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Baltimore City slave trade

source slave+boys3.ph

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As early as in the 19th century the living conditions for the lower classes were the subject of photography. Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine were the two main photographers showcasing the lives of the poor in America. While Riis chose to focus on immigrants, Hine looked at using photography to change child labour laws.

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Social documentary photography has its roots in the 19th Century work of Henry Mayhew, Jacob Riis, and Lewis Hine, but began to take further form through the photographic practice of the Farm Security Administration (FSA) in the USA. The FSA hired photographers and writers to report and document the plight of poor farmers. Under Roy Stryker, the Information Division of the FSA adopted a goal of "introducing America to Americans."

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Lewis Hine was an American sociologist and photographer.

Hine led his sociology classes to Ellis Island in New York Harbor, photographing the thousands of immigrants who arrived each day. Between 1904 and 1909, Hine took over 200 plates (photographs) and came to the realization that documentary photography could be employed as a tool for social change and reform.

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End of slavery but the beginning of racism and "discrimination systemic"

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End of slavery but the beginning of racism and "discrimination systemic"

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When President Abraham Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 it allowed slaves to join the Union Army and freed any slave from rebel states and by 1865 all slaves were freed and slavery was ended by the formal consent of the Thirteenth Amendement. However later on in 1876 "The Jim Crow Law which were state and local segregation laws" cause a separation between blacks and whites. Black people were treated as being less important and were at a disadvantage. This law also lead to lynchings which were "extrajudicial executions of black men, women and children and sympathetic whites" this had cause 2,000 - 20,000 people being killed.

source http://www.historynet.com/black-history

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Thomas Johnson holding a whip and chain which were used to punish slaves

Source http://spartacus-educational.com/USAjohnsonJ2.jpg

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"Slaveholders whipped, shackled, hanged, beat, burned, mutilated, branded, and imprisoned slaves. Slave women were often subject to rape and sexual   abuse.

Punishment was often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but sometimes abuse was carried out simply to reassert the dominance of the master or overseer."

Source
https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/slavery-in-the-antebellum-u-s-1820-1840-16/slavery-in-the-u-s-122/treatment-of-slaves-in-the-united-states-652-9460/

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Unequal laws between slaves and Westerns

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Unequal laws between slaves and Westerns

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"Any slave found guilty of arson, rape of a white woman, or conspiracy to rebel was put to death. However, since the slave woman was chattel, a white man who raped her was guilty only of a trespass on the master's property. Rape was common on the plantation, and very few cases were ever reported."

Source   http://www.ushistory.org/us/27b.asp

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"The key is that cotton and slaves helped define each other, at least in the cotton South. By the 1850s, slavery and cotton had become so intertwined, that the very idea of change—be it crop diversity, anti-slavery ideologies, economic diversification, or the increasingly staggering cost of purchasing and maintaining slaves—became anathema to the Southern economic and cultural identity.

Slaves communicated in the slave markets of the urban South, and worked together to help their families, ease their loads, or simply frustrate their owners. Simple actions of resistance, such as breaking a hoe, running a wagon off the road, causing a delay in production due to injury, running away, or even pregnancy, provided a language shared by nearly all slaves in the agricultural workforce, a sense of unity that remained unsaid, but was acted out daily

Without slavery, many thought, “blacks” (the word most often used for “slaves” in regular conversation) would become violent, aimless, and uncontrollable."

Source http://www.americanyawp.com/text/11-the-cotton-revolution/

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Link between Poverty and Slavery/Racism

-Institutional/systemic oppression

People focused on surviving = primary concern

Changing their circumstances = secondary concern, as they don’t have the power or control

Photography used in two ways: Either to create change in people’s circumstances or to keep them in their current position, by showing them as 'different' or 'undeserving' of being helped.

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Advertisement for slaves in Kentucky in 1855

source https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/a7/b4/a9/a7b4a933d74c93fb19990c7face94686.jpg

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where slaves would be bought in Atlanta Georgia 1864

source https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Slave_Market-Atlanta_Georgia_1864.jpg

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Why doesn't inequality stop?
The Cycle of Inequality
Just trying to survive can limit your options even when you know your situation is unjust or unfair

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Riis was a contradiction. He was an immigrant in America and when he first moved there was homeless for a while and in extreme poverty. This meant he empathised with those he photographed. He published “How the Other Half Lives” to show to the middle class the reality of other people's lives in a bid to change policies and be rid of extreme poverty.

But he also used stereotypes to his advantage. He presented his photographs light-heartedly and  “Audiences treated the lectures - and the press reviewed them - as entertainment”. “He separated the impoverished into two categories: those deserving of assistance and everyone else. He also never outright called for any government intervention, even though it came anyway.

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Article discussing Jacob Riis and racial stereotypes of African-Americans
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma04/wood/ykid/riis_blacks.htm

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"These appalling social conditions were not accidental but purposeful through a profitable union of industrialists who were anxious to take advantage of the unending tide of cheap labor and politicians who benefited from abetting the financially powerful. Absentee landlords ruled supreme over this lucrative territory, buildings earned nothing but revenue because the tenants could not demand improvements or upkeep.

All of the political and social and economic powers worked in concert to keep the suppressed newcomers in living conditions so terrible that they would not rebel or protest because, packed in a small area often swept by epidemics, they were so preoccupied with mere survival."

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Homeless boys, Jacob Riis

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the scars the had remained due to the punishments he had recieved. This was distributed to to convey how severely bad they were treated

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Intersectionality is a concept often used in critical theories to describe the ways in which oppressive institutions (racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, ableism, xenophobia, classism, etc.) are interconnected and cannot be examined separately from one another.

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1. 1

2. :  companionship or association with one's fellows :  friendly or intimate intercourse :  company

3. 2

4. :  a voluntary association of individuals for common ends; especially  :  an organized group working together or periodically meeting because of common interests, beliefs, or profession

5. 3

6. a :  an enduring and cooperating social group whose members have developed organized patterns of relationships through interaction with one another

7. b :  a community, nation, or broad grouping of people having common traditions, institutions, and collective activities and interests

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slavery, 18th century, america,

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The common view at the time of mid 1800s was that poverty and the people affected by it were a hindrance and a barrier to New York City’s development. What was written in a New York Times article and what was believed at the time was that “Christianity, Education, Work, are the remedies…” But due to systematic oppression and inequality of different groups this was not possible. Upper class or prosperous people tried to justify this by saying that these people were lazy or deserving of this, or that their situation was almost genetic.

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Acceptable
Likely
Qualified
Suitabbl

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equality the opposite of inequaa

noun, plural equalities.

1.

the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability:

promoting equality of opportunity in the workplace.

2.

uniform character, as of motion or surface.

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"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others" - George Orwell
A comment on the injustice of everyone seemingly having equal rights but in reality certain groups have privileges and are treated differently.

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inequality

noun

1.

the condition of being unequal; lack of equality;disparity:inequality of size.

2.

1. social or economic disparity:inequality between the rich and the poor;widening income inequality in America.

2. unequal opportunity or treatment resultingfrom this disparity:inequality in healthcare and education.

3.

disparity or relative inadequacy in naturalendowments:a startling inequality of intellect, talents, andphysical stamina.

4.

injustice; partiality.

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can people recongise inequality
was it just how it was?
to be eligibility? vote?

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MMcC asks: Can you point out what has changed, what has developed, what has been discovered since the last meeting with the team ?

We decided to change from looking at carte de visite to the woman's movement, we also decided to narrow our search to America.

Can you explain why these decisions are made ?
Is there a reasoning behind this ?
Most of our examples came from America and so we decided to focus there. We changed from carte de visite because they were too vague and broad as a subject.

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http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/settlement-houses/women-settlements-and-poverty/
Article discussing  manual labour, women, and poverty
“The exploitation of women and children in early industrial America was a large social problem studied by settlement leaders. As previously stated, the long factory work days, particularly for women, who labored at home before “going to work,” resulted in many debilitating injuries for women and children.  These industrial accidents were a significant contributor to poverty. The women of the settlement movement led the way in research, education, and reform concerning the relationship between poor health and poverty.”
“As a result of these conditions, during the late 1800s and early 1900s views on reasons for poverty began to change, an education of America significantly influenced by women social scientists involved in settlement work.  The previous belief that individuals who needed financial assistance were immoral was increasingly challenged by the belief that people were in difficult situations because of the environment they were in” (Katz, 1996).

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Slavery began in 1619 in America where Africans would be sent to America to become slaves as they were cheap labour. People in the south side of North America were the ones who relied a lot on slaves for labour. Most slaves lived in farms or plantation, they were restricted in what they could do and were not given the right to read or write these restrictions we applied to make the slaves dependant to their masters. Slaves who got married to other slaves and had families were often separated by having members of the family sold or removed by their masters. Most slaves were treated brutally in particular those who disobeyed their masters. Women were sexually abused by their masters. Africans were taken to America to become slaves as they wer

Source http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/slavery

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Immigration of 12 million people to Ellis Island resulted in widespread poverty, poor housing, and exploitative labour. Riis was a journalist and viewed himself as such, (not as a photographer), but as an immigrant himself from Denmark he conveys a personal connection to the people in his photographs, taken throughout New York.

His work had an effect on society at the time as “Revealing New York’s Other Half, A Complete Catalogue of his Photograhs” states “pioneering journalism about the conditions of the poor immeasurably advanced American social reform in the 19th and early 20th centuries”.

“He used photographs of squalid conditions in the poorest parts of New York City to convince middle class audiences of the need for action”.

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Sojourner Truth 1864 dates ?

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Sojourner Truth and Frederick Douglass were both very important and strong individuals as they had fought for what they had believed in and were able to get their freedom. Both of these individuals were subjected to slavery when they were children however had been able to escape. They had made themselves into commodities to promote human rights and anti-slavery. They both preached about their experiences as a slave and anti-slavery which they were successful in conveying how wrong it was to have slaves. They both also supported and were active on promoting women's rights.

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What bar the name across from this is the significance of this to the overall "representations of inequality" as this is 'the thing' you need to drill into and pay close attention to the context here.

Frederick Douglass

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Louis Agassiz - MMcC asks How much do you know about him and his work ? How does he fit with the theme ? This needs to be explained.

Frederick Douglass
Sojourner Truth
Jacob A. Riis

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Race photography
Factory workers
Poverty
Women