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He had a traumatic experience with a coyote  

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He had a traumatic experience with a coyote  

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An encounter with a coyote in the urban and suburban landscape is a rare event, even where coyotes are found in large numbers.

These animals are generally nocturnal and seldom seen. You may catch a glimpse of a coyote, however, as they move from one part of their territory to another in search of prey (usually small mammals such as mice or voles).

Observing a coyote in this manner (even during the daytime) does not mean that the coyote is sick or aggressive. If the coyote is scared away by your presence, they are exhibiting natural behavior and this should not be cause for concern.

Habituation

A coyote who does not run away when encountering humans has, most likely, become accustomed or habituated to people. This generally occurs when a coyote has been fed (in the form of handouts, pet food left outside, or unsecured garbage).

Coyotes who come to depend on these sources of food may begin to approach humans looking for a handout and may begin to exhibit what's perceived as "too tame" or aggressive behavior.

When coyotes become habituated, hazing can reinstill the natural fear of humans. Hazing entails using a variety of scare techniques to teach a coyote to regard people as threatening and stay away from them.

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Coyote attacks on people

Coyote attacks on people are very rare. More people are killed by errant golf balls and flying champagne corks each year than are bitten by coyotes.

Often, coyote attacks are preventable by modifying human behavior and educating people about ways to prevent habituation. In many human attack incidents, it turns out that the offending coyote was being fed by people. In many other instances, people were bitten while trying to rescue their free-roaming pet from a coyote attack. Less often, people are bitten by cornered coyotes, or even more rarely, rabid coyotes.

There have only been two recorded incidences in the United States and Canada of humans being killed by coyotes. One involved a child in Southern California in the 1980s and the other a 19-year old woman in Nova Scotia in 2009. These events, rare as they are, are serious and warrant serious response.

A coyote who has bitten a person will have to be specifically targeted and removed from the population. Most health departments will mandate testing for rabies, which requires that the offending coyote be killed. Under no circumstances does an attack by an individual coyote warrant killing at large, in an effort to reduce the population or simply ring up the bill on coyotes as an act of retribution.

Public health concerns

Coyotes, like all warm-blooded animals, may contract rabies. Their close kinship to dogs places coyotes at greater risk where there are populations of unvaccinated domestic dogs. Recent advances in rabies control using oral bait to immunize wild animals without having to capture them have made controlling the spread of rabies in coyotes much more effective.

Resources

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Coyotes and people: What to know if you see or encounter a coyote

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An encounter with a coyote in the urban and suburban landscape is a rare event, even where coyotes are found in large numbers. These animals are generally nocturnal and seldom seen. You may catch a glimpse of a coyote, however, as they move from one part of their territory to another in search of prey (usually small mammals such as mice or voles).

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There are 3 million virgins that heard together and play Fortnite. They may be weak as individuals, but together they can do somewhat okay things.

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Fortnite Tracker - Fortnite Stats, Leaderboards, & More!

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Detailed Fortnite Stats, Leaderboards, Fortnite Events, Creatives, Challenges and more!

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 what are the advantages and disadvantages of herd behavour for cowsSearch Results

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 what are the advantages and disadvantages of herd behavour for cowsSearch Results

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herd behavior is

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Herding is the practice of caring for roaming groups of livestock over a large area. Herding developed about 10,000 years ago, as prehistoric hunters domesticated wild animals such as sheep and goats. Hunters learned that by controlling animals they once pursued, they could have reliable sources of meat, milk and milk products, and hides for tents and clothing.

Many animals naturally live and travel together in groups called herds. Goats, sheep, and llamas, for instance, live in herds as a form of protection. They move from one fertile grassland to another without an organized direction.

Predators such as lions, wolves, and coyotes pose major risks to domestic herds. Herders have traditionally provided protection for the animals. Herders also keep the herd together and guide it toward the most fertile grassland.

Herders often specialize in a particular type of livestock. Shepherds, for instance, herd and tend to flocks of sheep. Goatherds tend to goats, and swineherds to pigs and hogs.

Herders who tend to cattle were once called cowherds. Most cowherds are now known as cowboys. In Australia and New Zealand, cowboys are called jackaroos and jillaroos. In Latin America, they are known as vaqueros.

Herders often use herding dogs to help them tend their herd. Herding dogs have been bred to respond to the whistle or other commands of the herder. They keep a herd of sheep, goats, or cattle together. Herding dogs, such as kelpies and koolies, can also guide herds through dangerous terrain. Herding dogs are so skilled and efficient that they often participate in competitions. At these competitions, called trials, herding dogs move animals around an enclosure, through a series of fences and gates.

Larger dogs are often used by herders as livestock guardian dogs. These dogs, such as Great Pyrenees, have been bred to protect herds, usually sheep and goats, from predators such as wolves and coyotes. In Africa, livestock guardian dogs such as Anatolians protect domestic herds from lions and cheetahs.

Herding often takes place in transition zones, where land is not fertile enough for intensive farming. Animals can live on the forage of these grasslands, while people cannot.

Nomadic Herding

There are several different types of herding. One of the most ancient forms of herding is nomadic herding. Nomadic herders roam in small tribal or extended family groups and have no home base. Nomads live in arid and semiarid parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe, and in the tundra regions of Asia and Europe.

In Africa, nomads herd cattle, goats, sheep, and camels. In the tundra, they usually herd domesticated reindeer. Other animals managed by nomadic herders include horses, musk-oxen, and yaks. For many nomads, their herds provide meat, milk, and hides for their own use, as well as for trade.

Nomadic herding is sometimes considered a form of subsistence agriculture. It actually is not. Subsistence farmers grow and harvest crops mostly for their immediate family and community. Unlike subsistence farmers, herders are traditionally wage-earners: They sell their herds' materials for goods and services, or herd other people's animals for a fee. Often, this trade is part of the informal economy-not accounted for by the government of a region. In Africa, the United Nations estimates that herders are responsible for more than $100 million in economic activity every year.

The Fulani people of Nigeria have long been nomadic herders. They move with their cattle from one grazing area to another. The cattle feed on scrub and grasses in land unsuitable for farming. The Fulani rely on cattle for milk, but rarely slaughter the animals for meat.

Nomadic herding as a way of life is declining because of natural disasters such as droughts, loss of land area due to development and degradation, and pressure from governments to lead a settled existence.

Semi-Nomadic Herding

Semi-nomadic herders live a more settled life than nomads, but still follow their herds for long periods of time. Millions of Mongolians, for example, have been semi-nomadic herders for thousands of years. They traditionally herd sheep, goats, horses, and Bactrian camels. Today, about a quarter of Mongolia's population continues to live a semi-nomadic herding lifestyle.

Semi-nomadic herders can be associated with invasions. The Mongol leader Genghis Khan conquered almost all of Asia by uniting various nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes in the 1200s. Their familiarity with vast tracks of land, and living in sparse conditions for long periods of time, made these herders ideally suited to moving across varied terrain.

The Sami are semi-nomadic herders indigenous to the Arctic. They live throughout northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and on the Kola Peninsula of Russia. For centuries, the Sami have herded reindeer as a principal means of livelihood, supplemented by fishing and trapping.

Development has made it difficult for semi-nomadic herders to sustain their traditional way of life. State and national borders, for example, have divided traditional Sami land. Industries like timber and mining have reduced grazing land. Today, some laws exist to protect the Sami and their rights to use the land, but conflicts still exist.

Transhumance

Another type of herding is called transhumance. Transhumance herders follow a seasonal migration pattern, usually moving to cool highlands in the summer and warmer lowlands in the winter. Unlike nomads, these herders move between the same two locations, where they have permanent settlements.

Transhumance has had an enormous impact on the landscape. In the European Alps, for instance, thousands of years of transhumance have transformed foothill forests into alpine pastures. Swiss and German herders traditionally led sheep, cattle, and pigs to pastures at elevations above 2,000 meters (6,562 feet).

Transhumance in the Alps actually involved three herding grounds. The village floor, at the lowest elevation, was where livestock were kept sheltered during the cold and snowy winter months. Shepherds led herds to the middle pastures during the spring. During the summer and fall, shepherds led sheep and cattle to the high alpine pastures, while pigs stayed in the middle area.

Transhumance is still widely practiced throughout agricultural communities in Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Slovenia.

The Kirghiz horsemen of Central Asia used to migrate between regions of eastern Afghanistan, western China, and southern Tajikistan with their herds of goats, yaks, and camels. They would spend their winters in the lower valleys of China or Tajikistan, moving to high mountain grasslands in the summer.

When China restricted its borders to travelers, the Kirghiz transhumance herders lost the ability to summer in Chinese mountain valleys. While some Kirghiz have settled into sedentary lives in other regions, a small group still upholds their traditional lifestyle in the remote, austere Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan.

Ranches

Most large-scale livestock herds today live on ranches. Ranching involves raising livestock on a single, large tract of land. Ranches are common in Australia and New Zealand, the western United States, Argentina, and Brazil. Ranchers don't migrate the way nomadic or transhumance herders do.

However, throughout most of the 1800s, ranchers in the United States set their cattle and sheep loose to roam the prairie as herds. Most of the grazing land was owned by the government, not individual ranchers. This was the so-called " open range." Twice a year, cowboys would round up cattle for branding (in spring) and for gathering for sale (in autumn). Round-ups are still a part of ranching culture, but livestock now roam on private land.

Herding and Land Use

Herders maintain complex maps of the area where their herds graze. These maps include seasonal weather patterns; partnerships or conflicts with other herders, ranchers, or landowners; and soil quality. Herders can be excellent resources for data about the agricultural fertility of an area.

A herder's vast knowledge is threatened by the pressure to conform to modern society. Permanent residence allows members of a community to have access to education and health care facilities. It also affords members a greater choice in their professional and personal lives.

However, the complex social structure of herding communities is lost as they are absorbed into mainstream culture. Unique language and customs become outdated and not useful in settled urban or suburban life.

The Bedouin people of the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East, for example, are almost entirely semi-nomadic and settled. Prior to the 20th century, Bedouins were mostly nomads, herding sheep and goats. A series of droughts in the 1960s throughout Western Asia limited fertile areas. Oil production in Egypt and Saudi Arabia further limited land available for grazing.

More importantly, however, Bedouins sought a better standard of living. Schools, health-care facilities, law enforcement, and social opportunities are usually greater in settled areas than through herding lifestyles.

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Dunn, Margery G. (Editor). (1989, 1993). "Exploring Your World: The Adventure of Geography." Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.

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Herding is the practice of caring for roaming groups of livestock over a large area. Herding developed about 10,000 years ago, as prehistoric hunters domesticated wild animals such as sheep and goats. Hunters learned that by controlling animals they once pursued, they could have reliable sources of meat, milk and milk products, and hides for tents and clothing.

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Zebras and other animals that are typically preyed upon often times demonstrate "herd behavior." Animals demonstrating this behavior stay in very large groups and are often in open spaces, for example zebras on the plains or schools of fish in the sea. By sticking together in a herd, they reduce the chance of being singled out and becoming the one animal that gets killed by the predator. Although the herd acts as a group, each individual animal has a personal benefit from being in the group and is not necessarily acting for the herd's benefit, but rather for its own individual benefit. This causes "herd behavior" to not necessarily have the best benefit for each animal in the group. For example, stampedes are a result of herd behavior and can cause injury and even death to other animals in the group. Although stampeding may not be the best option for the group, each animal will follow the group and participate in the stampede for its own personal safety.

This "herd mentality" shows a clear example of direct-benefit effect of following a crowd that we learned about in class. Although this herd mentality may be slightly info based if the stampede results from one animal discovering a predator and getting the whole group to retreat from it, it is most based on the direct benefit of an individual animal being a part of the group. Being part of the crowd has a direct benefit for each zebra as it increases each animal's chance for survival.

Article: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-herd-behavior.htm

-ET

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Zebras and other animals that are typically preyed upon often times demonstrate "herd behavior." Animals demonstrating this behavior stay in very large groups and are often in open spaces, for example zebras on the plains or schools of fish in the sea.

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Allan Savory's Holistic Management raises a number of important points about brittle environments and grazing animals:

To decide what we should or shouldn't do in managing our lands, we need to consider its brittleness: "...environments may be classified on a continuum from nonbrittle to very brittle according to how well humidity is distributed throughout the year and how quickly dead vegetation breaks down." (p. 36)

"...in brittle environments, relatively high numbers of large, herding animals, concentrated and moving as they naturally do in the presence of pack-hunting predators, are vital to maintaining the health of the land..." (p. 40)

Traditionally, land managers have removed herd animals, arguing that they destroy environments through overgrazing and trampling. But "...in any environment, overgrazing and damage from trampling bear little relationship to the number of animals, but rather to the amount of time plants and soils are exposed to the animals." (p. 16)

And the burns used instead by land managers to maintain grasslands produce atmospheric pollution: "In Africa three-quarters of the savanna grasslands go up in smoke every year. Pollution - ozone, carbon monoxide, and methane - from grass fires in southern Africa drifts thousands of miles within weeks to Australia and Antarctica..." (pp. 190-191)

Herd animals have many benefits: "in the lumbering, smelly, but powerful behavior of grazing animals, [are significant tools] for reversing desertification and for better management of water catchments, croplands, forests, and wildlife." (p. 236)

In fact, "...animal impact [is] the only practical tool that can realistically halt the advance of deserts, by providing the periodic disturbance needed to maintain stable soil cover, [over] millions of square miles of often rugged country each year without consuming fossil fuel, without pollution, and by a means millions of even illiterate people can employ even while it feeds them." (p. 240)

We need the herd animals.

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Allan Savory's Holistic Management raises a number of important points about brittle environments and grazing animals: To decide what we should or shouldn't do in managing our lands, we need to consider its brittleness: "...environments may be classified on a continuum from nonbrittle to very brittle according to how well humidity is distributed throughout the year and how quickly dead vegetation breaks down."

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I believe social behaviors greatly impact the health and survival of animals. Animals who participate in social behaviors such as herding have a greater chance of survival.

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Herding developed about 10,000 years ago, as prehistoric hunters domesticated wild animals such as sheep and goats. Many animals naturally live and travel together in groups called herds. Goats, sheep, and llamas, for instance, live in herds as a form of protection. Predators such as lions, wolves, and coyotes pose major risks to domestic herds. Herders have traditionally provided protection for the animals. Because herding makes survival easier for organisms, this behavior was passed on and was adapted into populations because of its increased effects on survival.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/herding/

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Not all members of the herd are equally attentive, which is one of the advantages of this social grouping. The researchers clarified that the individuals at the perimeter of herds are more vigilant than those in the center. As the result, “higher vigilance by certain individuals enables other individuals to reduce their vigilance” among social animals.
https://zeltser.com/herd-behavior-in-information-security/

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Herding can prevent animals from being singled out and prayed on.
https://blogs.cornell.edu/info2040/2012/10/29/direct-benefit-effect-in-herd-behavior/

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Herding Animals is a necessity to maintain the health of the land. 

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Herding Animals is a necessity to maintain the health of the land. 

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"Herd animals have many benefits: in the lumbering, smelly, but powerful behavior of grazing animals, [are significant tools] for reversing desertification and for better management of water catchments, croplands, forests, and wildlife.”

http://www.sustainlv.org/focus_on/importance-of-herding-animals/