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In the active voice the action of the verb is on the subject, while in the passive voice the action is on the object.

Example:
"Someone stole my bag"

"Someone" it's the subject and refers to the person who does the action.

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STRUCTURE:
Subject + auxiliary verb ("to be") + past participle

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When the subject who performed the action is not known.

Example:
"My house was painted this morning"

When more importance is given to the action than to the subject performing it.

Example:
"The meeting was recorded"

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In the passive voice the verb tense falls on the auxiliary form of the verb "to be".

Example:
AV: "My son wrote a letter to his friend."

PV: "A letter was written to his friend."

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We use have something done to talk about actions which we don't do ourselves, somebody, or something does them for us.

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SUBJECT + HAS/HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE
+
"BY" TO ADD THE PERSON WHO DID THE ACTION

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We use the gerund:

As the subject or object of a sentence.

After prepositions.

After verbs of liking or disliking.

With go to talk about physical activities.

We use the infinitive:

To explain why somebody does something.

Inmediately after adjectives.

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We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about the person, thing, place or time in the first half of the sentence. The sentence does not usually make sense without the relative clause.

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We use who an that for people

which and that for things

whose for possessions

where for places

when por times

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In defining clauses we can omit who, which, or that when a noun or pronoun comes inmediately after.

BUT

We don't use commas in defining relatives clauses.

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In this activities, you choose the best answer from three or four different answers. You usually hear the text twice. The questions are usually in order that you hear them in the recording.

STEPS:

1. Read the different answers before you listen. They can give you ideas about the topic of the text and the vocabulary.

2. When you listen, remember that you may hear the correct answer, but expressed in different words.

3. You usually hear the recording twice. Don't panic if you don't understand information the first time. If you don't hear the answer to one question, start listening inmediately for the answer to the next question.

4. Use the second listening to find answers you didn't hear the first time and to check the ones you already have.

5. When you finish, chech that you have an answer for each question. Never leave answers blank in an exam.

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We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra, non-essential information about the person, thing, place or time in the first half of the sentence. The commas work in a similar way to parentheses, showing that the information is not vital to the sentence.

Not-defining clauses are not so common in conversation and can seem formal.

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We use who an that for people

which for things

whose for possessions

where for places

when por times

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We don't use that in non-defining relative clauses.

In non-defining clauses we cannot omit the relative pronoun.

We always use commas in non-defining clauses.

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We use reported speech when we want to tell someone what someone said. We usually use a reporting verb (e.g. say, tell, ask, etc.) and then change the tense of what was actually said in direct speech.

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Speech reports consist of two parts: the reporting clause and the reported clause. The reporting clause includes a verb such as say, tell, ask, reply, shout, usually in the past simple, and the reported clause includes what the original speaker said.

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."Could", "would", "should" and "might" do not change.

In RS, pronouns and possessive adjectives also change.

With "say", you do not need to use a personal object to say who you are saying something yo.

With "tell" you must use a personal object to say who you are saying something to.

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Color: Bright, brilliant, deep, harmonious, intense, saturated, strong, insipid, cool, cold, warm, constrasting

Tone: Dark, light, iddle, uniform, monochromatic.

Composition: Formal, rigid, positive space, chaotic, balanced, asymmetrical.

Texture: Smooth, sticky, soft, hard, shiny, matte.

Mood/Atmosphere: Calm, peaceful, relaxed, happy, romantic, sad, aggressive, angry, violent, exciting, boring, lifeless.

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An -ING adjective is used to describe the characteristic of a person, a thing or a situation.

"I was amazed by the concert"

An -ED adjective is used to describe a feeling, or an emotion.

"The concert was amazing"

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We do not use the auxiliary verb "DO" in reported questions.

There is no inversion of subject and verb in reported questions.

Reported questions are not real questions so they do not need question marks.

When there is no question word (wh-) we use "if" or "whether".

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The most common verbs are "ask" and "tell".

We use "to + infinitive" in the reported speech.

"Not" comes before "to + infinitive".

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MODAL VERBS OF SPECULATION AND DEDUCTION

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MODAL VERBS OF SPECULATION AND DEDUCTION