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Norwegian police federation had a similar survey conducted and found 60% of members voting to remain routinely unarmed.

Arming police officers can cause changes to their nature and character for example to become more aggressive when interacting with the public. This increases risk of injury to the public and police. Routinely arming police officers may lead to a reduction in police safety as officers may be more inclined to engage in dangerous situations.

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They depend on the firearms as their safety it could mean that their risk perception is lowered and masks apparent risk factors. The officer feels safe to engage with a criminal group if he was armed but would not feel

safe to engage if he was not armed. So the ability to deal with criminals using a deadly weapon enhances their own sense of safety but that leads to the illusion of safety. Is it that safe to be in control of a weapon which can end lives in order to save your own. People might misuse the weapon as they get into power with the weapon.

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Norwegian police officers have immediate access to firearms but they must still request permission to fire however they must wait for approval which can sometimes take up to 4-5minutes long and not even have their permission granted.

A norwegian officer believed that the time delay for authorisation gives officers vital time to mentally prepare for the incident, plan for a tactical approach and also allow additional police to arrive.

That can allow for thinking time as you wouldnt be rushing in to shooting someone straight away and ending up shooting innocent people. Which could lead to officers taking up sick leave and being absent.

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Norwegian police federation had a survey conducted and found 60% of members voting to remain routinely unarmed.

Arming police officers can cause changes to their nature and character for example to become more aggressive when interacting with the public. This increases risk of injury to the public and police.
Routinely arming police officers may lead to a reduction in police safety as officers may be more inclined to engage in dangerous situations.

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public safety is at risk as offenders would feel the need to carry guns around all the time too.

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- armed policing isn't a normal occurrence for the UK, police will seem unapproachable. - Learn from USA, armed police hasn't helped anything.
- spiral of violence - if police have guns, criminals will want to also have guns to match them so they're not at a disadvantage.
- conveying more violence with violent weapons will cause more violence.
- will people feel more safe? unapproachable, promotes guns as a way to deal with things. = the "weapons effect" - https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/get-psyched/201301/the-weapons-effect participants who saw guns were more aggressive - because, " Recent research shows that people can identify guns as quickly as they can identify spiders and snakes." = human beings can identify potentially dangerous, threatening stimuli.
so if guns make people more aggressive, why would we use guns to stop violent behaviour?
- not about being scared - it's about creating more violence with the presence of guns.

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It more dangerous to be a farmer than an unarmed police officer in New Zealand...

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It more dangerous to be a farmer than an unarmed police officer in New Zealand...

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John Buttle (2010) calculated that there are higher risks to farmers than to unarmed police officers as arming the police force would lead to an inevitable arms race with criminals and a spike in casualties.

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Theresa May , the home secretary agrees with view believing that "Arming the police force will lead to mistakes such as innocent people being shot which will have communities up in arms against the police".

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Should the police be allowed to arm themselves if the public aren't?
We should not be putting more guns on the streets.

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82% of UK police officers did not want to be routinely armed whilst on duty

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A 2006 survey of 47,328 Police Federation members found 82% did not want officers to be routinely armed on duty, despite almost half saying their lives had been "in serious jeopardy" during the previous three years.

It is a position shared by the Police Superintendents' Association and the Association of Chief Police Officers.

The British public are not nearly so unanimous.

An ICM poll in April 2004 found 47% supported arming all police, compared with 48% against

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The pressure group Inquest suggests that 50% of deaths in police contact over the past 10 years involve Tasers. If Tasers are issued to all frontline officers across the country, this trend will be replicated and magnified.

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The pressure group Inquest suggests that 50% of deaths in police contact over the past 10 years involve Tasers. If Tasers are issued to all frontline officers across the country, this trend will be replicated and magnified.

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Police officers are not armed with firearms during patrolling, but have weapons locked down in the patrol cars. Arming of the locked-down weapons requires permission from the chief of police or someone designated by him.

- Iceland is one of the lowest crime rates, and police officers carry only extendable batons and MK-4 OC-spray (pepper spray) whilst on duty, they are trained in the use of firearms and are issued firearms in certain situations.

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"We have a friendly country. Police should only be allowed to carry candy for sick children. If someone commits a crime, the police should try to rationally talk them out of it, and perhaps offer them candy. Police should always be criticized for failure and never rewarded for accomplishment too.

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One police officer should not be given the power to enforce justice through shooting.

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Violence explained as a byproduct of the struggle for power

Different parties not being happy with what they get resulting in a power struggle

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 In the US, a country with a population of 319 million, nearly 1,000 people are shot dead by the police every year while more than 100 officers are killed in the course of duty.

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 In the US, a country with a population of 319 million, nearly 1,000 people are shot dead by the police every year while more than 100 officers are killed in the course of duty.

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In Britain, a country with a population of 64 million, only two or three people a year have died as a result of police action – not just shootings – over the past 10 years. Over the same period only five police officers have been shot dead in the line of duty.

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officers were trying to get a guy to put a knife down. He continued to refuse. The man was shot by the police before someone with a stun gun could arrive

-if everyone had a taser, or if a taser was there in the first place, he would not have been shot

Cronkleton, R. (2006)

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Is lethal force really needed that often? (There are specially trained officers for specific threats - so not every police officer needs a weapon)
Most times police arrive at a scene after the crime has been committed.
Gun becomes a symbol for power and authority.

In a crowd or protest, police officers with guns could alter the atmosphere to one that is more hostile and violent.

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- The police have now openly declared a shoot-to-kill policy, and declared that they can shoot to kill just on suspicion. And that suspicion arising not from reliable intelligence or anything like that, but from just how someone may behave somewhere.

- this has been implemented, so the humanity is getting less and less.

BRITAIN: POLICE SHOOT-TO-KILL ORDER RAISES NEW FEARS. (2005). Global Information Network, 1.

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2006 survey - 82% of officers did not want to be routinely armed, despite half saying their life had been in jeopardy during the previous 3 years.

Guns distance police from the community

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When asked, police officers say overwhelmingly that they wish to remain unarmed.
POLICE OFFICERS AGREE THEY DON'T WANT TO BE ARMED
- Arming the force would undermine the principle of policing by consent - the notion that the force owes its primary duty to the public, rather than to the state, as in other countries

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- Routinely arming the police causes a spiral of violence. (if police have guns, then criminals will up their weapons to match)
(Britain's overall gun crime, too, remains low - due to lack of guns)
- By routinely arming its police officers, the state effectively legitimises the weapon as a symbol of authority.
- Arming the police delegitimises their role as community standard bearers. Many law-abiding citizens who have no connection to the criminal underworld are horrified by armed police, whom they regard as alien to their cultural frame of reference.

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- In America, African Americans account for 23% of fatal police shootings, despite making up just 13% of the US population.
- Unarmed African Americans five times more likely to be shot and killed by a police officer than unarmed white Americans.

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Guns are a response to crime - but focus should be on prevention more than response
Guns are not a solution.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775771/
Incidence of injuries can be reduced dramatically when law enforcement agencies responsibly employ less-lethal weapons in lieu of physical force.

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Guards given no guidelines, whatsoever. You see this kind of power struggle take over. Conditions got so bad that they ended it early.

First prisoner was released just 36 hours into experiment.

I think this power struggle is represented in the US between the #bluelivesmatter and #blacklivesmatter debate.

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police should not be armed because if they are armed, it will distances police from communities, difficult for public to approach polices because they feel uncomfortable. if the polices are there for community, they should not carry weapons?
ref: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19647221

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If the police are armed then criminals will have to arm themselves so that they are not at a disadvantage

http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/7/2/188.short

- Study in Australia
- States that followed the American policing policies had highest rates of wounding and killing both by the police and of the police
- Higher risk of police officers being killed

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police should be armed, given a context of policing by consent - against

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police should be armed, given a context of policing by consent - against