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Richmond, Virginia, 1900, Library of Congress

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Black women founded mutual benefit societies, settlement houses and schools
Black Women in the North also worked to provided services for black women who arrived from the South
The National League for the Protection of Colored Women merged with other organization to form the National Urban League

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The first American woman bank president, who was also head of one of the largest and most successful black mutual benefit

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Founded the National Council of Negro Women, the Southeastern Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, and the Bethune-Cookman Institute,

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Who founded the National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, DC,

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- Denounced lynching in the press
- Traveled the country lecturing about lynching
- Helped to found black women's clubs

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Newport, Rhode Island, 1900, Library of Congress

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- Stimulated by efforts to end lynching
- Addressed problems similar to those addressed by white women's clubs, such as health, sanitation, education, and woman suffrage
- Also focused on combating racism and racial uplift
- Joined together to form National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACW) under Mary Church Terrell
- Motto of NACW was "Lifting as We Climb"

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- Many women migrated from the south to the north and from rural areas to urban areas.
- In addition to sexism, black women faced racism and violent acts of racism such as lynching.