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you all are bad you all are bad fuck youuu

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you all are bad you all are bad fuck youuu

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pee pee poo poo

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In this chapter William explores American and continues to help Malawi. and important quote in this chapter would be, "If you want to make it, all you have to do is try" (281).

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An infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities.

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Venture capitalists are inestors who provide captial to small companies that wish to expand but don't have they money or connections to do so.

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Facts:
1.) They report about a lot of changes in technology
2.) They are trying to be diverse in the ender of their staff
3.) They also source 2 other news pages

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This quote reveals the theme behind african inventors, "Africans bend what little they have to their will every day. Using creativity, they overcome Africa's challenges. Where the world sees trash, Africa recycles. Where the world see junk, Africa sees rebirth" (267).

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Three personality traits that best describe Tom would be helpful, kind, and understanding.

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In this chapter William is reconized for his windmill and reattends school. An important quote from this chapter woul be, "As the jet accelerated down the runway and lifted it's nose in the air, I pressed my head back in the seat and laughed. I guess I was now one of them, too."(263).

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TED stands for technology, engineering, and design. TED represents creators/invetors around the world and connects them to other creators.

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Validation is the action of making something acceptible. William receives valiation for his winmill when he has stories written about him in the newspaper and magazines, his community sees it as a good thing because they are being noticed.

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Three personality traits I think best represent Dr. Mchazime would be persistant because he keeps trying to get William into school, caring because he cares about William's success and William's needs, and he's generous because of how much he's helping William.

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In this chapter William does and goes thought a lot, he goes through trail and error with some of his new products, gets blamed for the coming famine, and watches his mother almost die. An important quote from this chapter would be, "In science we invent and create,’ I said. ‘We make new things that can benefit our situation. If we can all invent something and put it to work, we can change Malawi" (249)

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In chapter 13, William made a play to spread awarness about AIDS and HIV. He lets people know that they should jump to conclusions when someone has AIDS and there should need to be a stigma about it. He does it in a realistic manner by having the play be a realistic situation and I think he got the point across well.

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AIDS: AIDS is a disease that seerly lowers the body'd immune system which makes it hard t fight infections.
HIV: HIV is similar to AIDS but it is sexually transmitted
Facts:
1.) HIV can be spread to an unborn child from the mother
2.) People with HIV have a higher chance of getting TB
3.) There are 1.8 million children living with HIV

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In chapter 13 William was blamed for the bad things happening in Malawi. Events like the people having their privates taken and the witch who was going to force a kid to kill somebody. Peop,e blamed William because he was inventing new things and they thought it as tampering with bad things.

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2 former students design a product to repel mosquitos in Africa. This product aims to reduce the muber of malaria cases in Africa.

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DAKAR (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Two former students from Burkina Faso have designed a mosquito-repellent soap, which they hope could be a simple and affordable solution in the fight to end malaria, but more funds are needed to test the idea, according to the startup behind it.

Moctar Dembélé and Gérard Niyondiko, the brains behind Faso Soap, were awarded a $25,000 prize for their invention in 2013 when they became the first African winners of the Global Social Venture Competition at the University of California Berkeley.

Yet Faso Soap must be tested to ensure it is safe for human use and effective at preventing malaria before it can be mass produced by soap manufacturers in Africa, said Franck Langevin, campaigns director for the Ouagadougou-based startup.

The soap, created from natural oils and plants, could prove successful in preventing malaria as it would be cheap and rely on existing habits of African households, Langevin said.

"People in Africa are very reluctant to change their habits, but soap is present in most homes, and is used for bathing, cleaning the house and washing clothes," he said.

The soap is designed to repel mosquitoes up to six hours after being applied, and once soapy water is thrown away on the street, hinder the insects from breeding in stagnant water.

"It is a simple and affordable weapon in the fight against malaria," Langevin told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

Last month, Faso Soap launched a crowd funding appeal for $113,000 to finalize the development of the soap with the aim of distributing it in six African countries hardest-hit by malaria by 2018, working with soap manufacturers and aid agencies.

Last year, there were 214 million cases of malaria worldwide with the mosquito-borne disease killing 438,000 people, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

Jo Lines, reader of malaria control and vector biology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, praised the idea behind the soap, but said it would be dangerous to rely on an untested product to protect against malaria.

As a social startup, Langevin said Faso Soap has struggled to attract funding from donors, including the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations children's agency (UNICEF), prompting the inventors to turn to crowd funding.

World leaders committed to ending malaria by 2030 when they adopted the Sustainable Development Goals last year.

Europe last month became the first region to be declared malaria-free after reporting no indigenous cases in 2015, and a former WHO official said the world can eliminate the disease soon, but only with more investment to end and keep it at bay.

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Mosquito-repellent soap invention seeks to wash away Africa malaria threat

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Two former students from Burkina Faso have designed a mosquito-repellent soap, which they hope could be a simple and affordable solution in the fight to end malaria, but more funds are needed to test the idea, according to the startup behind it.

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Biogas is a gas fuel made out of animal waste, mathane. This is like the Moto Brick because it a renewable source made out of cheep, easy to access items

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In chapter 13, William fails at making a water pump and sets out to try to fix deforestation and women's work in Malawi.

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On page 224, it says, "Grooving through life," which means that they are going through life aimlessly and living off of small things.

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In chapter 12, William makes some much needed repairs to his windmill. An important quote from this chapter would be, "It was no use. Conquering darkness on the farm was hard enough, but a noisy chicken--That was impossible" (222).

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Facts:
1.) They are a key component to household everywhere.
2.) It works similarly to a fuse, but it can be used again and again.
3.) The most common circuit breaker is a bi-metal circuit breaker.

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Facts:
1.) Compared to the step-down transformer, it releases a lot more power, whereas the step-down releases way less.
2.) They type of metal used in the coils effects how efficient it is.
3.) They are used near power plants
Michael Faraday:
1.) He died August 25, 1867
2.) He only had basic education and then got an apprenticeship.
3.) He educuted himself on science through book, like William

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In this chapter, William finishes gathering the pieces fo the windmill and builds it. An important quote from this chapter would be, ¨The warm glow painted the walls and pages of the book and shined against the red clouds of dust pushed in from outside. As usual, that night a storng wind was blowing" (209).

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Chapter 10: The Start of Something Great

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Chapter 10: The Start of Something Great

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In this chapter, William goes back to school until the new fees are do and then finds the rest of the pieces for his windmill. An important quote from this chapter would be, "The moment I did, a strong gust of wind blew open my door and spun a cyclone into my room, whiping up the pieces init arms and revealing the finished machine, its blades spinning wildly though the blur of red dust. Or maybe that was only a dream" (193).

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Gratitude is the quality of showing affection, especially after someone has done something for you.

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William's windmill includes fan arms made out of PVC pipes and he has a shock absorber on it aswell.

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In this chapter, there are many examples of William showing perseverence. An example would be when he was trying to find a generator for his windmill, even though he couldn't find one, he continuously searched for one and in the end he did get one. Another example would be, we he needed the bike. Even though his dad kept saying no to William about taking the bike, he was able to use it after continuously asking his dad.

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Like William, Gregor Mendel was shunned because of his ideas of evolution and his ideas weren't accepted until 16 years after his death. Even Galileo was treated poorly by his town because of his theory about the sunrevolving aroung the sun.

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As stated on this website, for the price of one student going to college in the United States, in Africa 5 girls can go to University. Also on this website, you can pay to help provide the supplies or help with the fees of students in Africa.

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In this chapter, William and his family are not starving anymore and William learns about the power of a windmill. An important quote from this chapter would be, "We would finally settle our debts and pay my fees, and all my sorrow of being a dropout would melt away. I would return to school, and this time, I would be ready. "Look out," I said. "Your man Kamkwamba will be back soon.""(177).

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Reflection on I Just Sued The School System

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Reflection on I Just Sued The School System

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I think that this relates to William because his school isn't adapted to the students, they just trudge though it. In chapter 9 it talks about how most of his class was gone but the teachers never note it and just kept going. Even though William was in school for only a short amount of time, he learned so much more on his own through books he found at the library.

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In this chapter, we experience the death of Khamba and others and William's family finally gets some food at the end of the chapter. A significant quote from this chapter would be, "Even if I called the police, those men would only starve to death in jail. Everyone has the same hunger, son. We must learn to forgive" (159).

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What Was Hopeful About the End of Chapter 8?

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What Was Hopeful About the End of Chapter 8?

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Considering how much death and the bad things that happened in chapter 8 was that William and his family were able to get a good anout of crop from their farm and they are able to eat again.

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An epidemic is a widespread infection of a disease in an area or country. Cholera is a bacterial isease spread by water that causes severe dehydration and diarrhea.
Facts:
1.) Cholera can kill withen hours if left untreated.
2.) 75% of people infected with colera show no signs if it.
3.) People who are malnourished have a greater chance of dying.
4.) Cholera can cause kidney failure.
5.) Cholera not only spreads through water but the diarrhea of the infected individuals.

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I feel that it was right for the dog to die only because the dog would have suffered. Though William shouldn't have left him tied to a tree to die just becaue it would be more painful to the dog. I have witnessed two of my dogs be put down because they were in constant pain because they were old and had heath problems. I would have let Charity and Mizech kill him because Khamba would go painlessly and I wouldn't have to constanly remember that my dog died of losing his will to live because I had left him.

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The figuative language on page 141 is, "I was flattened lie tube." This is an example of a simile. Another use of figurative language in chapter 8 can be found on page 144, "When Mizeck and Charity left, I felt dizzy and weak, as ifmy legs were made of grass." This is an example of a metaphor

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In this chapter we see William experience his new schols and the challanges William and his family are facing due to the famine. An important quote from this chapter would be, "Whereas I was still confused as to how the hunger had been allowed to happen, this much was certain: Every man For himself. We were on our own"(139).

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Is Society Obligated to Take Care of the Sick?

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Is Society Obligated to Take Care of the Sick?

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I feel that society shouldn't have to take care of the sick, only because it would be hard on the government to set aside money for specifically that. There are just some poeple in the world who would take advntage of it and abuse that service and just live off of it.

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Malaria is a disease that is transmitted by a parasite, from the bite of an infected mosquito.
Facts:
1.) Infected people could strt to gr=et symptoms form a week to even a month after being bitten.
2.) Malaria isn't spread through contact.
3.) If a pregnant woman gets bitten, malaria can get passed down to her child.
4.) Only 59 of the 103 infected contris is meeting the requirements to stop Malaria.
5.) Malaria usually only lasts from a few days to a few weeks and is treated by medicine.

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In this chapter, we begin to see the effects of the bad farming season by William's family moves down to one meal a day and we learn about William's older sister. An important quote in this chapter would be, "As the sun went down that afternoon, we sat around a dead and smoldering fire, content with the warm feeling of meat in our stomaches, because that's what Christmas was all about anyway"(120).

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Mob metality is when someone is when someone joins a group of people and certain things that are done by others in that group are adopted by that person. I feel that it can affect someones moral code because of peer pressure. Peer pressure can be very powerful, especially in a mob type setting because you would want to be seen as strong, no matter what the cost is.

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Psychological is something that effects the mental or emotional state of a living thing. Starvation can effect the psychological state of a person by making them depressed and a decline in concentration.

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Starvation: What Does it Do to the Brain? - Mad In America

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The Minnesota Starvation Experiment was conducted at the University of Minnesota during the Second World War. Prolonged semi-starvation produced significant increases in depression, hysteria and hypochondriasis, and most participants experienced periods of severe emotional distress and depression and grew increasingly irritable.

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Organizations like UNICEF try to raise money to give food to people in Africa. In the past, the government would have extra food, but everyone is having issuses getting even their own food. There are proteins and special food items that are specifically used to help people gain weight which have been used to help people to get energy to work on their farms again.

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Some facts about the famine would be,
1.) Even though foundations are trying to help, for most of the foundations it will be too late for them to help the people.
2.) The amount of people who need food is rising and it hard for the people helping to have enough fo eveyone

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arvest should be the time for celebrations, weddings and full bellies in southern Malawi. But Christopher Witimani, Lilian Matafle and their seven children and four grandchildren had nothing to celebrate last week as they picked their meagre maize crop.

Last year's drought, followed by erratic rains, hit the village of Nkhotakota hard. But this year the rains never came and, for a second year running, the family grain store is empty. If they manage their savings carefully and eat just one small meal a day, they may just have enough food for two more months.

By August, said Irish charity Concern Worldwide, they and tens of thousands of other small farmers in southern Malawi will have completely run out of food, with no prospect of another harvest for at least seven months. With nothing to sell and no chance of earning money, Witimani, Matafle and family will starve.

"I am worried the children will starve to death. I don't know what to do," said Matafle.

"We need food. We are in a desperate situation," her husband added.

Countries are just waking up to the most serious global food crisis of the last 25 years. Caused by the strongest El Niño weather event since 1982, droughts and heatwaves have ravaged much of India, Latin America and parts of south-east Asia. But the worst effects of this natural phenomenon, which begins with waters warming in the equatorial Pacific, are to be found in southern Africa. A second consecutive year without rain now threatens catastrophe for some of the poorest people in the world.

The scale of the crisis unfolding in 10 or more southern African countries has shocked the United Nations. Lulled into thinking that Ethiopia in 1985 was the last of the large-scale famines affecting many millions, donor countries have been slow to pledge funds or support. More than $650m and 7.9m tonnes of food are needed immediately, says the UN. By Christmas, the situation will have become severe.

Malawi, Mozambique, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Madagascar, Angola and Swaziland have already declared national emergencies or disasters, as have seven of South Africa's nine provinces. Other countries, including Botswana and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have also been badly hit. President Robert Mugabe has appealed for $1.5bn to buy food for Zimbabwe and Malawi is expected to declare that more than 8 million people, or half the country, will need food aid by November.

Serena Gadinala, from the in Neno district of Malawi, has tried different planting techniques but nothing worked and her crops continue to wilt. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

More than 31 million people in the region are said by the UN to need food now, but this number is expected to rise to at least 49 million across almost all of southern Africa by Christmas. With 12 million more hungry people in Ethiopia, 7 million in Yemen, 6 million in Southern Sudan and more in the Central African Republic and Chad, a continent-scale food crisis is unfolding.

"Food security across southern Africa will start deteriorating by July, reaching its peak between December 2016 and April 2017," says the UN's office for humanitarian affairs. The regional cereal deficit already stands at 7.9m tonnes and continues to put upward pressure on market prices, which are already showing unprecedented increases, diminishing purchasing power and thereby reducing food access. As food insecurity tightens and water scarcity increases due to the drought, there are early signs of acute malnutrition in Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabawe.

For Coco Ushiyama, head of the UN's World Food Programme in Lilongwe, Malawi's capital, just working out how to import a million tonnes of food, needed to support between five million and eight million people in Malawi over the next 12 months, is proving nightmarishly difficult. With no guarantees of money from donors, she cannot buy the food on the open market, or book ships and transport.

"We are very concerned. Last year, like many other countries in the region, Malawi had a double disaster with erratic rains and then floods which led into droughts," said Ushiyama. "Last year, 2.8 million people were affected. Then we had a deficit of 220,000 tonnes of food. This year, we are anticipating it will be four times as bad. The maize price is already exceptionally high.

"We are monitoring 50 markets throughout the country and already they are seeing abnormally high prices. We have very worryingly high admission rates for childhood malnutrition in health clinics. In some areas it is very serious already and it is likely to get much more serious. It will be a regional issue," she said.

The government has declared a disaster and will publish a new assessment of its needs in the next few weeks. The vice-president, Saulos Chilima, has said that about 1.3m tonnes of maize will be needed.

Politicians may talk of going on to the world market to buy a million tonnes of maize, but Ushiyama is unsure where it will come from. There is usually enough food in the region, but South Africa, which usually exports a million tonnes of food a year, will need to import 3.5m tonnes this year. Only Zambia may have enough food to export and it has imposed restrictions, she said.

"South Africa is in trouble. Nearby Zambia has had a better harvest than most countries but it has put export restrictions on its food. If we import it [from outside Africa], the food will take four to six months [to arrive]. We have learned from experience that the rains start in November so the roads will be terrible when the food is most needed and some lorry drivers will refuse to come. By November, we will need to have pre-positioned food in key areas. But to get it there by then means ordering the food right now," she said.

People are divide pulses among themselves at a United Nations World Food Programme food distribution centre in Chikwawa district, Malawi. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

Finding the cash to feed possibly 50 million people for eight or more months is the biggest problem of all, says the UN, because Africa's slow-burn crisis must compete with Middle East wars, refugees and natural disasters for attention. According to the UN, which is holding an unprecedented humanitarian summit this week in Istanbul, 125 million people worldwide need long-term assistance and a further 60 million have been forced from their homes by war, violence and disaster.

More than $1.5bn has been requested by southern African governments, says Ocha, the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, but less than a quarter of this has been pledged. Officially, the deficit is $677 million (87%) but this will grow when countries complete their assessments of the harvests in the next few weeks.

"The window for responding in a meaningful manner is closing rapidly," said Shadrack Omol, senior adviser to the UN children's fund, Unicef. "The concern is that slow-onset emergencies, like the one we are dealing with in southern Africa, do not get enough attention because they creep up on us."

John Makina, Oxfam country director in Malawi, said: "The donors just do not have the money; there is donor fatigue. Malawi has been hit by drought, then floods, then drought. The donors are getting tired of it. In 2015, Malawi alone needed $170m. In 2016-17, it will be far more.

"The full impact will be felt from October to March 2017. It's looking really bad. The most affected will be the poorest and jobless. They will end up selling what little they possess. The price of maize flour has already gone to 9,000 kwachas (£8.70) for 50kg. It will double again for sure," he said.

International development minister Nick Hurd, who has visited Mozambique, wants Britain to lead the humanitarian effort. But money cannot be given directly to the country following a corruption scandal, and the government must work through a consortium of NGOs, providing food vouchers, medical aid and food-for-work schemes.

"We cannot and will not stand idly by while millions suffer. Britain is playing a leading role in helping countries across Africa to cope with the impact of El Niño. Support for people affected by El Niño is important to Africa and also firmly in Britain's national interest," says Hurd.

In villages across southern Africa, people are fearful, unsure how they will survive. In Mozambique, where Britain is contributing £11.8m over three years, some food aid has arrived in the village of Mblalava.

A farmer tries to grow crops with the help of a United Nations supported irrigation scheme in the Neno district of Malawi. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

The women are ecstatic: "It's been two and a half years since we had good rain," said Rosita Chauque, a mother of three. "When the drought started we used to be able to find vegetables in the bush, but even these have gone now. We used to make and sell charcoal, but there are so many other people doing that now it's not possible. We have thought of leaving, but where to? We have no crops in the fields, no food for the cattle and nothing for ourselves. There is no water, no grass. People are selling their animals. They have no other resources. There is a lot of suffering."

"The situation is critical," said Abdoulaye Balde, the World Food Programme country director in Mozambique's capital, Maputo. "We are at the point of no return."

Droughts and "hungry seasons" are common throughout southern Africa, but the breadth of this year's crisis is very unusual, says Caoimhe de Barra, Malawi country director of Concern Worldwide. Her frontline workers see rural people already employing traditional coping strategies, including eating wild foods, taking children out of school, selling their animals and assets.

"Early action is key. If we can start supporting people now, we can save lives and prevent an even worse situation later this year. People are not currently dying of hunger but the overall health of the population will be severely affected by hunger-related illnesses. Malnutrition will blight the life chances of countless more Malawian children," she said.

The secretary general of the International Red Cross, Elhadj As Sy, who visited Malawi and Zimbabwe last week, said: "Much more needs to be done to support communities to survive and strive over the coming months. We met families who have received no external support and who are simply desperate. We need to urgently scale up our interventions to prevent this situation from becoming a catastrophe," he said.

Relief from Africa's long drought may finally be coming, says the World Meteorological Organisation, which is monitoring the temperature of waters in the Pacific. These are said to be cooling rapidly and are expected to be "neutral" by mid-June. That, says the UN, signals the coming end of the El Niño, the droughts and the worldwide heatwaves.

The effects, however, will not be felt in southern Africa until April 2017 when the next main harvest should be in. But, says the WMO, there may be a sting in the tale. There is a 50:50 chance that the continent will be hit from September by El Niño's climatic "twin", known as La Niña, which develops as the Pacific Ocean equatorial waters cool after an El Niño.

Instead of droughts, La Niña usually brings heavier monsoon rains in south-east Asia and much cooler and wetter conditions in southern Africa.

"We pray hard for rain and then we must pray harder that it stops. Is there no end of extreme weather?" said Malawian villager Richard Kapenda.

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Across Africa, the worst food crisis since 1985 looms for 50 million

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A second year without rain threatens to bring catastrophe for some of the poorest people in the world. Donor countries, in the grip of wars and refugee crises, have been slow to pledge funds. But by the time they do, it could be too late

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This website, under the Marriage, Family, and Kinship, it talks about the customs of marriage in malawi.

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Orientation

Identification. Malawians are part of the large Bantu population that migrated northward from South Africa at around the turn of the twentieth century.

Location and Geography. Malawi is a landlocked country that lies east of Zambia, north and west of Mozambique, and south of Tanzania. Its area is 45,747 square miles (118,500 square kilometers). The major topographic feature is Lake Malawi, a freshwater lake that is home to hundreds of fish species found nowhere else in the world. Twenty percent of the landmass consists of water. The topography varies from the high Nyika plateau in the north to the Shire River valley in the south that is an extension of the Great Rift Valley. In the far southeast corner is Mount Mulanje, which is among the highest mountains in Africa.

The capital, Lilongwe, is roughly in the center of the country. However, the major commercial center is Blantyre, named after the birthplace in Scotland of the first European to discover Lake Malawi, the English explorer Livingston. Access to the Indian Ocean is normally by rail to the port of Beira in Mozambique.

Demography. In 1999, the estimated population was ten million, with 45 percent of the population under age 14, and 3 percent over age 65. The population density is one of the highest in Africa. Among the major ethnic groups are Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asians, and Europeans.

Linguistic Affiliation. The most widely spoken language (60 percent of the population) is Chewa, which originated among the Bantu tribes of South Africa. Five percent of the people speak Yao, and 30 percent speak Arabic. The language of government, industry, and commerce is English, which every schoolchild studies. English is spoken in cities but rarely in rural areas.

History and Ethnic Relations

Emergence of the Nation. Evidence of Stone Age and Iron Age settlements has been found around Lake Nyasa. Bantu peoples moved into the territory in the first millennium C.E. By the sixteenth century, a Malawi kingdom had trade relations with the coastal areas of Mozambique.

Jesuit missionaries from Portugal visited the territory near Lake Nyasa in the seventeenth century, but the lake probably was not known to Europeans until the Scottish missionary and explorer David Livingstone reached its shores in 1859. European involvement began in 1875 and 1876, when Scottish church missions were established, and a British consul was stationed in the country in 1883. In 1891, treaties that had been negotiated with indigenous rulers resulted in the formal declaration of a British protectorate called the Nyasaland Districts Protectorate. Beginning in 1893, it was known as the British Central Africa Protectorate, and in 1907, the area was officially designated the Nyasaland Protectorate. In 1915, John Chilembwe, an African preacher, staged a short, bloody uprising in response to the treatment of Africans by British colonists.

After World War II, nationalist movements gained strength. After 1953, the protectorate was joined for ten years in a federation with Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia (now Zambia and Zimbabwe) called the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. That federation was opposed by nationalists who advocated political freedom from British rule. After the federation's dissolution in 1963, Nyasaland achieved internal self-government, with Hastings Kamuzu Banda as the first prime minister. The protectorate gained independence in 1964 under

its new name, Malawi. It was declared a republic in 1966, and Prime Minister Banda was elected president by the National Assembly.

Under the Banda regime, the country embarked on a vigorous program of economic development. In international affairs, Banda maintained a policy of neutrality in the dispute between Great Britain and the government of Rhodesia (known as Southern Rhodesia before 1964), maintaining extensive trade relations with Rhodesia's rebellious white minority government. He also maintained friendly relations with Mozambique (until 1975 governed by Portugal) and in 1967 signed a trade pact with South Africa.

In November 1970, the constitution was amended to make Banda president for life. Maintaining good relations with white-dominated South Africa, he became the first black African head of state to visit that country. His policy toward South Africa brought criticism from other black African countries, and his influence in continental affairs was minimal.

The first parliamentary elections were held in 1978. Although only the Malawi Congress Party participated, a majority of the incumbent members were defeated; participation in the 1983, 1987, and 1992 elections also was restricted to that party. The economy performed sluggishly in the early 1990s, burdened by foreign debt and an influx of Mozambican refugees. Meanwhile, Banda faced rising domestic discontent and international criticism of his human rights record.

In May 1994, a new constitution was approved, and then the first multiparty elections took place. Bakili Muluzi, the leader of the United Democratic Front and a former federal cabinet member, defeated Banda for the presidency and formed a government dominated by that party. In keeping with the new constitution, which established a human rights commission, Muluzi freed political prisoners and closed three prisons where tortures was said to have taken place. In early 1995, Banda and a top deputy were tried for the 1983 killings of four government officials. Both were acquitted.

Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, called Ngwazi, or ("Fearless Warrior,") had strong ties with and feelings for Britain. He modeled his government on the British Parliament and built Kamuzu Academy as a private school patterned after Eton. Only the brightest and wealthiest were able to attend; students were required to wear uniforms with straw boater hats and played cricket and rugby. The British influence still can be seen in driving on the left side of the road, roundabouts, speed bumps, and school uniforms.

Banda was revered by the general population, but most of the intelligentsia wanted him removed. Every government office had his picture on the wall. When he traveled within the country, streets would be closed and would be lined with schoolchildren waving flags and singing national songs. An audience with Banda would be extremely deferential, and servants were expected to enter and leave the

room on their hands and knees, facing the president. A mbumba, a ceremonial group of women dancers accompanied him to all state functions.

Ethnic Relations. The many tribes generally have gotten along well. However, there is a feeling that people from the north are more intelligent than their southern counterparts, and Banda mistrusted northerners, attempting to keep them out of public office and curtail their enrollment in Kamuzu Academy. Citizens feel a kinship with the neighboring countries and during the civil war in Mozambique created many refugee camps along the borders and fed the refugees with the country's reserves of corn. At that time, Malawi was one of the few African countries that could feed itself.

Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space

Malawi has an agricultural economy, and even in urban areas, each home generally has a small plot of corn. There are three main cities. Blantyre, the commercial center, Lilongwe, the new capital, replacing Zomba; and Mzuzu in the far north. In 1990, the tallest building in the country was seven stories and the country had only four traffic signals. The vast majority of homes are constructed of sticks and mud with either a thatched roof or a roof of corrugated iron held down by stones. Families tend to build their homes close to each other in a small compound.

A typical home might consist of such a house with separate rooms for sleeping, eating, and storage. Cooking is done over a wood or charcoal fire in a separate building with a smoke hole in the roof. Furnishings are very simple, often homemade, with few decorations. Cow dung often is used to create the floor of the house. Bathing is done outside, often within a circular thatched shield with an open roof. Water is carried, often over great distances, from a lake, river, or well for cooking and bathing. In the larger cities, the water is potable.

Food and Economy

Food in Daily Life. Chickens, goats, and an occasional pig are used to supplement the standard dish of boiled cornmeal called nsima. Nsima is eaten twice a day, usually at lunch and dinner, and is preferred by most people to rice or potatoes. Fruits are plentiful, including mangoes, melons, oranges, bananas, and pineapples. Vegetables are cultivated but are not popular.

Soft drinks are quite prevalent, especially Coca-Cola. Alcoholic beverages are mainly beer (there is a large brewery in Blantyre), a homemade brew called chibuku, that is usually produced by women and served in cut-off milk cartons, and a more potent distilled liquor that often causes severe health problems.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Most weddings and funerals involve the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Basic Economy. In the last decade, the economy has gone downhill, the value of the kwacha has declined, and the rate of inflation is high. Malawi relies heavily on foodstuffs supplied by Western nations.

Land Tenure and Property. Land is treated as part of the public domain. A person may settle on a piece of ground, build a home, and grow crops as long as he gets the approval of his neighbors. After a certain period, he is permitted to register the plot with the government and is given legal title.

Commerical Activities. Malawi's economy is based largely on agriculture, which accounts for more than 90 percent of its export earnings, contributes 45 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), and supports 90 percent of the population. Malawi has some of the most fertile land in the region. Almost 70 percent of agricultural produce comes from smalholder farmers. However, land distribution is unequal with more than 40 percent of smallholder households cultivating very small plots. The country's export trade is dominated by tobacco, tea, cotton, coffee, and sugar. There is very little import trade. Tourism is beginning to build after the collapse of the repressive government of Dr. Banda, and plans are in place to build more resorts and restore the roads.

Major Industries. The organizations that produce coffee, tea, and tobacco, such as the British-American Tobacco Company, are replacing their British managers with Malawians. The country produces no manufactured goods for export; thus, the economy depends heavily on agricultural staples. During the years of apartheid, Malawi was the only country in Africa that had diplomatic relations with South Africa. Many South Africans visited the country, and a basic tourism infrastructure was developed. Today there are tourists from many countries, but the country does not have an abundance of wildlife and there are no game parks. However, there is a potential for increased tourism because of the natural beauty and varied topography and because the country is unspoiled and inexpensive.

Trade. The major exports are tobacco, coffee, and tea. The country imports electrical appliances, small machinery, and automobiles, primarily Japanese. The balance of trade is favorable. The major trading partners are Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Zimbabwe, Japan, and South Africa.

Social Stratification

Classes and Castes. People from the northern region have a reputation for being better educated and more skilled in business. For this reason, they are mistrusted by people from the southern two-thirds of the country and efforts are made to keep them out of government positions. Men dress in a Western style, wearing shirts and trousers, women often wear traditional costumes consisting of two or three chitenjes, which are large pieces of colored fabric used as a skirt, a headdress, and a saronglike wrap that holds a small infant on the woman's back. One way to distinguish between the three regions is by the color of the dress; red, blue, and green represent the north, central, and southern regions, respectively.

Symbols of Social Stratification. Shoes are expensive and often the local people are barefoot even in the cities.

Political Life

Government. Malawi is now a multiparty democracy, instead of a dictatorship with one party. Citizens and those resident for more than seven years can vote. The president is both the chief of state and the head of the government. He appoints a twenty-eight-member cabinet. The judicial branch consists of a Supreme Court of Appeal, a High Court, a chief justice appointed by the president, additional judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, and magistrate's courts. The legislative branch is made up of the National Assembly with 177 members elected by plurality vote from single-seat constituencies for a five-year term. The Senate contains eighty members, all elected. Local government consists of twenty-four districts.

Leadership and Political Officials. The three major political parties are the Malawi Congress Party (MCP), the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), and the United Democratic Front (UDF). The most recent elections were held in 1999; Bakali Muluzi of

the UDF won the presidency with over 51 percent of the vote.

Social Problems and Control. The most serious crime is robbery, which generally occurs in the major cities and in tourist areas, although murder is not unknown. The police are conspicuous by their lack of weapons and vehicles. Local justice often is meted out on the spot. If a criminal is caught by local residents, he often is taken to the police station and beaten on the way while those around him sing and mock him. These beatings have caused death on occasion. During Banda's rule, there was a youth group that could turn violent. Its purpose was to intimidate the people into joining Banda's political party. The group members would stand at bus stations and prevent people from boarding until a membership card was produced or purchased.

Military Activity. The armed forces total about ten thousand, plus a paramilitary police force of about fifteen thousand. The army is by far the largest branch; the air force is small, and the navy is practically nonexistent. During World War I, Malawi sent a substantial number of troops to serve as part of the Kings African Rifles. There is monument to that unit in the former capital of Zomba.

Social Welfare and Change Programs

International fraternal groups such as the Rotary Club, Lions Club, and Kiwanis have a presence in the country. In the agricultural sector, there are large, well-organized growers' associations for tea and tobacco.

Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations

In one of the world's poorest nations, many foreign nongovernmental organizations are present. Among them are Medicins sans Frontieres, Save the Children, World Vision, and several United Nations organizations, such as the United Nations High Commission for Refugees. There are volunteer organizations such as United States Peace Corps and similar groups from England, Canada, Japan, and Germany. The World Food Program helps with food distribution.

Gender Roles and Statuses

Division of Labor by Gender. In a patriarchal society, men do most work outside the home. However, with help from Western countries, women are being encouraged to start their own businesses.

There are a few women in governmental positions. Inside the home, women dominate.

The Relative Status of Women and Men. When a family returns from the market or from gathering firewood or drawing water, women and children carry the burdens. The man leads the way, smoking if he can afford tobacco, with the rest of the family trailing behind. In a culture that separates the sexes in most aspects of life, three-quarters of literate persons are men. Usually, men eat separately from women, using the only table in the house. The woman serves the meal to the man, often on her knees. At weddings, it is customary for the bride to serve food to the husband's parents in that position.

Marriage, Family, and Kinship

Marriage. Marriages often are arranged, particularly in rural areas. Dowries are presented by the bride's parents to the husband to be and play a significant role in the selection of a partner. Dowries are usually in the form of livestock, such as cattle, goats, or chickens, but may consists of grain or land. Larger women often are favored as brides because they appear to come from a well-to-do family that can provide a significant dowry and seem strong enough to carry heavy loads. Polygamy is practiced occasionally by those who can afford it. On occasion, the co-wives will share the same house with the husband.

Females undergo an initiation ceremony at the onset of puberty or menstruation and just before marriage. It often consists of very explicit instructions on the sexual aspect of marriage. Divorce is becoming more common and is very difficult on the wife, who must go back to her family and hope it will take her in. The husband receives all the couple's possessions.

Domestic Unit. Families are quite close and often live in adjoining houses. Elderly persons are taken care of by their children, and usually the oldest members of a family have a strong voice in running the household and raising the children. Especially important is the uncle; male adolescents ask advice first of the uncle, who is also influential in the selection of a bride.

Socialization

Infant Care. Infants usually are carried on the mother's back, facing inward. Mothers conduct many activities with their babies in attendance: shopping, carrying water, hoeing a garden, and dancing in a ceremony. Separate rooms or cribs for infants are almost nonexistent because most houses are small and include many family and extended family members.

Child Rearing and Education. The average woman will bear five to six children, less than half of whom will live past the age of five years. Children are raised under strict family control, usually by the mother, until they leave home. They are expected to help with the chores of daily living. Most tasks are done by female children, such as carrying water, cleaning the home and washing dishes, and going to the market. Half the population over the age of fifteen can read and write, but education is reserved for those who can afford school fees and uniforms. Most children have to end their education before high school to help tend the fields or care for younger siblings.

Higher Education. College or even vocational training is rare, although Chancellor College has a good reputation and Queen Victoria Hospital, the largest in the country, has a school of nursing. Recently, a medical school was opened in Blantyre. However, those able to afford it usually send their

children abroad for higher education. The preferred destinations are the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany. Advanced degrees often are obtained overseas with financial help from Western organizations.

Etiquette

Verbal greetings are accompanied by a handshake. This is done with the right hand, with the left hand gripping the right forearm to show that one is not armed. Stopping to talk on the street is customary, and the conversation continues even after the parties go their separate ways. Although residents are gregarious, they respect other people's privacy in a crowded country where private space is at a premium. A person approaching someone's house will often cry Odi, Odi to announce his or her presence. Any visitor almost always is offered a drink and perhaps something to eat. Eating usually is done without utensils, but only with the right hand, because the left hand is considered "dirty."

Religion

Religious Beliefs. Fifty-five percent of the people belong to the Church of England but there are also Methodists, Baptists and Seventh Day Adventists. Twenty percent of the population are Muslim, and 20 percent are Catholic. There is a small Hindu presence.

Rituals and Holy Places. Most larger towns have a Christian church and a Muslim mosque. Most major cities also have a Hindu temple. In rural areas, animistic religion is practiced.

Death and the Afterlife. Because of the short life expectancy, the growing incidence of AIDS and other diseases, and the high infant mortality rate, death is a constant presence. Employers give workers time off for funerals, and funerals and mourning can last several days.

Medicine and Health Care

There are hospitals as well as a school of Medicine and several schools of nursing. The best hospital is probably the Seventh-Day Adventist Hospital in Blantyre, which also has a dental clinic. Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Blantyre is the largest in the country but is not particularly sanitary.

Medicine men and women provide health care for many people, especially in rural areas, using traditional or folk medicine. Sometimes called

singanas, they work out of the home or from a clinic, using natural medicines such as roots, herbs, and potions. Medicine men base their healing on the assumption that most illnesses are caused by supernatural powers and that supernatural powers are required to cure them. The individual may fall ill after offending one of the gods, through witchcraft or sorcery, or through the unprovoked attack of an evil spirit. The task of the curer is to diagnose the disease and then apply the spiritual remedy, such as retrieving a lost soul, removing a disease-causing object, or exorcising an evil spirit. Often medicine men are called on to help in areas not considered medical problems in the West, such as finding a wife or lover, conceiving a child, and helping in business matters.

Yellow fever and malaria are prevalent, and the country has one of the highest incidences of AIDS in the world. Despite some efforts by the government, it has been difficult to lower the rate of AIDS because of long-standing social mores.

Secular Celebrations

The three major national holidays are Independence Day, 6 July; Republic Day, 6 July; and Constitution Day, 18 May. Independence Day celebrates the end of the British colonial status in 1964, Republic Day commemorates the formal declaration of the republic in 1966, and Constitution Day celebrates the drafting of the first constitution as a democratic society in 1995.

The Arts and Humanities

Support for the Arts. Malawi has built a National Dance Troupe over the past few years which has been well received. It is partially subsidized by the government and receives the only governmental financial support to the arts in the country.

Literature. There is a long tradition of oral artistry. Before the spread of literacy in the twentieth century, texts were preserved in memory and performed or recited. Those traditional texts provided entertainment, instruction, and commemoration. However, no distinctions were made between works composed for enjoyment and works with a more utilitarian function. Those works were primarily, myths, legends, and folktales.

Performance Arts. The performing arts are not highly developed. Local bands, that use primarily native instruments play throughout the country at festivals and celebrations but seldom travel abroad. Dance troupes are becoming more popular; their performances relate stories of everyday life. Some of the most popular are episodes involve a policeman, with uniform and whistle, who directs people by alternating verbal and whistle commands.

Graphic Arts. Wood carving and pottery making account the items most frequently purchased by tourists and Africans. Every home has one or more wood statues, generally of people or animals, along with elaborately carved tables and chairs. Every large town has carvings for sale, even in the supermarkets. The best pottery is said to come from Dedza on the Mozambique border. These pieces are often hand-painted with scenes, such as fishing boats on Lake Malawi at sunset.

The State of the Physical and Social Sciences

Lack funding has constrained the development of the physical and social sciences. The University of Malawi (also known as Chancellor College) has a good reputation, but the staff is poorly paid and the facilities are not kept up to date. The Polytechnic University in Blantyre relies on highly paid foreign professors.

Bibliography

Chanock, Martin. Law, Custom and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia, 1998.

Crosby, Cynthia A. Historical Dictionary of Malawi, 1993.

Glagow, Manfred, et al. Non-Governmental Organizations in Malawi: The Contribution to Development and Democratization, 1997.

Hanna, A. J. The Beginnings of Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, 1859-1895, 1982.

Mandala, Elias C. Work and Control in a Peasant Economy: A History of the Lower Tchiri Valley in Malawi, 1859- 1960, 1990.

Michie, W. D. et al. The Lands and Peoples of Central Africa, 1981.

Mtewa, Mekki. Malawi Democratic Theory and Public Policy, 1986.

Muyebe, Stanslaus C. The Catholic Missionaries Within and Beyond the Politics of Exclusivity in Colonial Malawi, 1901-1945, 1999.

Needham, D. E. From Iron Age to Independence: A History of Central Africa, 1984.

O'Toole, Thomas. Malawi in Pictures, 1988.

Rotberg, Robert I. Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, 1965.

Schoffeleers, J. Matthew. River of Blood: The Genesis of a Martyr Cult in Southern Malawi, C. A.D. 1600, 1992.

Shepperson, George, and Thomas Price. Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising 1915, 1987.

Sindima, Harvey J. The Legacy of Scottish Missionaries in Malawi, 1992.

Sweeney, Mary E. The Proper Care of Malawi Cichlids, 1993.

Williams, T. David. Malawi: The Politics of Despair, 1978.

Wills, Alfred John. An Introduction to the History of Central Africa: Zambia, Malawi and Zimbabwe, 1985.

Woods, Anthony, and Melvin E. Page. The Creation of Modern Malawi, 2000.

Also read article about Malawi from Wikipedia

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Identification. Malawians are part of the large Bantu population that migrated northward from South Africa at around the turn of the twentieth century. Location and Geography. Malawi is a landlocked country that lies east of Zambia, north and west of Mozambique, and south of Tanzania. Its area is 45,747 square miles (118,500 square kilometers).

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In this chapter, William discovers AC and DC currents and we also see the affects of drought and flooding in Malawi. An important quote in this chapter would be, "If thegovernment treated our dear leaderin such a way,with the hunger bearing down, I wondered if we people would fare much better" (97).

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In TBWHTW, throughout chapter 5 they give signs of the impending famine like
1.) Flooding
2.) Drought
3.) Deforestation
4.) The other villagers coming and asking fir work for food
5.) The President sold the extra maize supply

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Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests to have the land avalible for other things. Deforestation kept the Malawians poor because wood was really their only source of energy for cooking and trees were the only things in the way of the floods washing away fertilizer. This article talks about what can happen to lifeforms when deforestation occurs, http://www.lawyerherald.com/articles/46820/20170124/deforestation-affects-health-release-deadly-pathogens-killing-man-animals-hiv-malaria-sars-ebola-lymes-disease-yellow-fever.htm

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An AC current is a current that flows in two directions and in a DC current it only flows in one direction.
AC Examples
1.) Kitchen Appliances
2.) A lamp
3.) radio
DC Examples
1.) Flash light
2.)solar cells
3.)batteries

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An anemia is a condition where the blood doesn have enough red blood cells.

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These are five facts about a bicycle dynamo,
1.) Makes electricity when you ride
2.) It powers special lights
3.) Old dynamos would ruin bike tires
4.) You have to be going at a certain speed for it to produce light, which is an issue when going down hills.
5.) Really good dynamo lights can be very expensive.

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Slow Motion Flipping Cat Physics | Smarter Every Day 58

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Malawi has a very specific farming schedule and it is, August to November is digging holes for the crop --> When the first rain hits in December they start to plant --> 2 weeks later they put down fertalizer --> Then it will be havested in May

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Curiosity is said to make learning more enjoyable and fun. As said on Edutopia, it makes students want to seek the answers.

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Edutopia is a free source of information, inspiration, and practical strategies for learning and teaching in preK-12 education. We are published by the George Lucas Educational Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization.

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In this chapter we learn about farming in Malawi in the past and with the new President and about William's new job with Geoffrey. A significant quote would be, "One night before bed, I saw a lamp flickering inside and found my father there alone, ataring at the stacks as if he'd asked them a question. Whatever they told him, I'd find out soon" (78).

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In this chapter we learn about the new president, the death of Williams uncle and how it affects the rest of the family, and we learn about how William hunts. A significant qoute from this chapter would be, "Once I finished cooking my birds, they even allowed me to eat one. But as soon as I was no longer useful to them, the inevitable happened"(65).

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In this chapter we gain an insight to William's daily life and how magic isn't trust worthy. A significant quote from chapter would be,  "My first and only experience with magic had left me with a sore eye and hands that throbbed from bad medicine"(48).

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William wanted to get Mangolomera, so he payed a kid to get it. In this he was only given a small bit. When he went to a public area, he picked a fight with a kid twice his size and the Mangolomera didn't work and he got his butt kicked. In this experience he learned that he should mess with magic.

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Robert Fumulani was a very well know musician in Malwai. He did die in 1998,  but he was reconized as the best musician in Malawi for 1980. He was also known as "the Blessed Fther of our National Music".
http://www.malawi-music.com/R/75-robert-fumulani

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Cult of Personality is Excessive devotion to one person, especially a political figure. This applies to President Banda because President Banda forces each place to have a picture in their shops. President Banda wanted everyone to have a picture hanging up so everyine would follow him.

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The Yao people people are traders in salves. They grow sorghum where as the malawi people grow tobacco as their cash crop. also the Men in the village, when they marry, leave the village to live with their new wives. More info can be found here,

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Yao, various Bantu-speaking peoples inhabiting southernmost Tanzania, the region between the Rovuma and Lugenda rivers in Mozambique, and the southern part of Malaŵi.

By 1800 the Yao had become known as traders plying between the inland tribes and the Arabs on the east coast. Much of this trade was in slaves, which led eventually to clashes with European powers who were establishing control over former Yao territory in the 19th century. The Yao were never united but lived as small groups ruled by chiefs who were predominantly military and commercial leaders; by 1900 all Yao chiefdoms had come under German, Portuguese, or British rule.

The Yao are an agricultural people using slash-and-burn techniques to cultivate their staples, corn (maize) and sorghum. Fish provide protein in areas near lakes or larger rivers. In Malaŵi they cultivate tobacco as an important cash crop.

The Yao live in compact villages of 75 to 100 persons under traditional headmen. These headmen, like the chiefs, succeed matrilineally, the office usually going to the eldest sister's firstborn son. On marriage the man leaves his village to live in that of his wife, so that villages are composed basically of groups of women related through the female line, together with their spouses. Yao social life features annual initiation ceremonies involving circumcision for boys. Originally, these ceremonies were closely connected with the worship of ancestor spirits, but through Arab contact most Yao are Muslims, and the rites incorporate Islamic elements.

Elizabeth Prine Pauls.

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Yao, various Bantu-speaking peoples inhabiting southernmost Tanzania, the region between the Rovuma and Lugenda rivers in Mozambique, and the southern part of Malaŵi. By 1800 the Yao had become known as traders plying between the inland tribes and the Arabs on the east coast. Much of this trade was

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In chapter one we learn about William, his friends and a little bit about Afcrican culture, specifically the beliefs of William's home. A significant quote from chapter one is, "But most of the timewe had no money, so we spent our afternoons in hunger and dreams." (21).

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JuJu is a spiritual belief system that inclues objects that are used for magic.

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Black Rhinos are herbovores that live in Africa. They are critically endangered because their horns are believed to have medicinal uses, so they are poached for their horns. Their horns are also seen as trophies, which is another reason why they are poached. When reasearching I found that since they are so critically endangered, some people for a time, including some news sources believed that they we extinct. It is highly likely that Black Rhinos will go extinct. http://www.livescience.com/27439-rhinos.html

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The Gule Wamkulu is "Spiritual Masquerade," as said on Michigan State University. Gule Wamkulu means great dance and is represented by people wearing carved masks. More infromation can be found here, http://museum.msu.edu/exhibitions/virtual/greatdance/introduction.html

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This PowerPoint talks about how you should effectively read informational texts and understand them.

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This encyclopedia entry talk about what a windmill is and when it was used in history. Fun fact, the earliest found reference of the windmill was 644AD.

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windmill, device for tapping the energy of the wind by means of sails mounted on a rotating shaft. The sails are mounted at an angle or are given a slight twist so that the force of wind against them is divided into two components, one of which, in the plane of the sails, imparts rotation.

Like waterwheels, windmills were among the original prime movers that replaced human beings as a source of power. The use of windmills was increasingly widespread in Europe from the 12th century until the early 19th century. Their slow decline, because of the development of steam power, lasted for a further 100 years. Their rapid demise began following World War I with the development of the internal-combustion engine and the spread of electric power; from that time on, however, electrical generation by wind power has served as the subject of more and more experiments.

The earliest-known references to windmills are to a Persian millwright in ad 644 and to windmills in Seistan, Persia, in ad 915. These windmills are of the horizontal-mill type, with sails radiating from a vertical axis standing in a fixed building, which has openings for the inlet and outlet of the wind diametrically opposite to each other. Each mill drives a single pair of stones directly, without the use of gears, and the design is derived from the earliest water mills. Persian millwrights, taken prisoner by the forces of Genghis Khan, were sent to China to instruct in the building of windmills; their use for irrigation there has lasted ever since.

The vertical windmill, with sails on a horizontal axis, derives directly from the Roman water mill with its right-angle drive to the stones through a single pair of gears. The earliest form of vertical mill is known as the post mill. It has a boxlike body containing the gearing, millstones, and machinery and carrying the sails. It is mounted on a well-supported wooden post socketed into a horizontal beam on the level of the second floor of the mill body. On this it can be turned so that the sails can be faced into the wind.

The next development was to place the stones and gearing in a fixed tower. This has a movable top, or cap, which carries the sails and can be turned around on a track, or curb, on top of the tower. The earliest-known illustration of a tower mill is dated about 1420. Both post and tower mills were to be found throughout Europe and were also built by settlers in America.

To work efficiently, the sails of a windmill must face squarely into the wind, and in the early mills the turning of the post-mill body, or the tower-mill cap, was done by hand by means of a long tailpole stretching down to the ground. In 1745 Edmund Lee in England invented the automatic fantail. This consists of a set of five to eight smaller vanes mounted on the tailpole or the ladder of a post mill at right angles to the sails and connected by gearing to wheels running on a track around the mill. When the wind veers it strikes the sides of the vanes, turns them and hence the track wheels also, which turn the mill body until the sails are again square into the wind. The fantail may also be fitted to the caps of tower mills, driving down to a geared rack on the curb.

The sails of a mill are mounted on an axle, or windshaft, inclined upward at an angle of from 5° to 15° to the horizontal. The first mill sails were wooden frames on which sailcloth was spread; each sail was set individually with the mill at rest. The early sails were flat planes inclined at a constant angle to the direction of rotation; later they were built with a twist like that of an airplane propeller.

In 1772 Andrew Meikle, a Scot, invented his spring sail, substituting hinged shutters, like those of a Venetian blind, for sailcloths and controlling them by a connecting bar and a spring on each sail. Each spring had to be adjusted individually with the mill at rest according to the power required; the sails were then, within limits, self-regulating.

In 1789 Stephen Hooper in England utilized roller blinds instead of shutters and devised a remote control to enable all the blinds to be adjusted simultaneously while the mill was at work. In 1807 Sir William Cubitt invented his "patent sail" combining Meikle's hinged shutters with Hooper's remote control by chain from the ground via a rod passing through a hole drilled through the windshaft; the operation was comparable to operating an umbrella; by varying the weights hung on the chain the sails were made self-regulating.

The annular-sailed wind pump was brought out in the United States by Daniel Hallady in 1854, and its production in steel by Stuart Perry in 1883 led to worldwide adoption, for, although inefficient, it was cheap and reliable. The design consists of a number of small vanes set radially in a wheel. Governing is automatic: of yaw by tail vane, and of torque by setting the wheel off-centre with respect to the vertical yaw axis. Thus, as the wind increases the mill turns on its vertical axis, reducing the effective area and therefore the speed.

The most important use of the windmill was for grinding grain. In certain areas its uses in land drainage and water pumping were equally important. The windmill has been used as a source of electrical power since P. La Cour's mill, built in Denmark in 1890 with patent sails and twin fantails on a steel tower. Interest in the use of windmills for the generation of electric power, on both single-user and commercial scales, revived in the 1970s.

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Windmill | Definition, History, Types, & Facts

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Windmill, device for tapping the energy of the wind by means of sails mounted on a rotating shaft. The sails are mounted at an angle or are given a slight twist so that the force of wind against them is divided into two components, one of which, in the plane of the sails, imparts rotation.

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This web link provides the definition of a memoir and lists characteristics of a memoir. It also provides examples of memoirs by giving excerpts from other writers..

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William Kamkwamba, who is now 29, brought electricity to his home and farm in Malawi when he was 14. He now lives in the United States and has completed studies at Dartmouth College. Though he hasn't written in awhile, he had a blog in which he updated about projects going on in Malawi. His blog is, http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/williamkamkwamba/