to both pure logic and powerful emotion, persuasion is an art that has been employed for centuries.

The importance of Persuasion

Persuasion is an extremely powerful tool, as gaining the hearts and minds of an audience means gaining their support and action. Persuasion empowers the writer to change the mind of the audience and to compel the audience to take action in a certain way.

When to use Persuasion

Persuasive tools are utilized by politicians, professional speakers, speechwriters, journalists, and poetry and prose writers. Persuasion should be used when convincing others is the goal in mind. In a piece which is supposed to be objective or unbiased such as a journalistic report, tools of persuasion should be avoided.

Common Terms

Satire refers to a play, novel, poem, film or other composition which uses comedy, irony, mockery, and exaggeration to criticize the absurdity or weaknesses of a certain person, institution, or situation. Often, satire utilizes comedy for more serious means, such as political and social commentary.

For an example of satire, see Jon Stewart's The Daily Show which regularly satirizes news media:

Rhetorical Questions

A rhetorical question is a question asked in a form which does not in reality seek an answer but rather emphasizes a certain point. We often use rhetorical questions in everyday conversation as well as in speeches. Here are a few examples of rhetorical questions:

Why would anyone do such a thing?

How much longer will we allow such injustices to exist?

Are you kidding me?

2. Figurative Language

For centuries, poets and laypeople alike have used beautiful language to celebrate nature, compliment lovers, and launch the mundane into the mystical. Figurative language is writing which appeals to the senses. Rather than operating on logic or literalness, figurative language makes unique connections based on connotation, sound, and construction of words and phrases.

The importance of Figurative Language

Figurative language creates connections between unlike things which have never been considered before. It encourages complicated, creative, and poetic thought processes which give rise to beautiful, strange, and unique conceptions. Figurative language allows writers to transcend logical and typical bounds of thinking in order to present things in a new and meaningful way.

When to use Figurative Language

Figurative language is a chief component of poetic language as used in prose, poetry, speeches, and songs. Because figurative language is not literal, it should not be used in compositions which are meant to be taken literally, such as scientific and mathematic manuals or textbooks.

Common Terms

A metaphor is a direct and vivid comparison between two things usually considered distinct or unrelated. Metaphors discover the connections between unique things and emphasize their similarities poetically without being taken literally. Here are a few examples of metaphor:

Her smile is the sun.

He's a black sheep.

All the world's a stage.

Hyperbole is a remarkably exaggerated statement or idea meant to be taken figuratively rather than literally. Hyperbole exaggerates certain elements of ideas or things for comedic or dramatic effects. Here are a few examples of hyperbole:

I'm so hungry I could eat a horse!

That was the best performance I've ever seen in my entire life.

I'd kill for a glass of Coca-Cola.

3. Plot and Character Devices

A story is not a story without a plot and characters. Things must happen, and they must happen to interesting people who are flawed, capable of change, and active in their world. Plots are not always simple or linear, though, and characters are elements of a story which may be built, developed, and complicated. Novelists, poets, journalists, filmmakers, and others use numerous elements in making a compelling, interesting, and believable story.

The importance of Plot and Character Devices

Plot and character devices reveal how complicated compositions can be with a variety of necessary elements that piece the story together. Stories in any form require a variety of plot and character devices to shape their development and supply their meaning.

When to use Plot and Character Devices

Plot and character devices are elements of the story which could be told in many forms including poetry, prose, playwriting, song, television, film, and others. Devices used in Greek tragedies and in Shakespeare's classics are still in use by novelists, story writers, poets, and playwrights today.

Common Terms

A flashback is a moment in which the linear story is interrupted and launched to an event that occurred in the past. Flashbacks are used to provide more information about the present and to further develop plots and characters in a way that is more interesting and complicated than a simple chronological plot. Here is an example of flashback:
A man is shopping when he sees a woman at the end of the aisle. The story flashes back, showing that he previously had a relationship with her, a relationship that ended badly. He swiftly turns around and enters a different aisle, avoiding her sight.
This flashback shows us that the woman in the store is important to the man, as she was an important person in his past.

Climax is one of the most important and necessary elements of a story's plot, as all drama that has been developing over the course of the story reaches a breaking point when something or someone must change. This is the most dramatic, meaningful, and suspenseful moment in the story. Here is an example of the climax in a story:
A boy has been shipwrecked and has struggled to survive on a desert island. When a plane flies over him, he is prepared with a large fire burning. The plane circles back and lands on the island, where he is at last rescued.
The climax of this story occurs when the boy's suffering and struggling end with his rescue.

4. Sound and Rhythm

The way we word things can create rhythm, musicality, and poetry for the reader or listener. Poetry in particular operates on syllable counts, arrangement of lines, usage of certain hard or soft sounds, and pattern-making with rhyme and other devices. Soft s sounds can create calm and smoothness, whereas hard k sounds create chaos and harshness. A variety of sound and rhythm devices take advantage of connotative noises and the feelings they evoke in the audience. Sound and rhythm create powerful poetry, prose, speeches, and songs.

The importance of Sound and Rhythm

Sound and rhythm appeal to us just as naturally as heartbeats, rain on the roof, and the shuffle of feet on the sidewalk do. Rhythm provides soothing and meaningful repetition and emphasis in prose and poetry. Sound, on the other hand, is connotative of numerous feelings from anger to sadness based on arrangement of vowel and consonant sounds.

When to use Sound and Rhythm

Sound and rhythm can be used in all compositions from poetry and song to prose and speechmaking to film and television dialogue. Poetic emphasis on sound and rhythm is typically artistic, so it should not be emphasized in more serious and logical compositions such as formal essays or textbooks.

Common Terms

Alliteration

Alliteration is the repetition of a certain sound at the beginning of successive words or phrases. Alliteration is used to create rhythm through repetition and to evoke emotion through connotations attached to certain sounds. Here are a few examples of alliteration:

Sarah swam smoothly and silently across the sound.

Kathy creates crazy and chaotic chants.

Bret brought bundles of bread to the bakery.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia refers to words which sound like that which they describe. Onomatopoeia creates a vivid reading experience, as words are automatic forms of sound imagery. Here are a few examples of onomatopoeia:

The explosion erupted with a boom!

The horses clip-clopped across the street.

Fall leaves rustled in the whistling

5. Wordplay

Have you ever heard someone describe a phrase as "punny"? Punny is a blend word, or portmanteau, which combines "pun" and "funny" to describe a funny pun. This is an act of wordplay: rearranging a word in a creative way to change, emphasize, or mock its meaning. Wordplay is a creative act which allows writers and readers to flex their thinking muscles. Wordplay has been employed by greats like Shakespeare to create entirely new words, modern poets to hide interesting messages, and quirky comedians to show off witty thinking.

The importance of Wordplay

Much of poetry and comedy makes use of wordplay to emphasize beauty, intelligence, and wit. It is also a way for wordsmiths to sharpen their creative-thinking in crafting words in new and unique ways. Wordplay serves as proof that literature is evolving, as new words are invented each year. Readers and writers alike value wit and comedy in poetry, prose, and other forms.

When to use Wordplay

Wordplay is primarily a playful and creative technique which is used by poets, playwrights, novels, short story writers, and children's writers in lighthearted and imaginative compositions. Wordplay can also be used in creating new words serious and silly alike. Because wordplay is creative and new, it should not be used in formal essays or manuals with a pre-designated lexicon.

Common Terms

Neologisms are literally new words, or words recently created in order to describe something which has never been described.

For example, a recent neologism is "spork," meaning a combined spoon and fork.

Anagrams are a type of wordplay in which the letters of a word or phrase are rearranged to create a new word or phrase containing the exact same letters.

For example, an anagram of the word "anagram" would be "nag a ram!"

6. Errors to Avoid

Although it is important to be aware of useful devices at your disposal, it is also important to be aware of potential mistakes you may be making. Just as there are terms for correct usage of literary devices, there are terms for incorrect usage as well. These are the errors you should work to avoid in your writing.

Common Terms
Malapropism
Malapropism is when a word is used incorrectly, often in place of one that sounds similar to the correct one. Here are a few common examples of malapropisms:

"Supposively" instead of "supposedly"

"For all intensive purposes" instead of "for all intents and purposes"

"Fortuitously" instead of "fortunately"

A cliché is an overused saying or idea which has lost its original meaning or power. Clichés are to be avoided because they are trite and shallow. Here are a few common examples of clichés:

Time heals all wounds

What goes around comes around

Every cloud has a silver lining

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Literary Terms: Definition and Examples of Literary Terms

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Literary terms refer to the technique, style, and formatting used by writers and speakers to masterfully emphasize, embellish, or strengthen their compositions

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