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Just like in American ACT (American College Test),, the teens in Divergent must take a huge test to place them somewhere, which is the Aptitude Test. The only major different between the two is that you can study for the ACT, but you can't study for the Aptitude Test as it is not necessarily a test of your knowledge rather than your being.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)

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In America, there is a thing called a girl's "Sweet 16" birthday. This is a type of "coming of age" birthday in a young female's life.
For teens in Divergent, although this applies to both male and female, turning 16 means you can finally take the Aptitude Test and see where you belong.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_sixteen_(birthday)

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The Aptitude Test in Divergent is a mental ability test to gauge people's personalities and abilities to see what faction they would be best suited for. The different types of personalities within the Myers Briggs' test can symbolize the different factions, although there are many more different personality types than factions.

https://www.16personalities.com/personality-types

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Because the trait of an Abnegation person is selflessness, that means they can not do things for themselves such as divulge in any type of luxury. For example, they're not allowed to wear makeup or do anything "glamorous" with their hair, they can't wear colorful or attention-grabbing clothes, and they must help others out who are in need. Another rule is that they can't look in mirrors for too long, if at all, because it suggests vanity, which is a self-luxury. Tris was always fascinated by what she looked like and wanted to see her reflection because she was never allowed to look in a mirror. She grew up not knowing what she really looked like. On the day of the Aptitude Testing, though, her mother allowed her one quick glance in a small mirror they kept hidden away.

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/9c/42/ee/9c42ee82d6e06c9766bad2c12430d996.jpg

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The five factions of the society are Abnegation (selfless people who help out people in need) in which Tris was born into and raised as, Amity (peacefulness), Candor (the overly honest people, sometimes TOO honest), Erudite (the intelligent ones of society who do all the research), and Dauntless (the brave, also known as the risk takers and wild ones of society).

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/28/e4/48/28e448deae8dcbc718b878666dc3a4b8.jpg

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The Dauntless are known for riding on the outside of the train every day and jumping off of it to get to the places where they want to be. It's a symbol of fearlessness, as that's the faction's main characteristic, and it has fascinated Tris ever since she was a little kid. She wanted to know what it was like to jump off a train while it was still moving.

https://il3.picdn.net/shutterstock/videos/2372447/thumb/4.jpg

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A major internal conflict within the novel starts in the very beginning when Tris needs to decide which faction to choose. Because she was born into the Abnegation faction, she feels obligated to choose that one, and because her father is the leader within the faction, it would make him look bad if his only daughter chose something else over family. But Tris isn't always selfless and doesn't feel like she fits in Abnegation. As the day of the choosing comes closer, Tris is filled with anxiety on which faction to choose. Should she stay with her family because it seems to be the right thing to do, or should she follow her aspirations?

A major external conflict would be the fight for control over the government between the Erudite and Abnegation factions. The people within Dauntless are being brainwashed into emotionless soldiers to help the Erudite faction to take over the Abnegation government (her father). Dauntless people are already fearless and strong, but making them into obeying robots of sorts, they could take anything by force if they wanted to. Since the Dauntless are also very intimidating people in general, people within society wouldn't try to fight back against them.

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Tori Wu, (who was a semi-minor character), was the lady who gave Tris her Aptitude Test results. She was the first one to see the results and the first one to find out that Tris is Divergent. If it were anyone else who gave the test, Tris most likely would have been killed or locked away for being Divergent, as it is a threat to the government. The government doesn't like Divergents because they aren't brainwashed like the rest of society and are too powerful with all of their traits and abilities. Because Tori was concerned for Tris' safety, she told Tris to go home and say the testing liquid got her sick and to not tell anyone anything. This is when Tris realizes that a Divergent is not something she wants to be and keeps it to herself for a while.
Later in the book, Tris sees Tori again when she switches into the same faction as hers.

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In Divergent, Beatrice Prior, or Tris as she's referred to in the rest of the book, comes from one of the five factions: Abnegation. Abnegation is known for its selflessness and caring personalities, but Tris never felt like she belonged in there. When Tris turns 16, she goes to to the Aptitude Testing to see which faction she should truly be in, but she can choose whichever she wants to be in, regardless of the test results. It turns out, she can be in all five meaning she is Divergent.
If I were to take the Aptitude Test, I probably wouldn't be one of the few Divergents, and I think I would end up in the Candor faction (honesty). This is because none of the other characteristics for the other factions suit me that much, and I know I tend to be overly honest sometimes, maybe even bluntly-honest.