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Seventh Amendment - Civil Trials. In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

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Under the rational basis test, the courts will uphold a law if it is rationally related to a legitimate government purpose.

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Speech directed at the overthrow of the government.

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Defamation is an area of law that provides a civil remedy when someone's words end up causing harm to your reputation or your livelihood. Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant.

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The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed.

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Pertinent part of the English Bill of Rights, December 1689. The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment.

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The Sixth Amendment, or Amendment VI of the United States Constitution is the section of the Bill of Rights that guarantees a citizen a speedy trial, a fair jury, an attorney if the accused person wants one, and the chance to confront the witnesses who is accusing the defendant of a crime

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The Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger;

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The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides, "[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause.

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The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution reads: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

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Enslaved African American who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom.

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Congress can make no law making the practice of religion illegal.

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the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves.

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Court case that upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equa

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Court case involving abortion which ruled that it was a woman's right but compromised this with women's health and protecting the potentiality of human life.

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The practice of segregating African Americans

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Tests given before voting to try to deny voting to African American populations.

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evidence obtained in violation of the fourth amendment will not be counted in a criminal trial.

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No state can deny a person the equal protections of the law.

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Court case that determined separate but equal schools based on race were unconstitutional.

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Court case that ruled it to be unconstitutional for schools to have an official school prayer.

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A tax on every adult regardless of income

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reasonable belief that would lead authority to suspect a person.

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individuals may not discriminate based on any suspect classifications like race.

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A person may not be tried twice for the same crime

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Fair judicial treatment for the citizens.

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The government may not establish a religion for the people.

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Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial- Congress must follow the law as well.

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Falls between speech and action