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From BC - the early 1600's

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47 BC: Varro established the foundation of antiquarianism by investigating historical evidence to create surveys of Roman Life.

59 BC: Varro wrote Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum ("Antiquties of Human and Divine Things")

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1576: Lambarde was the author of A Perambulation of Kent.

1581: Lambarde wrote Eirenarcha manuel on the office and role of justice of the peace.

1591: Lambarde started to write Archeion.

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1577: Author of Britannia, a historical survey on Great Britain and Ireland. Camden's goal of his book was to "resotre antiquity to Britain, and Britain to his antiquity."

1597: Author of Annales which was detailed account of Queen Elizabeth I of England.

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1620s: Created paper meseums out that gathered original images and archived textual writings. He gathered scientific drawings and introduced a new system of  methodology.

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1700's - early 1900's

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In 1820, Giovanni Battista Belzoni published his book in England: Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries Within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs, and Excavation, in Egypt and Nubia. Belzoni worked to make grand discoveries in Egypt, and he sent those discoveries to England. He cared more about fame and grand items, caring not about mundane. Competing with France, Britain rushed to fill their national museums, glorifying the nation and proving their power.

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Porfirio Diaz served as the president of Mexico from 1876-1880 and 1884-1911. He passed The Law of Monuments in 1897, which gave power over all the archeological sites to the government. This allowed the government to remove peasants who lived on the sites, or used the sites as farm land. Leopoldo Batres was hired by Diaz, and he collected government funds to guard Mexico's archeological sites. Their focus was on creating an image of Mexico's past (accentuating the
good parts). They also wanted to form a sense of patriotism in their country through digging up relics from their past.

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A 1939 Mexican law limited the private ownership of archaeological finds and gave the Instituto Nacional de Anthropologίa e Historia much power over archaeological items as well as sites. Archaeology was a high priority in the government, as historical objects validated Mexican nationality. During the 19th century, focus was on monumental architecture, its symbolism, and its religious roots. However, some archaeologists studied areal zones, chronological changes, and artifacts such as pottery. Archaeologists of the time included Alfonso Caso, José García Payón, and Eduardo Noguera.

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mid 1800's - early 1900's

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Jean-Francois Champollion was a French classical scholar/archaeologist and the founding father of Egyptology. In 1815, Champollion had a breakthrough. First mentioned in his Lettre à M.Dacier in 1822, Champollion was able to make a connection between ancient hieroglyphics and other texts. Champollion was able make a stunning revelation, translating for the first time the language of the ruins that had been explored and documented centuries before. He published his findings in Hieroglyphic, Figurative, Ideographic, and Alphabetic Systems of Ancient Egypt, and soon after created the very first Egyptian Professorship and Museum at the Louvre. His work shows the Professionalism era’s quest for a deeper understanding of the artifacts they uncovered.

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The buildings and living items in Pompeii started to be uncovered in 1860. A new technique that creates a cast around objects that have already crumbled to dust. Ash is chipped off the cast once plaster is injected in the hollow of the object under study. By doing using this technique, archaeologists were able see the everyday objects as well as the shapes of the fallen inhabitants. This discovery was conducted to uncover the past, not for any political gain or treasures. Remove

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Augustus PItt Rivers, an English soldier and archaeologist, developed the idea of typography, When collecting artifacts (flint and stone tools) in 1869, Rivers begun to get immersed in archaeology, and started to organize his findings via date. This classification of items chronology, showed the develope of mankind over historic periods. His meticulous recordings of actual archaeology sites, noting all finds/contents (not just the extraordinary), as well as the general geographical site, allowed him to become the first inspector of ancient monuments.

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The Integration of Stratigraphy and Deep Time 1800s

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The Integration of Stratigraphy and Deep Time 1800s

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These new techniques of archaeology allowed for a deeper understanding of the excavated goods they dug up. These techniques also valued meticulous observation of the surroundings of the objects origins, adding to the “air of legitimacy” of the era. Stratigraphy was first overlapped with archaeology pursuit sin the 19 century during prehistoric and Bronze Age digs. The technique consisted of a reading of stratification, or how the layers of dirt and debris were laid down over time. Stratification follows the rule, the lower layer was deposited first, and allowed archaeologists to analyze the modifications influenced by human behavior. Deep Time was the discovery that the world was much older then these explorers originally thought. James Hutton purposed the idea that the Earth was more than 6,000 year sold, the common thought at the time. This allowed periods of archaeological time to be created and new Ages, such as the Ice Age, were catalogued. Scientists also looked past the origins of the Bible as the creation of the world.

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Sir William Petrie, was an English Egyptologist and he established the standardized procedure for archeology, and for preserving the artifacts that were found. In his early years, he looked at the prehistoric monuments that were near his home (ex. Stonehenge) because he wanted to understand the way that they were built. He excavated many places in Egypt, and found many artifacts that re now held in museums. Not only was he an archeologist, but he also developed the modern way of dating the layers that are on pottery and ceramic findings.

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From 1920's - today

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1907: Howard Carter was hired by lord Carnarvon to help find King Tutankhamun's tomb. And a couple of years after, he was allowed to begin the excavation process, but had to stop work for several years because of WWI.

1922: Carter was able to continue with his excavations after the war. Not long after, a step was found by a young man who worked as a water boy. After almost a year of excavating, Carter and with the help of many was able to uncovered King Tut's tomb.

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1919-1926: Wheeler served as Director of both the national Museum of Wales and London Museum

1937: Wheeler was also the founder of Honorary Director of the Institute of Archaeology in London, further writing twenty-four books on archaeological subjects.

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1959: Leakey and his wife found a human fossil that was about 2 million years old named Zinjanthropus bosei. A year later, Leakey's son, Jonathan found another fossil named Homo habili. This fossil was the earliest human fossil found up to that time period.