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Osteichthyes, or bony fish include organisms such as Angler fish, Eel, Cichlid, Tuna, Clown fish, Grouper, Puffer fish and Catfish. These organisms all have certain characteristics that separate them from others. One of these characteristics is their skeleton, which is all bony and has numerous vertebrae. Their skin has mucous glands, which allows mucus to be discharged through the skin, and is embedded with dermal scales. Their gills are supported by bony gill arches, and then covered by a part of the body called operculum. Bony fish also have a swim bladder that is filled with a gas, and it allows them control their depth. Osteichthyes also have certain behaviors that define them. For example, many of them swim in schools, and have sharp territorial behavior. Some of these organisms are "cleaners", some attach themselves to sharks, and others have symbiotic relationships with other species. They are able to produce their sound though rubbing their teeth together, vibrating their swim bladder, or by flexing and contracting their muscles. The habitats of Osteichthyes vary largely. All live in water, but some live in freshwaters and others in oceans, all of different temperatures. Some of them live in open ocean and others live at the very bottom of the ocean. Lastly, most have small home ranges, which means they don't move around to much, but some migrate great distances.
http://fsc.fernbank.edu/STT/VertBio/osteichthyes.htm

https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/bony-fish/behavior

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Pomacentrida
Genus: Amphiprion
Species: percula

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Clown Fish live at the bottom of the sea in sheltered reefs or shallow lagoons. They have a symbiotic relationship with the sea anemone, where they are able to go inside of them because they are not stung by the sea anemones tentacles. These fish are about 2-5 inches and they are brightly colored with 2-3 white stripes on their bodies. They have a dorsal fin that is lined with 2 spines, and a rounded tail. Clown Fish are aggressive, active, and very defensive of their territory.
http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3390

http://www.livescience.com/55399-clownfish.html

http://www.whozoo.org/Anlife99/danyaroj/clownfishindex2.htm

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Tetraodontiformes
Family: Tetraodontidae
Genus: Canthigaster
Species: solandri

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The Spotted Sharpnose Pufferfish can be found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in coral reefs, and shallow warm waters. They have gills on their heads, big eyes, and only a few teeth. On the outside they are scaleless and have rough spiky skin, but their inside organs are very toxic. These fish swim slowly, and poison their predators with a poison called tetrodotoxin. They also blow themselves up to escape these predators.
ttp://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/pufferfish/

http://pufferfishfacts.weebly.com/habitat.html

http://pufferfishfacts.weebly.com/appearance.html

http://puffers.weebly.com/behavioral-adaptations.html

http://www.brighthub.com/environment/science-environmental/articles/76283.aspx

http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Canthigaster

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Lophiiformes
Family: Ceratiodea
Genus: Lophius
Species: piscatorious

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Deep Sea Anglerfish live in the deep waters of the Atlantic and Antarctic oceans. They are usually a dark brown/gray color, with big heads and mouths and translucent teeth. They are able to grow up to 3.3 feet at most. One of their main features is the dorsal fin that comes out of the top of the head of a female Anglerfish. They can be alone or swim in big groups and they have good instincts. Anglerfish mate when the male bites into the females skin, forming himself to her and he loses all his organs until there is only sperm left. They live the rest of their lives attached to the women.
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/anglerfish/

http://www.bioexpedition.com/anglerfish/

http://animallist.weebly.com/angler-fish.html

https://www.wired.com/2013/11/absurd-creature-of-the-week-anglerfish/

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Taxonomy shows relatedness, because all three of these organisms are all the same in their Kingdom, Phylum, and Class. They have all come from the same area, and then are different when it comes down to the more specific areas of taxonomy.

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Age range: 345-43.93 MA

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Age range: 54-49 million years old

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Age range: 151-146 million years old

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Age range: 151-146 million years old

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Age range: 295-299 million years old

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Age range: 49-54 million years old

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These fossils show the beginning bone structures of bony fish that are around today. From looking at these and looking at current species the advancements and evolution of the fish is shown. Certain features like the fins, the spine, and the jaw show a lot of similarities. Even though all of these fossils are extinct species, they still have the same overall structure and shape. These fossils also allow us to see the history of bony fish, and continue to help us learn more and more.

http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Osteichthyes/fossilrecord.html

http://paleobotany.ru/palynodata/genus/2545

https://www.darwinandwallace.com/collections/osteichthyes-fossils

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The embryos of both the clown fish and the puffer fish look very similar in their beginning stages, and the difference in them cannot be seen until the last few stages. For example, the eyes of the clown fish are easily seen in the embryo at stage T, but are not seen in the puffer fish until around stage V. But, both embryos do not form their full shape until stage X. This shows evolution because their beginning stages are very similar, so they must have come from a similar place and developed small adaptations overtime.
https://osteichthyes.wikispaces.com/embryology

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All of these have a vertebral column, cranium, jaws, ribs, and intramuscular bones that all make up their skeletons. They also include swim bladders, operculum, and other organs, bones, and muscles. The swim bladder shows that overtime bony fish have gained an organ that allows them to stay floating, and maintain their depth. The muscles of the fin and the tail are made up of myotomes, and jaws and fins are made up of abductor and adductor muscles. Their brains are made up of 3 sections, the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. Most species are cold blooded, but some are warm blooded. Also, they are able to regulate the movement of water across their body surfaces, and their tissues are less salty then the water. Because of this they drink a lot of water do not produce a lot of urine, and it is the opposite for freshwater fish. Since their structures are also similar, it shows that those basic structures started off in one organism and over a long period of time adapted versions of this structure was created. One species evolved into another, and later into many more. Also, the paired fins that Osteichthyes are a homologous structure to the hind limbs of tetrapods. This also shows evolution because these fins that used to be used as arms and legs of tetrapods have formed into the fins of modern day bony fish. Lastly, the way they are able to adapt to the waters, shows how overtime species evolved more and more.
https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/bony-fish/anatomy-and-physiology

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The chromosome numbers of clownfish, pufferfish, and anglerfish are all close, but not exactly the same. Clownfish have 48 chromosomes, pufferfish have 44 chromosomes, and anglerfish have 46 chromosomes. One major difference that sets apart clownfish is that they all are born male, but have the ability to become females in their life. This happens because males have testes and some latent cells that have the ability to become ovaries. Their chromosomes do have a similar structure, however. Their chromosomes are of smaller size, than ones like humans. They may not have the same number and not the exact same structure, but are very close.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/articles/10841046/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S101836471100022X

http://www.fraser-lab.net/uploads/2/2/1/9/22192810/gallego_therio.pdf

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On the left side is a picture of a female pearl fish, and on the right is a picture of a female human karyotype. The structure of the chromosomes is different, where the human chromosomes are much larger than the pearl fish. Also, the pearl fish do not have as many pairs as humans do.

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Bony fish have a punctuated equilibrium, because overtime long periods of time they have made changes, but not to many big ones. If you look at their fossils that goes as far back as millions of years ago, and these basic structures are prominent. Some adaptations have been made but overall a similar look/shape.

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Convergent Evolution is when organisms that are not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of adapting to similar environments. Osteichthyes go through convergent evolution, and it can be seen through the similarities in their species, and the fact that things like the swim bladder, and the clownfish's immunity to the stinging from the anemone show adaptations to their environment.

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An example of adaptive radiation happens in a bony fish, Cichlid. Some of them prey on small fish and insects, some eat eggs, some eat plankton, and some are filter feeders. That is an example of a small radiation in these fish. Lake Malawi itself includes a species that removes parasites from skins, and another that bites off pieces. Along with these there were also many other species, whose adaptations are things of changes to body shape and color. There is also a tendency for this to occur in different lakes.

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Clownfish, Pufferfish, and Anglerfish all mate differently, but all of their mating is nonrandom. Clownfish mate when males prepare a nest inside of a sea anemone, and then court a female through biting and chasing. Pufferfish mate when they create "underwater crop circles" to attract each other. Anglerfish mate when males bite the female, fusing their face to the females body. This male will live here for the rest of his life, releasing sperm as she releases eggs. The reason that they are all nonrandom mating is because the probability that they will mate is not the same for all individuals.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17845439

https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/5/Supplement_1/1437/662044/Quality-not-quantity-the-pufferfish-genome

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This tree shows the 2 subclasses in Osteichthyes, and then more inside of those.

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Descent with Modification is shown when Osteichthyes change over long periods of time as one fish passes its traits down to another fish, and then to another, which explains why many bony fish have similar traits. Their fossils have the same anatomical structures, but with a few adaptations that have improved the species, such as the swim bladder. Osteichthyes go through disruptive selection, because they show multiple phenotypes that have advantages. Such as the bright colors of clownfish, and the small size of others.

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The embryos of both the clown fish and the puffer fish look very similar in their beginning stages, and the difference in them cannot be seen until the last few stages. For example, the eyes of the clown fish are easily seen in the embryo at stage T, but are not seen in the puffer fish until around stage V. But, both embryos do not form their full shape until stage X. This shows evolution because their beginning stages are very similar, so they must have come from a similar place and developed small adaptations overtime. 