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-Take notes on the resources based on the checklist below
-Test yourself on your understanding by reviewing the resource below and completing the tasks (start from the section titled 'Surf's Up' and end when you get to 'Keep on Moving - Longshore Drift'. You will be tested on these tasks next lesson.

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Starter: Using the images above and your own knowledge, explain how coasts are used and why they are important. You can record your thoughts on the worksheet beneath

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What do you need to know after reviewing the following resources?
-The causes of waves
-The difference between local waves and swell waves
-The difference between constructive and destructive waves
-How beach morphology and profiles vary depending on sediment type and seasons
-To be able to explain the four processes of erosion
-To understand why hydraulic action and abrasion (corrasion) is more pronounced in winter storm events
-How the following features are formed: headlands and bays, shoreline platforms and wave-cut notches, cliffs, caves/arches/stacks and stumps
-How waves and lithology influence erosion

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REMEMBER CASH - Corrosion, Attrition, corraSion, Hydraulic action

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COASTAL STUDIES  FACTORS influencing the RATE OF EROSION TYPES OF WAVES

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How are headlands, bays, shoreline platforms, notches, caves, stacks, arches, and stumps formed

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It can be said that these are the most common and important erosional coastal landform, due to their number and the amount of pressure human activity places upon them.
They result from the interaction of a number of processes:
Cliffs are steep if removal of material at its base is greater than supply.

Cliffs are shallow if the supply of material is greater than removal.
A direct relationship exists between rock type, erosion rate and cliff morphology.
Examples include granite and basalt cliffs. They exhibit a slow rate of erosion and tend to be stable.

Examples include cliffs comprised of glacial till and clay, such as those found at Fairlight Cove in Hastings.

These cliffs often erode rapidly. In these cliffs, sub-aerial processes can contribute more to erosion than marine processes, leading to mass movements such as sliding, slumping and falls.
The diagram below illustrates this: Reasons for cliff erosion at Holderness:
The cliffs at Holderness have an average speed of retreat of 2m per year.

1. Cliffs are made of soft glacial till.

2. Till is easily eroded at base by waves, resulting in instability.

3. Rainwater from above enters the till easily, adding to its weight and instability.

4. Massive slumps and slides occur.

A similar situation exists at Baton on sea in Hampshire and Beachy Head.

Usually found where less resistant and more resistant rock alternates. The less resistant rock is attacked, first forming bays, and the stronger rock remains as headlands. As wave refraction later occurs, energy becomes concentrated on headlands, leaving them more liable to erosion.

These are gently sloping features, often found extending from the base of a cliff. They consist partly of material removed from the cliff (wave cut notch) as a result of continual undercutting by waves. (See diagram below):

As undercutting increases, the cliff slowly retreats, leaving a platform with an angle of less than 4 degrees. The platform widens to a point, but due to the cliff being attacked less frequently by waves, it is thought that they can only reach a maximum of 0.5km.

All of the above are secondary features occurring during cliff formation. They originate due to lines of weakness such as joints or faults being attacked and made larger by marine erosion. Caves occur where the weakness is at the base of the cliff, and can become a blowhole if the crack extends all the way to the surface.

1. Caves formed on either side of a headland may form an arch if the 2 caves join together.

2. Stacks are collapsed arches.

3. Stumps are stacks that have been eroded and lost height.

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CliffsIt can be said that these are the most common and important erosional coastal landform, due to their number and the amount of pressure human activity places upon them.They result from the interaction of a number of processes: Geological. Sub-aerial. Marine. Meteorological. Human activity.

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Waves usually originate locally (from wind) but swell waves form in mid-ocean. The greater the fetch, the stronger the swell.

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Internet Geography - Geographical resources online. Free geography resources including revision help, case studies, lesson plans, worksheets and schemes of work.

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Short to medium changes include the impact of storms during winter

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Typically, beaches and dunes undergo a seasonal transformation from a "summer" beach to a "winter" beach. A summer beach has a wide, well-developed berm often with a vegetated dune where American beach grass grows seaward onto the berm. A winter beach is lower, may not have a berm, and often shows signs of loss of beach grass.