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- Columbus reached the Bahamas on October 12, 1492.
- In his following voyages, he explored Puerto Rico, the Caribbean, South America and Central America.
- He established the first Spanish settlement on Hispaniola island (now known as Santo Domingo)

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Other countries explored the New World (late 16h, early 17th century)

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Other countries explored the New World (late 16h, early 17th century)

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- The French also reached the New World and claimed a large part of what is now Canada. The Dutch, skilled at seafaring and trading, discovered Delaware Bay and founded a region called the New Netherlands (now New York). Both the French and the Dutch traded furs with the Native Americans.
- In 1608, the English established the Jamestown colony in current days Virginia, which specialized in tobacco crop and export.

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- Due to several reasons (religious freedom, economic, etc.), people in England migrated to the New World and settled on the East Coast region.
- Through time, they established 13 colonies along the East Coast. The English took New Netherlands from the Dutch and renamed in New York.
- These colonies are under the control of James I, the King of England.

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Colonies' growth, Slavery, Territory War (18th century)

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Colonies' growth, Slavery, Territory War (18th century)

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- By 1750, more than 1 million people lived in New England's 13 colonies.
- The colonies started buying slaves from Africa.
- The establishment of the Triangular Trade.
- Several fights among the European countries and the Native American tribes over territory. After winning the French and Indian War, through the Treaty of Paris (1763), Britain acquired all French territory east of the Mississippi River and French Canada.

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- Winning the French and Indian War, yet Britain was in debt. The British government decided to collect high taxes from the American colonies to pay off their debts. The colonies were frustrated with these taxes.
- The Sons of Liberty, Boston Tea Party, and Boston Massacre
- Battles: The British Army vs the Continental Army (early known as the Minute Men) led by George Washington.
- The colonies won after 8 years of war.
- Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
- George Washington became the first President of the United States.
- U.S. Constitution (September 17, 1787)

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Unit 1 - Louisiana Purchase (1803) under President Jefferson expanded the territory

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Unit 1 - Louisiana Purchase (1803) under President Jefferson expanded the territory

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- The U.S. did not have access to the Mississippi River (controlled by Spain) -> they wanted it!
- The United States had signed an agreement called Pinckney's Treaty with Spain in 1795. Under this agreement, Spain allowed US ships to sail on the Mississippi and to New Orleans. But in 1800, Spain made a secret agreement to transfer its land in the trans-Mississippi West to France. As part of the deal, France would gain control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans.
- In 1802, just before handing their territories to France, Spain blocked US access to New Orleans. This move stopped shipping to US cities on the East Coast.
- In 1802, Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to negotiate a deal with France. In the end, France agreed to sell all of the Louisiana Territory, including the Mississippi River, to the United States for $15 million (France was at war with Britain at the time and they needed money for that war).
- Lewis and Clark expedition: mapmaking, finding waterway to the Pacific Ocean, establish relationship with the Native American in the West -> provided importance information for the future growth of the U.S.
- Americans began migrating to the Louisiana Territory
- Pike's expedition to purchase Native lands, interest in Spanish territory.

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Challenges to Jefferson's Neutrality policy
- the First Barbary War against the Barbary pirates from northern Africa to gain safe passage in the Mediterranean seas (1805)
- The Napoleonic Wars between Britain and France, which affected U.S. trades (Britain blocked U.S. ships to France, reduced market) -> tension between the U.S. and Britain (impressment, the attack of the Chesapeake USS ship, The British forced many US sailors to serve in the British navy.)
- The failure of Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807
- The establishment of the Indiana Territory sparked American Indian tribes' united political movement against US expansion: US troops defeated the American Indian alliance at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, leader Tecumseh's loss at The Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) and his alliance with Britain.
- Nationalism arose -> Federalists vs War Hawks in regard to a war with Britain.
- The U.S. declared war with Britain on  June 18, 1812. The war broke out along the east coast. The war went on for 2 years, but neither side could win.
- On December 24, 1814, the two countries signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war.

Impacts of the war of 1812:
- Established the U.S. as a great power
- Heightened patriotism
- The Indian people lost British support -> Indian Removal Act (1830)
- The end of the Federalist Party

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Unit 1 - Industrialization (19th century)

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Unit 1 - Industrialization (19th century)

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- Transform the U.S. from an agriculture economy to a manufacturing economy.
- Inspired by the British Industrial Revolution: machines (e.g. the water frame), steam power, and factory system
- 3 factors that encouraged the industrialization: War of 1812 that cuts off trade between the U.S. and Britain, free enterprise system (a system that allowed American business owners to fund, build, and profit from factories in the nation.), and America's rich supply of raw materials such as cotton
- First started in New England: populated, rivers -> water power
- A British textile factory worker named Samuel Slater migrated to the U.S., bringing with him secrets of the British and established the first textile mill (the Slater Mill). In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell and his business partners established the Boston Manufacturing Company, which operates efficiently with a lot of machines -> the textile industry flourished.
- Steam power + interchangeable parts -> increased productivity, lower cost -> higher demands -> more need for workers -> hire children and women
- Lowell Town: young girl workers, they had a job and received an education, but received very low wage -> The Lowell Strike in 1834.
- By the 1840s, workers were demanding better conditions. They wanted an eight-hour work day and shorter work weeks. But it wasn’t until the 1890s that the US government made efforts to support those demands.
- Important inventions: the Deere plow, the MrCormick reaper, the Singer sewing machine, the Fulton steam ship, railroad, Samuel Morse’s Telegraph
- Effect of industrialization: Urbanization (-> overpopulated cities, crimes, diseases) and Immigration (push and pull factors). By 1870, nearly 7.5 million European immigrants had moved to the United States. The largest groups came from two countries: Germany (for land) and Ireland (escape potato famine).

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Unit 1 - Building a New Nation (early 19th century)

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Unit 1 - Building a New Nation (early 19th century)

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Boosted nationalism, shifted focus on domestic affairs

- Democratic-Republican VS Federalist. President James Monroe (1816) - the Era of Good Feelings
- Federal effort to strengthen the economy: Second Bank of the US (produce money, offer credit -> solve post-war inflation), The Tariff of 1816 to promote local goods and businesses, sectionalism (the North liked the tariff vs the South didn't like it)
- The American System: tariffs, national bank, transportation (Cumberland Road - the first highway built by the U.S. government, Erie Canal)
- Landmark court cases heard by Chief Justice John Marshall: McCulloch v. Maryland (the court ruled that no state could pass laws that undermined a federal institution),

Gibbons v. Ogden (The court ruled that New York had no right to grant any particular company rights to access the Hudson River, which connected two states.)
- Territory Expansion and conflicts: The U.S. vs Britain (improved relationship), the US vs Spain, the Seminole War -> the signing of the Adam-Onis Treaty in 1819: the US claimed Florida from Spain!
- The Monroe doctrine: President Monroe pledged US support for the independent nations of Latin America -> boosted national confidence of the U.S. citizens.

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Why is the age of Jackson so important? Please note down what you know about the follow terms:

- Spoils system: What is the spoils system?
- Campaign: How did Jackson campaign people to vote for him, and how is his method different from those before him?
- Voting rights and voting method: Who did Jackson grant voting rights? How did Jackson change the voting method?
- Second Bank of America: What was Jackson's opinion regarding the Second Bank of America? What did he do with it?
- Native American and the Trail of Tears, what are they?

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- What is the Manifest Destiny?
- Who are the Mountain Men and what did they contribute?
- Trails: Which important trails were built and why were they important? How was life on those trails?
- Who were the Mormons? Where did they settle?
- The Texas Revolution (1835-1836): Why did it happen? Who were involved? (Who?? Please remember them). What were the most important events? What was the result?
- The Mexican-American War (1846-1848): Why did it happen? Who were involved? What were the most important events? What Treaty was signed as the result, and what did that Treaty say?
- What was the California Gold Rush? What was its effect on California and different groups of people there?

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Unit 2 - Culture and Reform in the Mid-1800s

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Unit 2 - Culture and Reform in the Mid-1800s

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- What was the Great Awakening? What was its aims? When did the First Great Awakening happen? Who were the revivalists, what did they believe and what did they do? How about the Second Great Awakening?
- What was the Abolitionist Movement? Who wanted to abolish slavery (antislavery) and who didn't (proslavery)? What did the Abolitionist (such as the American Anti-slavery Society) want and what was their reasons? What were the challenges for them and what did they do to address those challenges?
- Who was Dorothea Six? What did she do and why was she important?
- What was the Women's Rights Movement and how did it change the American society, especially the lives of women? What did the Declaration of Sentiments say? What happened at the Seneca Falls Convention? When did women earn the right to vote?
- Who were the most notable Women's Rights Movement and what did they contribute to women's rights?
- How did the art, music, and literature develop in this era? Who are some famous artists/groups of artists?

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- What is the antebellum period?
- How were the North and the South different before the Civil War in terms of economic growth, political and social ideas, transportation, population, and education?
- Who formed the Republican Party? Who formed the Democratic Party?
- What was the greatest source of tension between the North and the South? What are some other sources of tension?
- What was the Wilmot Proviso bill? Was it passed? What was the Compromise of 1850 and what did it do? What was the Fugitive Slave law?

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Unit 2 - Slavery and the Abolitionist Movement

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Unit 2 - Slavery and the Abolitionist Movement

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- Who formed the first US antislavery society?
- What were some reasons the antislavery activists opposes slavery? What were their arguments? How bout the proslavery supporters?
- Who are some notable antislavery activists and what did they do to contribute to the Antislavery Movement?
- What did the antislavery activists do to promote antislavery ideas?
- What is expatriation and what was its aim?
- How was the different abolitionist approaches? In particular, what did Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison disagree on?
- Who were some women leaders of the Abolitionist Movement and what did they do to contribute to the movement?
- How was the life of a slave?

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Unit 3 - Compromises and Clashes Before the Civil War

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Unit 3 - Compromises and Clashes Before the Civil War

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- What is sectionalism? How did the United States balance the number of slave vs non-slave states? What was the Missouri Compromise? Why was this balance important?
- How many sections were there? How did their opinions differ in land prices, slavery, tariffs, and transportation?
- How did the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) worsen sectionalism?
- What was the Compromise of 1850? What was the problem it aimed to solve? How did it attempt to solve the problem? Did it solve the problem in the end?
- What was the Underground Railroad? Name a famous woman conductor of the railroad?
- What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854? What was its effect?
- What happened during the Dred Scott v. Sandford case? What was the court's decision? How did it affect the country?
- What were the Lincoln-Douglas Debates about?
- What was the Harpers Ferry incident and how did it change how the abolitionist act?
- Who won the election of 1860? What was secession? Why did secession happen after the result of the election came out? What was the Confederate States of America?

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- Who were the Union? Who were the Confederates?
- What happened in the battle at Fort Sumter in April 1861? (This is the start of the Civil War!)
- What were the advantages and disadvantages of the 2 sides in the Civil War (in terms of soldiers and military experience, leadership, money, land, and motivation)? How were they different in strategies?
- What technology was used in the war?
- How long did the war last?
- What were some early major battles fought in 1861 and 1862?
- Who were the army leaders from each side?
- What were some of Lincoln's achievements outside of the war?

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- Review: How are the North and the South different?
- What is the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and what was its effect on the Civil War?
- How was the daily life of soldiers in the Civil War?
- What was the role of women such as Clara Barton and Sally Tompkins in the war?
- What was the role of African Americans such as James Henry Gooding in the war?

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- What was the Emancipation Proclamation again? Why did President Lincoln issue it?
- What happened at The Battle of Gettysburg? Why was it the turning point of the Civil War?
- What did Lincoln say in his speech at the national cemetery?
- Why did the Union want to capture Vicksburg, a town in the Mississippi River? How did they capture Vicksburg in 1862-1863?
- What is a total war? Who led a total war in Atlanta in 1864 and why did he do it?
- A Presidential Election was held in November 1864. The candidates included Republican candidate and current president Abraham Lincoln and Democrat George B. McClellan. How were their platforms (or beliefs) different? Who won and why?
- How did the Civil War ended?
- What was the Thirteenth Amendment (approved in January 1865)?
- Who assassinated Lincoln on April 14, 1865 and why?
- What challenges did the government face after Civil War ended?
- What is Juneteenth and what does it celebrate?