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http://www.dpcdsb.org/NR/rdonlyres/88CE505C-31BC-4DDC-88C2-FEBBEA20ADD3/118582/Notes12HowareSpeciesRelated.pdf

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Phylogenetic Trees are used to represent a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. Like a family tree, the roots or the base of the phylogenetic tree represents the oldest ancestral species. The upper ends of the branches represent the present day species. Forks in each branch represents the points in the past at which an ancestral species split-evolved, or changed over time, becoming two new species.

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Genes are sections of DNA made of long chains of molecules of nucleotides. Technological advances have made it increasingly possible to determine the sequence of nucleotides of a specific gene. New DNA evidence has meant that prior classifications based on morphological, physiological, or other evidence, must be restructured.

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Physiology is the study of the functioning of organisms. Physiology includes the study of the biochemistry of an organism. Comparing proteins among different species, allows one to measure the degree of similarity or difference in their genetic make up. Proteins are coded for by the organism’s DNA.

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Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism.
Fossils are excellent evidence used to determine relationships between the past and present. Organisms may look different from the outside, but may have similar structures inside.