# data[].attributes.body
Many companies will give Uni/School students a discount. Topshop is a brand that uses price discrimination to give students a 10% discount off of their products, making it more affordable. This encourages students to purchase more of their products, as they (the students) may be inclined to believe that they are saving more by shopping at Topshop.

# data[].attributes.body
Renegade Gas and Speed-E-Gas, two suppliers of forklift LPG gas have been found in engagement in cartel conduct from at least 2006 to 2011. Agreements stating that one would not approach and supply to the customers of the other or only offering the product as a price that would not cause the customers to change suppliers. The two companies controlled 3/4 of the $100 million market.
A penalty of $8.3 million was fined.

# data[].attributes.body
Volkswagen Group sells cars under brand names of Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Skoda and Volkswagen. This strategy almost resulted in a sales cannibalism with Skoda taking away sales from Volkswagen in 2014.

# data[].attributes.body
Many brands use price discrimination by giving members discounts and coupons. This will encourage them to buy more and creates brand loyalty between the customer. A normal customer can't just walk into the store, expecting to be given a discount.

# data[].attributes.body
Mars is an American global manufacturer of confectionery, pet food, and other food products, and a provider of animal care services. The brands that they own include: Mars Bars, M&Ms, Starbursts, MasterFoods, Banfield Pet Hospital, Cesar, Hubba Bubba, Lifesavers, Wrigley's Spearmint etc.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mars® Australia and New Zealand - Petcare, Confections and Food Products.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mars® is one of world's leading food manufacturers known for Chocolate Candy, Petcare, Beverage and Food products, serving Australia and New Zealand.

# data[].attributes.body
Nestlé is a company that provides customers with an abundance of snacks and chocolates, such as KitKat, Aero, Drumstick and Movenpick. They also own a segment in the beauty market, via L'Oreal, in which many other brands come under. Some examples of these are: The Body Shop, Garnier and Kiehl's. Customers think that they are provided with many different choices, but in reality, they are causing competition within Nestlé only.

# data[].attributes.body
The pricing of plane tickets varies depending on the season and day of the week. During peak holiday seasons in August and Easter, the price will be higher because demand is greater and more inelastic. Also, the flights which occur during the week will be more expensive because these are typically taken by business travelers. If you stay for over the weekend, the price will be lower, as business travelers will not want to stay over the weekend, just to get a cheaper flight.

# data[].attributes.body
In five meetings between 1987 and 1990, attended by representatives of TNT Australia,  Ansett Industries and Mayne Nickless. The representatives agreed to not poach each other's customers. The companies tried to balance their accounts of customers lost and gained. The companies agreed to ‘burn’ switching customers by providing poor service in order to make customers to a service that may have been dissatisfied with.
In 1995, fines of $11 million were imposed.

# data[].attributes.body
(Multi-branding) Wesfarmers own many different businesses such as Coles, Target, Kmart, Liquorland, Officeworks, and Bunnings. This reduces the competition because they gain more shelf space.

# data[].attributes.body
Joyce Corporation, Foamlite Australia and Vita Pacific all manufactured and supplied flexible polyurethane foam for mainly industrial use in the Queensland market. Several employees of the companies became friends and eventually formed a series of agreements to maintain market shares and to refrain from competing for various customers. The companies' senior management were unaware of this.

In 1998/99 the companies and some of the employees were fined a total of $2.9 million with an additional $150 000 levied for the ACCC’s costs.

# data[].attributes.body
Village Cinemas uses price discrimination in many different ways. For one, they have cheaper prices for children, students and pensioners than they do for adults because as those groups earn less income they are less able to pay for expensive movie tickets. They also have a rewards program, so people who sign up can earn 'points' and get access to exclusive offers like discount tickets.

# data[].attributes.body
Allegations have been made that Esso and Shell, have engaged in predatory pricing. They appear to have indulged in localised predatory pricing whereby franchised dealers have to buy their branded fuels at wholesale prices higher than the retail prices on sites owned and operated by the same oil company.

# data[].attributes.body
In September 2000 Walmart was charged with predatory pricingfor a dozen staple products in Wisconsin and Germany. In the Wisconsin case,  Walmart was pricing goods below the cost of production in an attempt to drive out local businesses and raise the prices later, reaping higher profits. The complaint carries a total of 352 violations, each of which could incur a fine of $500.
In Germany, Walmart could face fines of DM 1 million ($434,000) if it fails to raise prices immediately.

# data[].attributes.body
This is an example of price discrimination, members get updates on discounts and special promo codes, as well as vouchers every month. This is incentive for consumers to shop there more. There is price difference between what members have to pay and other customers.

# data[].attributes.body
Public Transport Victoria uses price discrimination to charge different fares for different groups of people. For example, children and concession card holders pay a significantly lower amount compared to other commuters.

# data[].attributes.body
Unilever is a worldwide  company that owns more than 400 different brands. Their products cover many categories such as food and drink,  home care, personal care and they also own an in-home water purifier brand called Pureit. Being one of the biggest ice cream manufacturers, Unilever owns 22 different ice cream brands including Ben & Jerry's, Paddle Pop, Cornetto and Magnum. Out of these 22 ice cream brands 18 of them also carry the heartbrand logo. Having so many different brands can give consumers the idea that there is a lot of choice in the market however many may fail to realise these brands are all owned by the one company.

# data[].attributes.headline
BP cutting the price of fuel for two days (Krystal)

# data[].attributes.subject
BP cutting the price of fuel for two days (Krystal)

# data[].attributes.body
Only consumers who are especially concerned about the price of fuel will be bothered to check when the prices are cut, as it does not specify which two days the price of fuel will be cut. Other consumers will just buy when most convenient.
This can help increase the amount of fuel low-value consumers purchase whilst still ensuring high-value consumers mostly purchase fuel at normal prices.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/bp-garage-cut-price-fuel.jpg

# data[].attributes.body
'This case involved price fixing, bid rigging and market sharing by four foreign companies that supplied rubber hosing to transfer oil and gas from production and storage facilities to offshore tankers. The four companies involved (Dunlop Oil & Marine, Bridgestone Corp., Trelleborg Industrie SAS and Parker ITR) each appointed members to a committee that allocated jobs and coordinated bidding and quoting for these jobs. The designated winner of the contract was referred to as the ‘champion’ and the cartel used such codes and other covert tactics to conceal their activities.

The cartel was international and the key meetings were held overseas, but the successful court action was based on the cartel giving effect to their agreement in the Australian market, following global enforcement action taken by competition authorities in the USA, UK, Europe and Japan. In 2010 the Federal Court of Australia made orders restraining the parties from repeating such conduct and imposed penalties exceeding $8 million.'
https://www.accc.gov.au/business/anti-competitive-behaviour/cartels/cartels-case-studies-legal-cases

# data[].attributes.headline
Amazon and predatory pricing accusations (Annette)

# data[].attributes.subject
Amazon and predatory pricing accusations (Annette)

# data[].attributes.body
Amazon has been accused many times for engaging in 'predatory pricing', for their relentless efforts to drive prices lower until they squeeze publishers and bookstores out of business. Amazon sells more than a third of physical books and an estimated two-thirds of e-books, therefore dominating the market. They drive hard bargains with the publishers and authors' royalties so that they can offer such cheap prices. In multiple letters from the authors' and retailers' groups, they complained that Amazon was "generating fear among many authors" and "impoverish the book industry as a whole". Some think the retailer will eventually even drive prices down to zero, offering authors and publishers literally nothing for their works. Local retailers in Australia are fighting to keep amazon from launching here.

# data[].attributes.headline
Coles and Woolworths milk and bread price war (Dom)

# data[].attributes.subject
Coles and Woolworths milk and bread price war (Dom)

# data[].attributes.body
A few years ago Coles and Woolworths were reducing the price of their bread and milk to as low as $1. This could have the effect of driving out smaller retailers out of the market.

# data[].attributes.body
Crest toothpaste, pantene shampoo and Pringles chips infact belong to a single company, P&G. They use multibranding to give consumers an illusion of 'choice' in the market, where in reality, they don't.

# data[].attributes.body
L'Oreal not only is a skincare and cosmetic brand, they also own other brands producing similar products such as Biotherm, Garnier, Karastese, Lancome, Maybelline, Shu Umera, La Roche-Posay etc. This can create the illusion of choice in the market for consumers although there really is very little

# data[].attributes.body
Between 2000 and 2004, several international companies (including Singaporean April Fine Paper Trading) supplying pulp and paper products to Australia formed a cartel dubbed the 'AAA Club'. They agreed to fix prices, with these meetings taking place in South-East Asia where countries did not have anti-cartel laws. However, in 2010-11, the Federal Court of Australia fined the group more than $8 million by the Federal Court of Australia.

# data[].attributes.body
Attempt to establish brand loyalty and then applies different prices for loyalty card members/other loyal customers. The price discrimination in this case uses discounts based on loyalty.

# data[].attributes.headline
Examples of firms engaged in different forms of cartel conduct - Collusion, price signalling, market zoning etc.

# data[].attributes.subject
Examples of firms engaged in different forms of cartel conduct - Collusion, price signalling, market zoning etc.