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Khushboo Kumar g00069239
Ahmed Moussa b00081073
Leen Ammar g00089321

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Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) 570-632 CE
Revelation -610
Hijra-622
Conquest of Mecca-631

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Rashidun Caliphate (632-661)
First of the 4 major caliphates
The first four caliphs of the Islamic empire – Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali are referred to
as Rashidun
The Four Caliphs were the first four leaders of Islam that succeeded the Prophet Muhammad

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Mu’awiyah establishes the Umayyad Dynasty and transfers capital to Damascu
From the Banu Umayya Clan of Quraysh
Umayyads in Damascus 661-750 CE
Mu’awiya b. Abi Sufyan 661-680 CE
Abd Al-Malik b. Marwan 685-705 CE
Umayyads in Spain 711-1031 CE
Umayyad Province 711-750 CE
Al-Rahman Al-Dakhil (Saqr Quraysh) r. 756-788 CE
Abd Al-Rahman III r. 912-961 CE
1031 : The Breakdown

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Khushboo Kumar g00069239
Shifa Khaliq g00070143
Ahmed Moussa b00081073
Leen Ammar g00089321

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- Conclusive expedition led by Tariq Bin Zeyad (711-718)
- Umayyad verses Abbasaid (756-929)
- A lot of fighting between the three religions (Muslims, Christians, Jews) 9th century
- A lot of mathematical texts were translated from Arabic in the 10th century. Abdulrahman the third made Cordoba the capital of a caliphate rival to Baghdad. 30 percent of the people were christians. Fall of the Caliphate (900-1000 CE)
- A translation of medical work by Constantine (1000-1100 CE)
- Benefits of translating Arabic texts. Christian mercenary came from north, El Cid (1100-1200)
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Breakdown into Independent Kingdoms / Muluk al-Tawa’if 1031-1492 CE
Almoravids المرابطون 1086-1147 CE
Almohads الموحدون 1130-1269 CE
Nasrids نصر بنو 1230-1492 CE

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From the Banu Hashim Clan of Quraysh
Baghdad – the new capital built in 762 CE by the Caliph Al-Mansur
House of Wisdom / Bayt Al-Hikma 800-830 CE
1055 CE – Seljuk Turks seize control 1258 CE – fall of Baghdad

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Khushboo Kumar g00069239
Shifa Khaliq g00070143

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909-934 - Founded by Abdallah Al-Mahdi. Named after Fatima, Prophet Mohammad’s daughter.
Dominated an empire in North Africa and Middle East.
969 - Egypt became seat of caliphate. Mixture of Sunni's & Shii'is. Cario was the capital.
971 - Famous Fatimid monument was built; Al Azhar Mosque
Early 11th Century - House of Knowledge was built in Cairo under Caliph Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah.
Mid 11th Century - Decline of the Fatimids. Major rebillion in Cairo (1068). Ayyubid's put an end to the Fatimids Caliphate in Egypt.

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Khushboo Kumar g00069239
Shifa Khaliq g00070143

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1169-1193 - Rule under Salah Ad-Din and he was the dominant figure of the dynasty
1187 - Victory against the Franks
1200-1218 - Rule under Al-Adil
1218-1238 - Rule under Al-Kamil
1240-1249 - Rule under Al-Salih

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1250 - Overthrown the previous dynasties in Egypt & Syria
1258 - Mongols besiege Baghdad
1260 - Mongols are defeated at the battle of Ayn Jalut
1260-1277 - Al Malik Al Zahir Baybars takes power and installs the Malmuks Dynasty
1291 - Mamluks soldiers rejected the last Crusaders from Acre
Mid 14th Century - Political instability and conflicts marks the decline of the dynasty in Egypt.
1382 - Last Baybar Mamluk dethroned
1501 - Tensions grow between Mamluks and Ottomans
1517 - Mamluks were decisively defeated by the Ottomans both in Syria and in Egypt and from 1517 onward constituted only one of the several components that formed the political structure of Egypt.

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1299 - Osman found the ottoman empire
1389 - Ottomans conquer most of Serbia
1453 - Mehmed II captures Constantinople putting an end to Byzantine Empire
1516-1517 - Bayezid’s son, Selim I, brought Syria , Arabia, Palestine, and Egypt under Ottoman control
1520-1566 - Sultan Sulayman ordered his chief architect Sinan to build a taqiyya for pilgrims in Damascus
1641-1731 - Famous Sufi thinkers of the 17th century popularized Ibn Arabi's ideas
1660 - Mosque of Yousef Dey built
1683 -  The Ottoman Turks were defeated at the Battle of Vienna. This loss added to their already waning status.
1830 -  Greece won their independence from the Ottoman Empire.
1878 - Congress of Berlin declared the independence of Romania, Serbia and Bulgaria
1912-1913 - During Balkan Wars, Ottoman Empire lost nearly all their territories in Europe.
1915 - Turkish leaders made a plan to massacre Armenians living the Ottoman Empire. Most scholars believe that about 1.5 million Armenians were killed.
1922 - The Ottoman Empire officially ended when the Ottoman Sultan was eliminated.
1923 - Republic of Turkey was founded.

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Khushboo Kumar g00069239
Shifa Khaliq g00070143
Ahmed Moussa b00081073
Leen Ammar g00089321